Foreign Body Airway

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Obstruction

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Foreign Body Airway Obstruction

Causes:
• Choking usually occurs during eating
• Meat is the most common cause of obstruction in
adults
• A variety of foods and foreign bodies have been
the cause of obstruction in children
Adult Foreign-Body Airway
Obstruction-Conscious
1 Determine if victim is
choking.
•Determine if victim is
able to speak or cough.
•Victim may be using
the “universal distress
signal of choking”
(clutching the neck
between thumb and
index finger).
•Rescuer can ask “Are
you choking?”
2 Position the patient.

•Stand behind victim

•Wrap your arms
around the victims
body.
•Grab the victims
hand and put them
down
3 Perform abdominal thrust.
•Press fist into abdomen
with quick inward and
upward thrusts.
4 Victim becomes unconscious:
the patient.
Position
5 Open the airway.

•Tap or gently shake

the victim
•Rescuer shouts “ARE
YOU OK?”
6 Check for foreign body.

•Sweep deeply into

mouth with hooked
finger to remove
foreign body
7 Give rescue breaths.

•Attempt rescue
breathing.
•Try to give 2
breaths.
•If needed, reposition
the head.
•Try again.
Anatomical landmarks
•Xiphoid process
•Umbilicus
8 Perform abdominal thrusts.

•Kneel astride the victim’s thighs.

•Place the heel of one hand
on the victim’s abdomen.
•Place the second
hand on top of
the first.
Heimlich maneuver

Press into
the abdomen
with quick
upward
thrusts.
9 Repeat sequence until
successful.

Alternate these
maneuvers in rapid
sequence:
•Finger sweep
•Rescue
breathing
•Abdominal
thrusts
Obstructed Airway:
Child (1 to 8 years)
Obstructed Airway:
Child (1 to 8 years)

•Perform first aid for choking in children 1 to 8

years old just as you would for adults and
older children.
•BUT do not perform blind finger sweeps.
•Instead, look down into the airway, and use
your finger to sweep the foreign body out only
if you can actually see it.
Obstructed Airway: Conscious
infant (<1 year)
1 Determine airway
obstruction.

•Observe
breathing
difficulties,
ineffective cough,
weak (or absent)
cry, dusky color.
2 Perform tongue-jaw lift.

•Do not
perform a blind
finger sweep
•Remove
foreign body
only if you can
see it.
3 Position the infant.

•Support the head and

neck with one hand.
•Place infant face down
over one arm
•Head lower than trunk
•Support with your
forearm and thigh
4 Deliver back blows.

•Deliver up to 5
back blows
forcefully between
the shoulder blades
with the heel of one
hand.
5 Position the infant.

•Support the head

•Sandwich the infant
between your
hands/arms
•Turn on his back
•Head lower than
trunk
6 Deliver chest thrusts.

•Deliver up to 5
thrusts in the mid-
sternal region, using
the same landmarks
as those for chest
compressions.
6 Infant becomes unconscious:
for help.
Call

•If the infant becomes

unconscious, rescuer
shouts “HELP”
•If a second rescuer is
available, have him
activate the EMS
system.
•Position infant on
back
7 Start chest compression.
•Compress breastbone
11/2 inch or 4 cm
depth at a rate of at
least 100 compressions
per minute.
8 Patient is not breathing:
Give rescue breaths.

•Maintain an open airway.

•Give 2 gentle rescue
breaths.
•Observe chest rise
•Allow for exhalation
between breaths.
Repeat sequence until
successful.
Any CPR is Better than
No CPR
Definition
 First Aid is a system of assessments and
interventions that can be performed by
a bystander (or by the victim) with
minimal or no medical equipment.
 A first aid provider is defined as
someone with formal training in first aid,
emergency care, or medicine who
provides first aid.
 One of the primary equipment in First
Aid is the triangular bandage.
Cardinal Principle

“Primum Non Nocere”

First, Do No Harm
Body Substance Isolation

If the fluid is not

yours,
avoid unprotected
contact.
Personal Protective Equipment
Splinting

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Bandages

Broad-Fold Bandage

Open Triangular
Bandage
Narrow-Fold Bandage
Square Knot
First Aid for Broken Bones

SYMPTOMS:
•Pain and tenderness
•Inability to use the
injured extremity
(arms, legs)
•Deformity, swelling
•Bruising
•Numbness
•Pale, bluish skin
Reasons for splinting

 Minimize or prevent further

neural, vascular and other
soft tissue injury
 prevent a closed fracture
from becoming an open
fracture
 minimize pain and
discomfort
 facilitate transport of patient
 prevent paralysis in the case
of spine patients
General Rules of Splinting
 Remove or cut away all clothing
surrounding the injury
 Remove all jewelry
 assess pulse, motor function and
sensation distal to the injury
 Cover all wounds with sterile dressing
prior to splinting
General Rules of Splinting
 Never intentionally replace protruding
bone back into the skin
 Pad the splint
 apply splint before moving the patient
 immobilize the joint above and below
the fracture
 when in doubt, splint the injury
Hazards of Improper Splinting
 Compression of neurovascular
structures
 Delay of transport
 Reduce circulation
 Aggravate the bone and joint injury
Splinting-Upper extremities

Arm sling and

swathe
Splinting-Upper extremities

Upper arm (humerus)

Splinting-Upper extremities

Forearm (radium/ulna)
Splinting-Upper extremities

Fingers and hands

(position of
function)
Splinting-Elbow and Knee

Knee in bent position

Knee in
straight
position
Splinting-Elbow and Knee

Elbow in bent position

Elbow in
straight
position
Splinting-Lower Extremities

Ankle/foot
Splinting-Lower Extremities

Lower leg
(tibia/fibula)
Splinting-Lower Extremities

Thigh (femur)
Splinting-Lower Extremities

Self-splint
(leg)
 Bleeding

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External Bleeding
ARTERIAL blood spurts from the wound
most serious type of bleeding
less likely to clot

