Module 2 Ethics

LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE BACOLOD
Galo Corner Gatuslao Streets, Bacolod City 6100, Philippines

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Instructional Module
LCCB Vision-Mission
We are a Christ-centered, Augustinian and Marian educational community dedicated
to create a more sustainable world.
LCCB is committed to provide the community with
 accessible, relevant and advanced curricular programs that promote life-long
learning towards fulfilling careers;
 empowering and enriching avenues to conduct responsive research to push
the frontiers of new knowledge; and
 meaningful experiences of the universal compassion of Christ through
services and programs with the last, the least, and the lost.
LCCB Graduate Attributes (IGA)

LCCians are…
 Christ-centered
 Restless searchers for truth
 Intellectually and universally competent
 Nationalistic
 Community and service-oriented
 Active ecological stewards
 Culturally-sensitive
LCCB Core Values

 Christ-centeredness
 Community of Friends
 Stewardship
 Excellence
 Diversity
Prayer to the Holy Spirit

Breathe in me O Holy Spirit, that my thoughts may all be holy.
Act in me O Holy Spirit, that my work, too, may be holy.
Draw my heart O Holy Spirit, that I love what is holy.
Strengthen me O Holy Spirit, to defend all that is holy.
Guard me, then, O Holy Spirit, that I always may be holy. Amen.
- St. Augustine
This instructional material is exclusively for LCCB only | Page 1

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Course Information
Course Title : Ethics
Course Code : Ethics
Credit : 3 units
Course Instructor : Mr. Erwin C. Cangas, LPT
Contact Details : erwincangas08@gmail.com | 0999-577-1802
Consultation Schedule : Monday thru Friday, 1:00 - 3:00 PM
Helplines : Guidance (4349661 local __); DSA (4349661 local __)
Introduction
Ethics deals with principles of ethical behaviour in modern society at the level of the
person, society and in interaction with environmental and other shared resources.
Morality pertains to the standards of the right and wrong that an individual originally
picks up from the community. The course discusses the context and principles of ethical
behaviour in modern society at the level of individual, society, and in interaction with the
environment and other shared resources. The course also teaches students to make moral
decisions by using dominant moral frameworks and by applying a seven-step moral
reasoning model to analyse and solve moral dilemmas.
The course is organized according to the three main elements of the moral
experience: (a) agent, including context – cultural, communal, and environmental; (b) the
act, and (c) reason or framework (for the act).
You will complete this course for one semester. This course is composed of four
modules, namely:
Module 1 – Introduction to Ethics: Foundation of Moral Valuation
Module 2 – Culture, Cultural Relativism and Filipino Values
Module 3 – Human Acts, Acts of Man and Modifiers of Morality
Competencies and Outcomes

Upon completion of this course, you should have:
1. Differentiated between moral and non-moral problems.
2. Described what a moral experience is as it happens in different levels of
human existence.
3. Explained the influence of Filipino culture on the way students look at moral
experiences and solve moral dilemmas.
4. Described elements of moral development and moral experience.
5. Used ethical frameworks or principles to analyze moral experiences.
6. Made sound ethical judgments based on principles, facts, and the
stakeholders affected.

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7. Developed sensitivity to the common good.

8. Understood and internalized the principles of ethical behavior in modern
society at the level of the person, society, and in interaction with the
environment and other shared resources.
Grading, Requirements and Examinations

In this course, you will be evaluated in the following way:
Class Standing (70%)

Written Tasks total* (in the module) (25%)
Assignments total* (in the module) (25%)
Academic Papers total* (20%)
Examination (30%)
Midterm** (15%)
Finals** (15%)
Attendance Policy
Considering the modality of instruction of this course (Correspondence), actual
attendance of students may not be required as in the traditional residential or classroom
setting. However, you should make sure that are present during the monitoring or follow-up
of your progress by your teacher, the Guidance Office or the Student Affairs Office. Your
attendance in any of these follow-up calls corresponds to your attendance in class.
Students with Disability

Students with disabilities and verifiable learning impediments who require
accommodations (academic adjustments, auxiliary aids or services) must disclose their cases
and register with the Guidance Services Center.
Academic Dishonesty
Academic dishonesty in any form (bribery, plagiarism, cheating and fabrication of
documents will result in a failure on the academic task in question.

