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Chapter 1: Introduction: Our Goal: Overview
Chapter 1: Introduction: Our Goal: Overview
Packetswitches: forward
router packets (chunks of data) institutional
network
routers and switches
Kurose & Ross 1-2
What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view
mobile network
Internet: “network of networks”
Interconnected ISPs
global ISP
protocols control sending,
receiving of msgs
e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, 802.11 home
network
Internet standards regional ISP
RFC: Request for comments
IETF: Internet Engineering Task
Force
institutional
network
Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time
network core:
interconnected routers
network of networks institutional
network
DSL splitter
modem DSLAM
ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer
cable splitter
modem
C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Channels
to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box
institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
to Internet
to Internet
L bits
per packet
3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps
R = 100 Mb/s C
A
D
R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets E
waiting for output link
routing algorithm
frequency
time
TDM
frequency
time
Kurose & Ross 1-26
Packet switching versus circuit switching
packet switching allows more users to use network!
example:
1 Mb/s link
each user:
• 100 kb/s when “active” N
• active 10% of time users
1 Mbps link
circuit-switching:
10 users
packet switching:
Much larger number of users
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ISP C
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IXP access
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ISP A
access
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net
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Content provider network
access IXP access
net ISP B net
access
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net
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B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
B
nodal
processing queueing
B
nodal
processing queueing
average queueing
R: link bandwidth (bps)
delay
L: packet length (bits)
a: average packet arrival
rate
traffic intensity
= La/R
La/R ~ 0: avg. queueing delay small La/R ~ 0
La/R -> 1
Kurose & Ross 1-44
“Real” Internet delays and routes
what do “real” Internet delay & loss look like?
traceroute program: provides delay
measurement from source to router along end-
end Internet path towards destination. For all i:
sends three packets that will reach router i on path
towards destination
router i will return packets to sender
sender times interval between transmission and reply.
3 probes 3 probes
3 probes
buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A
B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
server,
server with bits
sends linkpipe
capacity
that can carry linkpipe
capacity
that can carry
file of into
(fluid) F bitspipe Rs bits/sec
fluid at rate Rc bits/sec
fluid at rate
to send to client Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Kurose & Ross 1-49
Throughput: Internet scenario
per-connection end-
end throughput: Rs
min(Rc,Rs,R/10) Rs Rs
in practice: Rc or Rs
is often bottleneck
R
Rc Rc
Rc
a series of steps
airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing
switch
destination Hn Ht M network
M application H l Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical
1. select target
2. break into hosts around
the network (see botnet)
3. send packets to target from
compromised hosts
target
A C