9/23/21, 11:25 PM OneNote

Nervous Tissue 
Monday, 20 September 2021  6:01 pm 

2 cellular populations 
1. Neuroglial cells 
2. Nerve cells 
 
Extensions of the soma (part of a neuron) 
 
NERVE CELLS 
 
The neurons - nerve cells other name 
 
Neurons: 
1. Some / perikaryon / cell body 
2. Neurites 
a. Neuronal processes: 
i. Axon 
ii. Dendrites 
 

Nervous tissues - conductile tissues    (Muscle tissues - contractile tissues) 

• Transmitting nerve impulses (unique property of nervous system) 

• Conveying messages (exclusive only for nervous sytem) 
• COMMUNICATING - linking organs with one another 
○ Body organs must be well-coordinated/organized with their functions 
• Nervous system is the most important system/most complicated system 

Physiologic properties:     
Irritability  Conductivity 
• Ability to respond to  • Unique property 
The changes of the  • Transmit or convey nerve 
Environment  Impulses/messages 
• Test of aliveness  • Made possible by component 
(Excitability)  Cells (neurons) 
• Referring to Stimuli 
Or Stimulus  

 
Vertebral cavity - forms a vertebral column (spinal cavity) 
Nervous tissue: structure  Made up of 2 principal cell populations:      Cranial cavity - houses the brain 
Neurons  Supporting cells  Spinal cavity - houses the spinal cord 

 
Nerve cells or neurons  Peripheral nerves 
• Functional and structural units of nervous tissue  Cranial nerves - originates from the brain 
• Specialized for transmission of messages (nerve impulses)  Spinal nerves - from the spinal cord (more many than cranial) 
• Differ structurally, but they have many features in common. 
• Are animal cells and body cell 
2 Main Parts  Locations: 
1. Perikaryons / soma / cell body  CNS - neuron cell bodies in clustered arrangement called "nuclei" 
•
Cell bodies outside the nervous system - GANGLIUM/GANGLIA 
Locations are  i.e. central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system   
varied.  Neuronal parts in brain and spinal cords 
• Grouped into 2 areas where we can find  
• Organization : Structural   the neuronal parts 
  1. The Gray Matter 
Two structural divisions:  • Outermost part of the brain, 
1. CNS  • Innermost part in the spinal cord 
a. CNS delicate organs: component  2. The White Matter 
i. Brain (produces cranial nerves)  • Innermost part of the brain 
ii. Spinal cord (spinal nerves)  • Outermost part of the spinal
• Cranial body cavity  cord 
2. PNS (peripheral nervous system) - Cranial Nerves   
Graya.matter in the brain
Characterized are on thenerves) 
(peripheral outtermost.  A. Myelination 
  b. Emerging/origintaing from the brain and spinal cord  • Gray matter, nonmyelinated neuronal structures 
31 spinal  cords  • White matter, myelinated neuronal structures 
• Spinal nerves comes out from each 
• Inside the Ganglia are   Nuclei in the gray matter 
Ganglia outside the spinal cord 

Neuron cells 
The cell body 
1. Neurofibrils 
• Microtobules 
• Provide cytoskeletal, filamentous 

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9/23/21, 11:25 PM OneNote
2. Nissle bodies 
• Like a ribosomes 
• Elaborate rough ER 
• Synthesis proteins 
 

Neurons 
• Is an animal cell, but lacks centrioles 
• Centrioles (provide poles for mitosis) 
• Cell division is difficult for neurons 
Dendrites  
• Bring information towards the cell body 
   
  Tracts 
• If myelinated (seen in white matter)  Neurites 
  • Neuronal processes, running through the nervous system 
2 Neurytes  • ( Myelinated ) 
Function:   Tracts: 
• Dendrites - conveying towards the cell body (inwards)  1. Ascending tracts - neuronal processes/extensions,  
• Axons - tranmits of interpretted messages away from the cell body  • Relay messages 
Structurally: there is only 1 AXON  from spinal cord to the brain 
Axon terminal - branched axon  2. Descending tracts 
• From brain to spinal cord. 
 
Peripheral nerves 
1. Cranial nerveseurites 

Neuron has only one - Axons (unbranched( 

 
Myelin sheath - myelinated makes slower tansmission 
 
Swan cell 
 

Classification of neurons  FLOW: conduction pathway 

  1. Sensory neurons 
  2. Interneurons 
1. Efferent neurons (Motor neurons)  3. Motor neurons 
• Aways from the brain to the visceral organ 
• Always located in the CNS 
• Cell bodies are always located in the CNS 
A. Effector organs/structure  Only sensory neurons are unipolar  
• Organs/part that are carryinf out the appropriate responses 
(refelex act or reflex)  Receptors 
• Delivers sensations (like pain) 
I.e. skeletal muscles - the response is   Contraction/shortening  • Reflex of muscle tissue (flexion) 
 
Glands - response  Secretion 

• Visceral are stimulated by pressure, chemicals, etc. 

B. Gray matter 
i. Dendrites are found 
C. Terminal branches for AXONS, all cells are connected with AXONS 
 
2. Association neurons (Interneurons/internuncial neurons) 
• Pathways,  
A. Sensory neurons in neural pathways located in the CNS 
 

Structural classificaitons: 
 
1. Multipolar neurons  
• Several dendrites and one axon 
2. Bipolar neurons 
• Rare in adults, 

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• Having   Saltatory conduction - mode of transmission (jumping) 
3. Unipolar neuron 
• One neuronal process 
• One axon functions as a dendrite 
• Relay messages from sensory  to the cell body 
• Example sensory neurons 

Presence or Absence of Myelin Sheath  Nerve fiber - axon (myelinated) fast transmission in the WHITE MATTER 
 
1. Myelinated (medullated nerve) 
2. Non-myelinated (devoid) 

NEUROGLIAL (Glial Cells) Cells 

• In the CNS and PNS 
• Neuroglia or neuroglial cells 

Ependymal cells 
• Give rise to epithelial layer that surrounds the 
Choroid plexus 
• Network of capillaries in the lateral ventricles   
• Produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)   
• Comes from the blood, undergoes filtration   
Central canal of the spinal cord is filled with CSF  Devoid - without myelin sheath, slow transmission 
   

Astrocytes 
Fibrous astrocytes  Functions: 
• Myelinated in the white matter of CNS  1. Physical and metabolic support for neurons 
• Cells in small presence 
• Fibrous, attached in the vascular capillaries 
• Regulate blood supply and nutrients for neurons 
Protoplasmic astrocytes 
• Gray matter in the CNS located 
• nonmyelinated   

Myelin sheath - made by oligodendrocytes 

Oligodendrocytes   
• Produce myelin sheath 80% lipid and 20% protein 
• Myelination of axon in the CNS 

Microglia 
• Acts as phagocytes 
• Digest physical substances, acting as macrophages 
• Protection for neurons 

Satellite cells (myosatellite cells)  New neurons - are made by satellite cells 
• Undifferentiated stem cells 
• Give new cells.  

Schwan cells  Neurilemma cell - nucleated outside the sheath 

• Neurilemma cell 
• In the PNS producing myelin sheath 
• Wraps around an axon like a jelly roll to form myelin sheath 

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