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This Study Resource Was: Science 10: 1 Quarter Reviewer
This Study Resource Was: Science 10: 1 Quarter Reviewer
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-Convergent boundary - Plates move toward each other
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-Transform Fault boundary - Plates slide or grind past each other without diverging or converging
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Converging Oceanic Crust Leading Plate and Continental Crust Leading Plate
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-Formation of a volcanic arc near the edge of a continental leading plate
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^the denser oceanic crust undergoes subduction process or bending of crust toward the mantle
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-For oceanic crust, a trench is formed
-Occurrence of earthquakes
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^the leading edge of the subducted plate will eventually reach the mantle causing it to melt and turn to magma
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^the molten material will rise to the surface creating a volcanic arc
-Volcanic Arc – chain of volcanoes positioned in arc shape
-Many parts of the Philippines originated from oceanic-oceanic convergence
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Divergence of Plates
Continental: Formation of rift valleys – down faulted valleys
Oceanic: Formation of oceanic ridges – underwater mountain ranges
-Most divergent boundaries are situated along underwater mountain ranges/oceanic ridges
-As plates separates new materials from mantle oozes up and slowly cool to form new ocean floor
-The spreading rate may vary from 2 to 20 cm per year
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Transform Fault Boundaries
-Most transform faults join two segments of a mid-ocean ridge
-Earthquake activities triggered by movements along the fault system
Glossary of Terms
Continental volcanic arc – mountains formed in part by igneous activity associated with subduction of oceanic
lithosphere beneath a continent
Convergent boundary – a boundary in which two plates move toward each other, causing one of the slabs of the
lithosphere to subduct beneath an overriding plate
Crust – the outer portion of the earth
Continental Crust – the thick part of the Earth’s crust, not located under the ocean
Oceanic Crust – the thin part of the Earth’s crust located under the oceans
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Divergent boundary – a region where the crustal plates are moving apart
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Earthquake – vibration of Earth due to the rapid release of energy
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Fault – a break in a rock along which movement has occurred
Fracture – any break in a rock in which no significant movement has taken place
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Geology – the science that studies Earth
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Hot spot – a concentration of heat in the mantle capable of creating magma
Magma – a mass of molten rock formed at depth, including dissolved gases and crystals.
Mid-ocean ridge – a continuous mass of land with long width and height on the ocean floor
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Plate tectonics – a theory which suggests that Earth’s crust is made up of plates that interact in various ways, thus
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Secondary (S) wave – second type of earthquake wave to be recorded in a seismic station
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Pacific Plate
North American Plate
Eurasian Plate
African Plate
Antarctic Plate
Indo-Australian Plate
South American Plate
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Unit 1 Module 2 – The Earth’s Interior
Seismic waves - the energy from an earthquake that radiates in all directions from the focus in the form of waves.
^It is recorded in seismographs
Two Main Types:
-Body wave and Surface wave
Surface waves
-Can only travel through the surface of Earth
-They arrive after the main P and S waves are confined to the outer layers of the Earth.
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-Rayleigh waves
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^It was named after John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, who mathematically predicted the existence of this kind of
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wave in 1885.
^A Rayleigh wave rolls along the ground and it has low frequency
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^It moves the ground either up and down or side-to-side similar to the direction of the wave’s movement.
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^Most of the shaking felt from an Earthquake is due to the Rayleigh wave
Body waves
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-Unlike surface waves, body waves can travel through the Earth’s inner layers
-They are used by scientists to study the Earth’s interior.
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^A Pulse energy that travels quickly through the Earth and through liquids.
