Lecture 6:

Unsymmetrical Bending

CE 2212
Principles of Steel Design

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Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 Unsymmetrical Bending
Unsymmetrical bending
occurs when bending is
about an axis other than
one of the principal axes
or when loads are
simultaneously applied
from more than on
direction.

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 Beams under Unsymmetrical Bending
Purlins and Rafters

Light guage steel members are

usually used as purlins.

Purlins Rafters
Purlins carries the roof loads and transfer the loadings to the trusses or
rafters. And are installed parallel to the slope of the roof.

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 Crane Runway Girders

Crane Runway Girders carries the

travelling overhead cranes. Crane Runway Girder

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina
Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 Design of Purlins and Sagrods

Purlins support the loads

from the roof deck or
sheathing and are
supported by the principal
rafters.

Sagrods are used to stiffen

and control the deflection
of side girts or purlins.

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 Loadings in Purlins and Sagrods

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 General Formula for Purlins Bending Stress

= + +
where:
fb = actual bending stress
Mn = moment normal with the x axis
Sx = section modulus with respect to the x-axis
Mt = moment tangent with the x axis
Sy = section modulus with respect to the y-axis

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 Case 1: Purlins without sagrods

Normal Moment Component

𝑊𝐿
8

Tangential Moment Component

𝑊𝐿
8

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 Case 1: Purlins without sagrods

= + +
where:
fb = actual bending stress
wn = normal component of uniform load
Sx = section modulus with respect to the x-axis
wt1 = tangential component of uniform load applied at the
centroid of the section
wt2 = tangential component of uniform load applied at the
top of the section
Sy = section modulus with respect to the y-axis
UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina
Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 Case 2: Purlins with sagrods at Midspan

Normal Moment Component

𝑊𝐿
8

Tangential Moment Component

𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝐿
64 64

𝑊𝐿
32

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 Case 2: Purlins with sagrods at Midspan

Sagrod Reaction:
= + +
t

where:
fb = actual bending stress
wn = normal component of uniform load
Sx = section modulus with respect to the x-axis
wt1 = tangential component of uniform load applied at the
centroid of the section
wt2 = tangential component of uniform load applied at the top
of the section
Sy = section modulus with respect to the y-axis
UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina
Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 Case 3: Purlins with sagrods at Third Points

where:
angle of transition
between Mmax at third points
and Mmax at mid-span

Ɵ = roof slope

Ɵ> - Mmax at third point

Ɵ< - Mmax at mid-point

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 Case 3: Purlins with sagrods at Third Points

Ɵ> - Mmax at third point

Ɵ< - Mmax at mid-point

Normal Moment Component Tangential Moment Component

𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝐿
𝑊𝐿
𝑊𝐿 120 120
𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝐿 360
8
9 9

𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝐿
90 90

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 Case 3a: Purlins with sagrods at Third Points
Ɵ>
With Maximum Moment at Third Points
Sagrod Reaction:
= + + t

where:
fb = actual bending stress
wn = normal component of uniform load
Sx = section modulus with respect to the x-axis
wt1 = tangential component of uniform load applied at the
centroid of the section
wt2 = tangential component of uniform load applied at the
top of the section
Sy = section modulus with respect to the y-axis
UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina
Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 Case 3b: Purlins with sagrods at Third Points
With Maximum Moment at Midspan Ɵ<

Sagrod Reaction:
= + +
t

where:
fb = actual bending stress
wn = normal component of uniform load
Sx = section modulus with respect to the x-axis
wt1 = tangential component of uniform load applied at the
centroid of the section
wt2 = tangential component of uniform load applied at the
top of the section
Sy = section modulus with respect to the y-axis
UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina
Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
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 Design of Sagrods and Tierods
where:
ft = tensile stress
P = axial load
Ak = root area

Psagrods Psagrods
Ptierods
Ɵ Ptierods Ɵ

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Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
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 From AISC ASD Steel Manual 9th Ed.

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Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
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 Problem:
The purlins with a span of 4m having the following roof loads:
Dead Load:
Roofing – 0.10 KPa
Purlins – 0.10 KPa (selfweight)
Live Load – 0.57 KPa
The roof slope is 25°. Disregard Wind Load.
Check the adequacy of the section LC100x50x15x2mm spaced @ 1 meter o.c.

