Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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An investigation report on sustainable strength of amalgamation

materials
Abdul Zubar Hameed a, Krishnaraju Alagarasan b,*
a
Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
b
Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, PSN College of Engineering and Technology, Tamilnadu, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Modern manufacturing mainly focused on the development of various amalgamation (composites) mate-
Received 14 March 2021 rials having superior qualities and good properties in comparison with metals and especially the alu-
Received in revised form 20 May 2021 minium matrix composites have a wide range of acceptance in all engineering industries and bio
Accepted 24 May 2021
medical applications. In these materials having low density with high sustainable strength of the compo-
Available online xxxx
nents and also with good machinability and surface roughness. There is a need to increase the mass pro-
duction while reducing the cost of the components or product. The aluminium composite alloys have
Keywords:
high strength, excellent corrosion, and high wear resistance. But presently, some of the amalgamation
Amalgamation
Al 6061
material complexity in the fabrication process of new material and its arrives difficult machining.
Challenges Some of these manufacturing difficulties are high tool wear and dynamic forces when machining which
Fly ash consequently limiting its applications. Also from literature it has been understood that by increasing the
Mechanical wt % of fly ash with AL6061 particles in the aluminium matrix, improves the mechanical properties bref-
Sustainable materials ily reviewed.
Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the International Conference on Sustainable materials,
Manufacturing and Renewable Technologies 2021.

1. Introduction Aluminous substance waste materials such as AL6061. The main

Amalgamation material is often formed by merge two or addi-
tional various elements with a mechanical property that are going
to be better than the individual elements. The support material
could also be ceramic or unprocessed materials. In our research
material Aluminium Composite consists of better-quality mechan-
ical, physical and electrical properties. These materials often
expand in production, thermal, tailored by varying the quality of
ingredient and their % wt volume of fraction and orientation layup,
stir casting technique and also powder structure manufacturing.
Fly Ash (FA) is that the lightly divided deposits that fall out on
or after on fire of crushed coal and are related from the burning
chamber where it directly burst into flames, produces heat and
producing a molten mineral deposit by exhaust gases. Boiler tubes
extract heat from the boiler, cooling the flue gas and causing
the molten mineral residue to harden and formed as fly ash.
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: aahameed@kau.edu.sa (A.Z. Hameed), akrgen@gmail.com (K.
Alagarasan).
advantages of these composites are as follows:
 Better high temperature
 High thermal growth coefficient
 High electrical and damping capability
 Better abrasion and wear resistance
 Better Hardness and higher strength
2. Literature review
Manimaran et al [1] discussed the Composites materials are
widely used as a lightweight material in all major industries. These
materials are used in which fly ash magnetize important support
due to its improved all mechanical properties like density, tensile
strength, toughness, compressive strength, impact strength, hard-
ness, and decrease in ductility using stir casting.
Ramgopal Reddy et al. [2] fabricated a novel composite materi-
als with flyash material are prepared by stir casting technique.
after specimen analyzed by various microstructure using scanned
electron microscope (SEM) and also compared with different dis-
similar aluminium with different weight of 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% SiC

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.504
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the International Conference on Sustainable materials, Manufacturing and Renewable Technologies 2021.