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^They force the ground to move backward and forward as they compressed and expanded
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^A pulse energy that travels slower than P-wave through Earth and solids
^ Force the ground to sway from side-to-side in rolling motion that
shakes the ground back and forth perpendicular to the direction of waves
^ The idea that S-waves cannot travel through any liquid medium conclude that the outer core is liquid
^Transverse
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-Mohorovicic discontinuity - It is the boundary between crust and mantle. It includes lithosphere (rocky part) and
asthenosphere (semi-solid part)
-Gutenberg discontinuity - the boundary between mantle and outer core
-Jeffreys discontinuity - the boundary between outer core and inner core
The Crust
-Thinnest and outermost layer of the Earth
-extends from the surface from up to 32 km below and in some mountains, 72 km below
Two types of crust:
-Continental Crust and Oceanic Crust
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Continental Crust
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-Mainly made up of silicon, oxygen, aluminum, calcium, sodium, and potassium.
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-The thickness is mostly 35-40 km
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-Found under land masses and made of less dense rocks such as granite
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Oceanic Crust
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-Heavier that continental crust
-Around 7-10 km thick; average thickness is 8 km
-Found under the ocean floor and is made up of dense rocks such as basalt
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The Mantle
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Lithosphere
-The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle form a cool rigid shell called the lithosphere
^The lithosphere is about 50 to 100 km thick and it moves relative to each other
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Asthenosphere
-Beneath the lithosphere lies the soft, weak layer known as the asthenosphere
-Made of hot molten material
-About 300 to 800oC
-The lithosphere, with the continents on top of it, is being carried by the flowing asthenosphere
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The Core
-Subdivided into inner and outer core
-2900 km below the Earth’s surface and 2250 km thick
-Mainly made up of iron and nickel moving around the solid inner core
-Outer Core: reaches up to 2000oC, and with that, iron and nickel melt
-Inner Core: made up of solid iron and nickel
-radius of 1300 km
-temperature reaches to about 5000 oC: could have molten iron and nickel but is believed to solidify by
pressure freezing
Evidence
Continental Jigsaw Puzzle
-Edge of one continent matches the other: South Am. and Africa, India, Antarctica, and Australia, Eurasia and North Am.
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From Fossils
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-Fossils of an extinct plant Glossopteris: found on different continents and the large seeds of it can’t travel by wind or water
-Also some fossils of animals
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From Rocks rs e
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-Rock formations in Africa line up with that of South Africa as if it was a long mountain range
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Coal Deposits
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-Antarctica can’t sustain amount of life. If there is a substantial quantity of coal in it, it means it was once with other continent
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Seafloor Spreading
-Scientists found a system of ridges or mountains in the seafloor similar to those found in the continents. These are
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called mid-ocean ridges. Example is the famous Mid-Atlantic Ridge, an undersea mountain chain in Atlantic Ocean
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Magnetic Reversal
-When North Pole is transformed to South Pole and South Pole to North Pole
-When magnetic reversal occurs, there is also a change of polarity in rocks and this allowed scientists to cisualize the
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-Slab-push – sliding of plates due to gravity. This happens when the rising magma heats the rocks in lithosphere and
causes rock expansion
-Hot Plume – an upward flow of hot material due to difference in density (less dense materials tend to move upward)
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Glossary of Terms
Asthenosphere - soft, weak upper portion of the mantle where the lithospheric plates float and move around
Continental Drift Theory - states that all the continents were once onelarge landmass that broke apart, and where the
pieces moved slowly to their current locations
Convection current - current in the mantle because of the heat from the inner layers of the Earth, and is the force that
drives the plates to move around
Lithosphere - the topmost, solid part of the Earth that is composed of several plates
Lithospheric Plates - the moving, irregularly-shaped slabs that fit together to form the surface of the Earth
Mid-ocean ridge - area in the middle of the ocean where a new ocean floor is formed when lava erupts through the
cracks in the Earth’s crust
Mohorovičić Discontinuity (Moho) - the boundary that separates the crust and the mantle
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Seafloor spreading - process by which new ocean floor is formed near the mid-ocean ridge and moves outward
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Subduction - the process in which the crust plunges back into the Earth
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Tectonics - branch of geology that deals with the movements that shape the Earth’s crust
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