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Module 2
Culture, Cultural Relativism and Filipino Values
Lesson 1
Meaning of Culture
MY JOURNEY
In this lesson, you will be led to the discovery of the meaning of culture and its
characteristics. You will be introduced to the different components of culture. Also, you will
discover the importance of culture in one’s life especially in making moral actions.
MY TARGETS
Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:

a. Articulate what culture means.
b. Appreciate the importance of ones culture in understanding human personality
and human relationship to others.
c. Recognize differences in moral behaviour of different cultures.
MY WARM-UP
A family in the Philippines was puzzled when the coffin of their deceased mother
arrived from the US sent by their sister. The tiny corpse was jammed so tightly into the box
that their mother’s face was flattened against the glass lid. When the family opened the
coffin they found a letter pinned to their mother’s chest. “Dearest brothers and sisters: I am
sending you our mother’s remains for burial there. Sorry I could not come along as the
expenses were so high. You will find under Mama’s body 12 cans of Libby’s corned beef, and
12 cans Spam. Just divide these among yourselves. On Mama’s feet is a brand new pair of
Reeboks (size 8 for Junior). There are 4 pairs of Reeboks under Mama’s head for Meloy’s
sons. Mama is wearing six Ralph Lauren T-shirt, one for Manong Roy and the rest for my
nephews. Mama is wearing one dozen Wonder bras and 2 dozens Victoria’s Secret panties
to be distributed among my nieces and cousins. Mama is also wearing 8 pairs of Dockers
pants. Kuya, Diko, please take one each and give the rest to your boys. The Swiss watch Ate

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asked for is on Mama’s left wrist. Auntie Sol, Mama is wearing the earrings, ring and
necklace you asked for. The 6 pairs of Chanel stockings that Mama is also wearing are for
teen age girls. I hope they like the colors. Your loving sister, Nene. (This was printed in the book:
Sociology Focus in the Philippines by Panopio and Raymundo which was published in Malaya, 7 May 2002 by
Dahli Aspellera.)
Task 1
Looking at the story, what do you think is the culture of Nene’s relative is portraying about?
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MY READING TEXT
Culture in General
The word culture came from the Latin word cultus - care or cultivation. Culture is a
complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. Culture tells man what to
do, what not to do and how to do things. It represents the design or recipe for living. Man’s
culture is unique to man; but culture in various societies differ and it is closely associated
with civilization.
Culture has its characteristics namely: Culture is learned, Culture is transmitted,
Culture is social, Culture is ideational, Culture is gratifying and Culture is adaptive.
Culture has three major components which are social norms, ideas, and material things.
Social Norms are group expectation or guidelines that people are supposed to follow in their

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relationship. It is usually in the form of rules, standards or prescription. Sanction is given in

order that norms are followed. Sanction is a system of giving rewards and punishment to
encourage socially acceptable behavior. There are two forms of Sanction; formal sanctions
which are usually in written form and enforced by person in authority and the informal
sanctions which are usually in verbal and may come in the form of gossip, public opinion,
giving or withdrawal of love or friendship.
Under social norms are folkways, laws, mores and fashion, fad or craze. On the other
hand, ideas comprise beliefs and values. Folkway is customary ways of behaving and doing
things. It includes rules or customs of eating, sleeping, dressing, cooking, working, modes of
greeting and farewell, burial, marriage, etc. Mores are folkways with ethical and moral
values and are associated with strong feelings about right and truth. Violators of mores are
regarded as immoral, sinful, vicious or anti-social. Laws are formalized social norms enacted
or made by the proper authorities so that people would act accordingly. Fashion, Fad and
Craze are short lived social norms which demand compliance at the time they operate.
These include styles of dresses, bags, shoes and hair or styles of houses, furniture, cars and
gadgets.
Moreover, culture is important to man because culture distinguishes man from
animal. It sets a pre-conditioning factor for the development of man’s personality, it
provides knowledge which enables man to survive physically and socially. Lastly, culture is a
tool for analysing human behaviour.
Task 2
Make a list of a culture you are practicing until now which were handed down to you
by your ancestors.
1. Ideas/Beliefs
a. ___________________________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________________________
2. Rules/Laws
a. ___________________________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________________________
3. Values/Attitudes
a. ___________________________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________________________