VENOUS blood flows steadily or gushes

easier to control

CAPILLARY blood oozes

most common type of bleeding
can be controlled easily
External Bleeding

Regardless of the type of bleeding,

the first aid is the same

FIRST, AND MOST IMPORTANT,

YOU MUST COINTROL THE BLEEDING
 WHEN CONTROLLING BLEEDING
Do Not
Do NOT Touch a wound with your bare
hands
Do NOT Use direct pressure on an eye
injury, a wound with an embedded
object, or a skull fracture
Do NOT Remove a blood-soaked dressing
Do NOT Remove an impaled object
Do NOT Apply a pressure bandage so
tightly that it cuts off circulation
Do NOT Use a torniquet
 External Bleeding
Protect yourself against disease by wearing
medical exam gloves. If not available, the
following can be used as alternative:
-several layers of gauze pads
-plastic wrap
-plastic bag
-waterproof material
External Bleeding

Direct pressure stops most bleeding.

External Bleeding

A pressure bandage can free you to attend

to other injuries or victims.
External Bleeding

Do not remove a blood-soaked dressing.

Add more dressings on top.
External Bleeding

Elevation of the
injured extremity
help reduce blood
flow
External Bleeding

If bleeding still
continues, apply
pressure at a
pressure point to
slow blood flow
BURNS AND
SCALDS
Skin Anatomy
Burns : results from dry heat, corrosive
substances/friction
Scalds: caused by wet heat
General Principles:
– own safety
– stop burning
– cover injury
– obtain medical aid
Classification of burns
– thermal
– chemical
– electrical
 First Degree Burn
Involves the
epidermis
Redness, mild
swelling
Tenderness, pain
Ex. mild sunburn
First aid
relieve pain
dec pain/infl
moisturizer
 Second Degree Burn
Dermis and epidermis
Blister formation,
looks raw
Swelling ,severe pain
First aid
analgesic
hospital
cover
Topical antibiotic
 Third Degree Burn
Skin, fats, muscles
Leathery,waxy
charred
No pain
Hospital
Cover
Treat for shock
 Extent of Burns

Estimating the body surface

Rule of palm
victims hand,it represents 1%
for small of scattered burn
Large burn, unburned subtract to 100%
Thermal Burn
 Thermal Burns
Assess ABC`s
Decide Severity of Burn (when in doubt
choose more severe classification)
Mild Burns – apply cold compress for
about 10-40 min until pain subsides then
apply moisturizer, like aloe vera
More Severe Burns –cold compress (If
small area), Remove jewelries and
clothing from burn area (if stuck, do not
pull off, CUT), cover with nonstick sterile
dressing (preferably), seek medical
consult
Pointers: seek medical attention for:
– Burns of face, hands, feet and genital are
more severe
– Circumferential burn
– Age( < 5 y/o,>55 y/o)
– Electrical injury
– Child abuse is suspected
– Surface of 2 degree >15% of BSA
– 3rd burn
Chemical Burn
Chemical burns:
– caustic or corrosive substance
– alkalis ( drain cleaners)
– acids (battery acids)
– organic compounds(petroleum products)
First Aid:
– Wash off for ATLEAST 20 min. (In cases of
Dry Chemicals, Brush off Powder before
washing off)
 remove contaminated clothing
sterile dressing
hospital
chemical burn to eye flush with
water
 Chemical Burns
Assess ABC`s
Wash off for ATLEAST 20 min. (In cases
of Dry Chemicals, Brush off Powder before
washing off)
Remove clothing and jewelries
Seek medical Attention
Electrical Burn
 Electrocution
Current of 1,000 volts or more high voltage
Entrance and exit wound
Disrupt normal heart rhythm
First Aid:
safety first, Shut off power to building if
necesary
check ABC
Treat as Thermal Burns
Treat for shock
 Summary
Stop the burning and cool area
Check ABC
Depth and extent
Determine other injuries
Burn severity
Seek medical attention
 EPILEPSY

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

Sudden loss of consciousness, casualty
may let out a strange cry
Casualty may become rigid
Convulsive jerking movements that may
be violent
At the end of the attack, the muscles relax
and the casualty returns to normal
 EPILEPSY

AIM
To protect the casualty from injury
To reassure the casualty when she
recovers
IMPORTANT
Never try to hold someone down or stop
the convulsions
Never put anything in her mouth
Never try to give the person anything to
eat or drink during a fit
 EPILEPSY

WHAT TO DO
Ease the fall and keep onlookers well back
Clear the area around the casualty
Loosen tight clothing
Place the casualty in a recovery position
Remain with the casualty and reassure her
Seek Medical Attention
 POISONING
HOW TO RECOGNIZE POISONING
There may be a container near the
casualty that is known to have had a
poisonous substance in it
The casualty may have lost consciousness
at any given time
Convulsions/Seizures
Damage to the lips
Laboured breathing
Upset stomach
 POISONING
HOW POISONS ENTER THE BODY
Swallowed
Inhaled
Injected
Absorption
 POISONING
IMPORTANT
Take care not to get any poison on
yourself
If the casualty swallowed a corrosive
poison, never try to force her to vomit
Do not leave the casualty alone unless
you have to call an ambulance
Keep poisonous substances out of reach
of children
 POISONING
WHAT TO DO
Look out for danger
Follow the ABC
Call an ambulance
Give details of the poison is known
Give tablets or medicine to the ambulance
crew
Monitor the casualty’s responses
It is better to know First
Aid and not need it
than to need it and not
know it
Thank you