Fy = 248 MPa a. If no sagrods

b. If sagrods at midspan is provided
Fb = 0.60 Fy
c. If sagrods at third points is provided

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 Solution: wt1 = tangential component of uniform load applied at
the centroid of the section
wt2 = tangential component of uniform load applied at
the top of the section

Normal Loads:
w n = 0.77 cos 25° (1m) = 0.70 KN/m

Tangential Loads:
w t1 = 0.10 sin 25° (1m) = 0.04 KN/m (Centroid)
w t2 = 0.67 sin 25° (1m) = 0.28 KN/m (Top Load)

Dead Load:
Roofing – 0.10 KPa L = 4m
Purlins – 0.10 KPa (selfweight)
Live Load – 0.57 KPa

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
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 a. If no sagrods

= + +
fb = 376 MPa > Fb = 148.8 MPa

LC100x50x15x2mm spaced @ 1 meter o.c. FAILED with no sagrods

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 b. If sagrods at midspan is provided

= + +
fb = 171.9 MPa > Fb = 148.8 MPa

LC100x50x15x2mm spaced @ 1 meter o.c.

FAILED with sagrods at midspan

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 c. If sagrods at third points is provided
= Arctan (0.833 * (4.4x103 / 13.5x103)
= 15.19°
Ɵ> - Mmax at third point

= + +

fb = 116.4 MPa < Fb = 148.8 MPa LC100x50x15x2mm spaced @ 1

meter o.c. PASSED with sagrods
at third points
UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina
Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 Design of Crane Runway Girders

Crane Runway Girders support the loads transmitted

through the travelling wheels of the crane
UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina
Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
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 NSCP Specifications

206.0.3 Vertical Impact Force

The maximum wheel loads of the crane shall be increased by
the percentages shown below to determine the induced
vertical impact or vibration force:
1. Monorail cranes (powered) – 20%
2. Cab-operated or remotely operated bridge
cranes(powered) –25%
3. Pendant-operated bridge cranes (powered) – 10%
4. Bridge cranes or monorail cranes with hand-geared ridge,
trolley and hoist – 0%

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 Loadings in Crane Runway Girders

1. Wheel loads from the crane

2. Impact loads induced by vertical loads
3. Side Lurch
4. Longitudinal forces

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 Formula for Actual Bending Stress

= +

where:
fb = actual bending stress
Mn = moment normal with the x axis
Sx = section modulus with respect to the x-axis
Mt = moment tangent with the x axis
Sy = section modulus with respect to the y-axis

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 Problem:
Crane Load = 20T
Rolling Stock + Accessories = 3k/ft
Rail= 0.3k/ft (including crane runway girder)
Side Lurch = 20%
Impact = 15%
Column to column spacing of CRG= 6m
Simply Supported
Restrictions: Maximum beam depth = 20”
Determine the required beam size.

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 Solution:
Critical load for bending: moving bridge at mid-span of CRG and
load being carried is at extreme side adjacent to CRG
Crane wheel load:
P = [20*2.2 +
P = 142.4 kips
R1 = 142.4 * 1.15
R1 = 163.76 kips
Moment Normal to CRG:
Mn = +
Mn = 820.22 k*ft

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 Side Lurch: Moment Tangent to CRG:
R2 = 142.4(0.2) Mt =
R2 = 28.48 kips
Mt = 140.12 k*ft

Considering Sx first and check if section is

suitable for combined stress:
Fb =
0.6(36) =

Sx = 455.68 in3

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 Trial Section: W18X311 Formula:
Sx = 624 in3 ; = +
Sy = 132 in3
= +
= 41.25 ksi > 0.6*36
= 41.25 ksi > 21.6 ksi
W18X311 is not a suitable section.

Remedies:
Change Section
Use compound beams

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza
 End of Lecture 6

UST Civil Engineering Department Engr. Katrina

Engr. Rodelio
Camille A.
D.Tiburcio
Mendoza