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TESTING MYSELF
Task 3
Laws are created in order to help the people act accordingly. It is there to protect the
human rights of the person. It is part of the culture of the people. However, there are
countries even our country Philippines which are passing bills in order to make law that are
against human life. Like the case of abortion, death penalty, euthanasia or mercy killing
which are legal in other countries and proposed in our own country to become law.
As a person who values life, will you allow these actions to be legalized in the country? Why?
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CONNECTING WHAT I LEARNED
“Culture makes people understand each other better. And if they understand each
other better in their soul, it is easier to overcome the economic and political barriers. But
first they have to understand that their neighbor is, in the end, just like them, with the same
problems, the same questions.” (Paulo Coelho) Culture is a gift to every individual. We learn
to appreciate the person through its culture. We see the uniqueness of every human being
because of his/her culture.
Task 4
As an LCCian we are called to be a propagator of a culture of life. A culture that
always protect and defend life. As an Augustinian student, how would you concretize the
culture of life in your own home?
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Lesson 2
Values and Filipino Values
MY JOURNEY
In this lesson, you will be led to the discovery of the meaning of values and its
importance. You will be introduced to the different Filipino values or traits both positive and
negatively. Also, you will discover the forces and influences that shaped our Filipino values
and value systems.
MY TARGETS

a. Understand what values mean.
b. Appreciate the importance of ones value in shaping ones personality and society.
c. Recognize the role of other nations in shaping the values we have.
MY WARM-UP
A family in the Philippines was puzzled when the coffin of their deceased mother
arrived from the US sent by their sister. The tiny corpse was jammed so tightly into the box
that their mother’s face was flattened against the glass lid. When the family opened the
coffin they found a letter pinned to their mother’s chest. “Dearest brothers and sisters: I am
sending you our mother’s remains for burial there. Sorry I could not come along as the
expenses were so high. You will find under Mama’s body 12 cans of Libby’s corned beef, and
12 cans Spam. Just divide these among yourselves. On Mama’s feet is a brand new pair of
Reeboks (size 8 for Junior). There are 4 pairs of Reeboks under Mama’s head for Meloy’s
sons. Mama is wearing six Ralph Lauren T-shirt, one for Manong Roy and the rest for my
nephews. Mama is wearing one dozen Wonder bras and 2 dozens Victoria’s Secret panties
to be distributed among my nieces and cousins. Mama is also wearing 8 pairs of Dockers
pants. Kuya, Diko, please take one each and give the rest to your boys. The Swiss watch Ate
asked for is on Mama’s left wrist. Auntie Sol, Mama is wearing the earrings, ring and
necklace you asked for. The 6 pairs of Chanel stockings that Mama is also wearing are for
teen age girls. I hope they like the colors. Your loving sister, Nene. (This was printed in the book:

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Sociology Focus in the Philippines by Panopio and Raymundo which was published in Malaya, 7 May 2002 by
Dahli Aspellera.)
Task 1
Looking at the story, what do you think the value of Nene is portraying about? If you are
Nene, would you do the same to your mother? Why?
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MY READING TEXT
Meaning of Values and Filipino Value Systems
Culturally speaking, values are defined as standards by which people assess

desirability, goodness and beauty. Values are statements about what ought to be.
Contemporary Philippine Values are shaped by the forces namely, the Oriental Force
and the Occidental Force. The Oriental force influences the core of Filipino’s moral and social
conscience and cultural identity. It comes from the Aeta, Indonesian, Malayan, Hindu,
Arabian and Chinese elements.
The Occidental Force are ways of life adapted from the Spanish and American
culture. Spain introduced to us Roman Catholicism, Fiesta, Parochial School, Municipal
Building, Village Plaza and the Compadre System. The Compadre System initiated the
Filipinos the practice of extended families, practice of nepotism and favoritism in the social
sphere. Also the forced labor experienced by the Filipinos developed a sense of hatred for
manual labor. The Americans introduced to us the Democratic system of government,

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Education and English language as the medium of instruction. The Americans also introduced
into the Filipino way of life the values of materialism and consumerism.
DIFFERENT VALUE ORIENTATIONS THAT DOMINATES FILIPINOS WAY OF LIFE

1. NON-RATIONALISM VS RATIONALISM
Non-Rationalism is the idea that people has to adapt themselves to nature and the forces
outside themselves. Examples are Bahala na, Itinalaga ng Diyos, Iginuhit ng Tadhana, Gulong
ng palad, and malas or napasubo. Rationalism on the hand is a belief that one can actively
control and manipulate his or her destiny by systematic planning, studying and training. The
rational person is future-oriented, scientific-oriented, prioritizing self-expression and
creativity over group conformity and security.
2. PERSONALISM VS IMPERSONALISM
Personalism attaches major importance to personal factors which guarantee intimacy,
warmth and security of kinship and friendship in getting things done. In personalism, the
Filipinos way of doing things is centered too much in personalities. They resort to pakiusap,
areglo or lakad. Impersonalism eliminates the influence of friendship or kinship in working
situations. Behavior is depersonalized, standardized or institutionalized.
3. PARTICULARISM VS UNIVERSALISM
Particularism centers their concerns on sub-group made up of relatives, friends,
colleagues, associates, religious affiliates or members of his or her ethnical regional group.
Universalism concerned in the advancement of the collective national good.
4. NATIONALISM
It is the advocacy of making one’s own nation distinct and separate from others in
intellectual, social, economic, political and moral matters. It is a feeling of oneness among
the nationals and seeks to establish the identity and the good of one’s nation. Nationalism
can either be a factor for evil or for good. It will lead someone to Ethnocentrism (belief in
the superiority of one's own ethnic group) or Xenophobia (fear and hatred of strangers or
foreigners or of anything that is strange or foreign).
Filipinos have positive and negative traits/values. Positively, Filipinos are known to be
family and religious oriented, hospitable, respectful, generous, hardworking, loving and
caring. On the other side, Filipinos are known to be selfish (crab mentality) and fateful
(fatalism).
Task 2
Is compadre system still practiced until now? Cite a particular example. How this
system slow down the progress of our country in general?
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TESTING MYSELF
Task 3
“When we use our values to make decisions, we make a deliberate choice to focus on
what is important to us. When values are shared, they build internal cohesion in a
group.” (https://www.valuescentre.com/values-are-important/)
As a student, what particular value you possess and how this value will help you in achieving
your goals/dreams in life?
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“Our values inform our thoughts, words and actions. Our values are important
because they help us to grow and develop. They help us to create the future we want to
experience.” (https://www.valuescentre.com/values-are-important/)
Task 4
As an LCCian we are called to be stewards of God’s creation. This is one of the core
values of the institution. Amidst the natural and man-made calamities we are experiencing
right now, how can you help protect the mother earth from the on-going destructions?
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Lesson 3
Cultural Relativism
MY JOURNEY
In this lesson, you will learn the meaning of cultural relativism. You will be
discovering the positive and negative impacts of cultural relativism the person and society.
Also, you will discover the purpose and the beauty of cultural relativism.
MY TARGETS

a. Understand the meaning of cultural relativism and its importance.
b. Appreciate the role of cultural relativism in maintaining peace and order among
nations.
c. Recognize the good side and bad side of cultural relativism especially on moral
issues.
d. Make a good moral decisions when other’s culture is no longer acceptable.
MY WARM-UP
Culture is said to be differing from each other. Each culture is unique. However, there
are practices of other countries or people which sometimes shocked us. This is called culture
shock. This culture may not be acceptable to many or for us.
Task 1
As a cultured person, what are the cultures of other people you have heard, seen or
read that shocked you most? Will you still accept it or not?
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MY READING TEXT
Cultural Relativism
Culture is viewed in different ways. One way of understanding culture is through

cultural relativism. This perspective states that culture differ. It states that elements of
culture should be viewed on their own terms. It means what is ethically acceptable or
unacceptable is relative to, or that is to say, dependent on one’s culture. This cultural
relativism leads us to: a. Conform to what we experience, which is the reality of the
differences in how cultures make their ethical valuations; b. By the taking one’s culture as
the standard, we are provided a basis for our valuations; c. This teaches us to be tolerant of
others from different cultures, as we realize that we are in no position to judge whether the
ethical thought or practice of another culture is acceptable or unacceptable.
Task 2
Cultural Relativism teaches us to be tolerant of others from different cultures, as we
realize that we are in no position to judge whether the ethical thought or practice of another
culture is acceptable or unacceptable.
As a friendly being, what are the practices of your friends you can tolerate and not tolerate?
How were able to handle non-tolerated attitudes of your friends in or order to preserve your
friendship.
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TESTING MYSELF
Task 3
Cultural Relativism has a good and bad side. Positively, it speaks of respecting other
cultures. On the other side, it tells us to tolerate the culture of others even if it destroys life.
Thus, mercy killing or euthanasia is accepted to other culture and to others not. However,
morally speaking, it is immoral. But for cultural relativism, it is allowable for it is part of their
culture.
As human being, will you allow this practice to happen or not? What would be your position
on this matter?
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“Compassion and tolerance are not a sign of weakness, but a sign of strength.” (Dalai
Lama) Tolerance of one’s culture is one of the positive side of cultural relativism. As
protector of life, we tolerate culture that is promoting the culture of life. To those others
who are not promoting, we are giving our compassion so that they will change. Compassion
is important so that cultural relativism will be appreciated in its role and importance.
Task 4
As an LCCian, we are called to be a compassionate individual. As being a Christ-
centered institution, we are challenged to let other people experience the compassion of
Christ? Amidst the different ideologies and beliefs besetting us right now, how can you help
promote the spirit of peace and order in our society?
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ANSWER KEY
MODULE 1, LESSON 1: TASK 1 (PAGE 3)

1. ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________
MODULE 3, LESSON 2: TASK 2 (PAGE 12)

1. ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________
MODULE 4, LESSON 4, TASK 3 (PAGE 20)

1. ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________

1. ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________

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5. ______________________________________________

1. ______________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________
GLOSSARY
Assessment and Reporting

the processes associated with a variety of assessment tools and strategies used by
teachers in monitoring, valuating, documenting and reporting learners' needs, progress and
achievement
Competence
more than just knowledge and skills; it involves the ability to meet complex demands
by drawing on and mobilizing psychosocial resources (including skills and attitudes) in a
particular context
Content Knowledge and Pedagogy

the domain of Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers (PPST) which recognizes
the importance of teachers' mastery of content knowledge and its interconnectedness
within and across curriculum areas, coupled with a sound and critical understanding of the
application of theories and principles of teaching and learning
Curriculum and Planning

refers to teachers' knowledge of and interaction with the national and local
curriculum requirements
Diversity of Learners
emphasizes the central role of teachers in establishing learning environments that
are responsive to learner diversity
Learning Environment

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the role of teachers to provide learning environments that are safe, secure, fair and
supportive to promote learner responsibility and achievement
PPST
an abbreviation of Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers which is built on
National Competency-Based Teacher Standard (NCBTS)
REFERENCES
Agapay, Ramon B. (1991). Ethics and the Filipino. A Manual on Morals for Students and
Educators, National Book Store, Mandaluyong City.
Babor, Eddie R. (2006). Ethics: The Philosophical Discipline of Action. Rex Bookstore Inc.,
Manila.
Buenaflor, Lionel E. (2006). The Meaning of Human Existence, Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
Mandaluyong, Metro Manila.
Losonsky, Michael (2006). The Evolution of Modern Philosophy: Linguistics Turns in Modern
Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, New York City.
Maboloc, Christopher Ryan B. (2009). Philosophy of Man: Fundamental Topics & Thinkers,
Rex Book Store, Inc., Manila, Philippines.
Murray, Michael J., Rea, Michael (2008). An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion,
Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom.
Velasquez, Manuel (2008). Philosophy, A Text with Readings, Tenth Edition, Thomson Higher
Education, Belmont, USA.
FURTHER READINGS

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Heung-sang, T., Man-biu, C., Chi-chung, L., Wai-ching, M., MOK, M., Kwok-hung, N., … DAVIS,
B. (2007). The Advisory Committee on Teacher Education and Qualifications.
Hoge, M. A., Tondora, J., & Marrelli, A. F. (2005). The fundamentals of workforce
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PRAYER FOR THE BEATIFICATION OF

VENERABLE MOTHER CONSUELO BARCELO
(Co-foundress of the Augustinian Sisters of Our Lady of Consolation in the Philippines)
God of Love and Compassion, you endowed Venerable Mother Consuelo

with great love and zeal for your honor and glory. We commend to You her life
and example of love of God and neighbor. With faith and trust in Your gracious providence,
we pray for her beatification sp that she may continue to inspire us in seeking Your will
and living a holy life. God of mercy, we also humbly present to You our need, united with the
confirmation of the holiness of life of Venerable Mother Consuelo.
(Silently mention your intentions)
In gratitude for your boundless blessings, we praise and thank you,
Our God, Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Amen.
Our Lady of Consolation, pray for us.

Our great father, St. Augustine, pray for us.
Mother Rita, Venerable Mother Consuelo, and
all deceased Sisters, Priests and Brothers, intercede for us.
MY HEART IS RESTLESS, UNTIL IT RESTS IN YOU, O LORD.

Module 2 Ethics

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Module 2 Ethics

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LA CONSOLACION COLLEGE BACOLOD

Galo Corner Gatuslao Streets, Bacolod City 6100, Philippines

LCCB Graduate Attributes (IGA)

LCCB Core Values

Prayer to the Holy Spirit

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Competencies and Outcomes

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7. Developed sensitivity to the common good.

Grading, Requirements and Examinations

Class Standing (70%)

Students with Disability

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Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:

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relationship. It is usually in the form of rules, standards or prescription. Sanction is given in

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CONNECTING WHAT I LEARNED

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Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:

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Meaning of Values and Filipino Value Systems

Culturally speaking, values are defined as standards by which people assess

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DIFFERENT VALUE ORIENTATIONS THAT DOMINATES FILIPINOS WAY OF LIFE

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CONNECTING WHAT I LEARNED

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Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to:

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Culture is viewed in different ways. One way of understanding culture is through

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CONNECTING WHAT I LEARNED

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MODULE 1, LESSON 1: TASK 1 (PAGE 3)

MODULE 3, LESSON 2: TASK 2 (PAGE 12)

MODULE 4, LESSON 4, TASK 3 (PAGE 20)

MODULE 4, LESSON 4, TASK 5 (PAGE 24)

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MODULE 5, LESSON 2, TASK 3 (PAGE 27)

Assessment and Reporting

Content Knowledge and Pedagogy

Curriculum and Planning

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PRAYER FOR THE BEATIFICATION OF

God of Love and Compassion, you endowed Venerable Mother Consuelo

Our Lady of Consolation, pray for us.

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