Please cite this article as: Abdul Zubar Hameed and K. Alagarasan, An investigation report on sustainable strength of amalgamation materials, Materials
Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.504
Abdul Zubar Hameed and K. Alagarasan
and fly Ash in equal proportions respectively. These materials are
good development in the Mechanical properties such as tensile
strength, hardness.
Anilkumar et al [3] investigated an aluminium alloy (Al 6061)
with fly ash materials developed by stir casting technique. in this
study the fly ash in various sample size are developed such as 4–
25, 45–50 and 75–100 mm respectively. Every set had samples with
the weight of fractions of 10%, 15% and 20%. they found results are
improved the mechanical properties such as tensile strength, com-
pressive strength, ductility and hardness.
Viney Kumar et al [4] investigated in this hybrid two metal
matrix composite comparisons are of great importance in indus-
trial applications for their lighter weight with high strength, stiff-
ness and heat resistance. In the first case AL6061, 4%MG selected
another one 4% graphite as a base metal and changeable mixing
composition of fly ash are 10%, 15% and20% was taken the results
that tensile strength raises with the addition of 20% fly ash. Simi-
larly when graphite was extra then a reduction in tensile and hard-
ness was observed. In 4%Mg and 15% fly ash maximum tensile and
4% Mg, 20% fly ash maximum hardness also specific wear rate
decreases.
Surappa [5] developed an aluminium based silicon carbide par-
ticulate amalgamated substance is used in the aerospace industries
have been accomplished by changeable % of wt fraction of volume
with Silicon Carbide (SiC), graphite and alumina, while graphite
weight fraction 2% to 10% (increasing even) keep all other param-
eters if an increase of hardness. The most excellent results on most
hardness have been acquired at 25% wt fraction of SiC and at 4% wt
fraction of graphite maximum hardness is 45.5 BHN.
Wlodarczyk-Fligier et al [6] compared two methods of prepara-
tion in aluminium composite matrix reinforced Al2O3 particles.
one is powder metallurgy and another one is pressure infiltration
of porous performs by liquid alloy. The investigation in the results
are obtained from the preparation tested new novel materials with
our combination in the automotive industry. it improved in the
mechanical properties.
Bharath et al [7] presented a synthesize metal matrix Al 6061
with ceramic Al2O3 composite manufactured using stir casting pro-
cess. In this process additional material various composition are
varied from 6% 12 wt% in various steps of minimum 3 wt%. Each
composite substance is preheated at 200 °C in the oven and also
this process maintained the same temperature Al6061 alloy got
the better wettability and circulation of the two materials.
H.C Himanshu Chauhan et al [8] investigated a hybrid alu-
minium alloy and fly-ash metal matrix prepared by stir casting
process with different weight of fly ash are 10%,15%, and 20%.
The modify in these properties is 10% alumina and fly-ash insignif-
icant changes with 15 and 20 per cent as an in a multiplicity of
mechanical properties improved all such as tensile strength,
microstructure, compressive and hardness of the materials.
David Raja Selvam et al [9] fabricated aluminium metal matrix
composites with different weight percentages of SiC substances
with a stable weight percentage of fly ash manufactured by stir
casting technique. (7.5 wt% of FA and varying weight percentage
7.5 and 10 wt% of SiC). This process improved the mechanical prop-
erties such as wettability, hardness and tensile strength by adding
a small number of magnesium substances along with the results
are determined by optical and Scanning Electron Micrograph
(SEM) exposed a standardized spreading of both SiC and Fly ash.
Bodunrin et al [10] reviewed a new generation of Aluminium
hybrid composites in the possibility of satisfying the latest
demands of advanced manufacturing applications. In this compos-
ites review of comfortable to the knowable processing system and
the possibility of reducing assembly cost and all facts and also a
performance of these materials is mostly dependent on selecting
materials. How it affects the mechanical properties, corrosion
2
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
and wear performance of the materials with how to improve the
material properties.
Kumar et al [11] possessed discontinuous fibres Composites
adding with Industrial waste fly ash manufacturing by the stir cast-
ing process. It improves sustainable strength as well as major
humidity, low density and low-cost reinforcements and excellent
wear resistance. One of the cost in-expensive also very easy man-
ufacturing processes is possible.
Shanmughasundaram et al [12] evaluated the surface rough-
ness of pure commercial amalgamated material consists of Al
and fly ash and Graphite (Gr) are produced by step stir casting.
in this material with the effect of machining parameters on surface
roughness, and the performance of the machined product which
great power, significantly in our conclusion of the result are
1.5 wt% Gr in the Al-fly ash reduces the surface roughness.
Saravanan et al [13] has analyzed a new aluminium alloy with
inexpensive rice shell ash particle of 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% by weight
were used in the materials. The results are found in that surface
morphology with the distribution of hardness (RHA) particles
using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed the results
are exposed that the percentage of RHA will increase ultimate all
strength increase of the composite materials.
Niranjan et al [14] have observed and optimization by Taguchi
(ANOVA) method aluminium alloy 6061 in the cutting process
parameters such as speed, feed, and depth of cut has very good
machinability index better quality of surface finish in this 429 m/
min and depth of cut 1 mm and also reduce the cost.
Lalmuan et al [15] composed of soft composites and hard rein-
forced particles are more homogeneous and improved strength
properties than the conventional for a wide range of applications.
Demonstrated the reduced machinability, quicker tool wear and
wasteful production process.
Hammar et al [16] developed an aluminium matrix with sea
sand and ceramic particles that are high-cost production, particu-
larly raw material for support elements as used in structural and
automotive parts. In this composites compares the result of phys-
ical and mechanical properties of the composite materials are
found in the Al6061/sea sand composites the higher density and
also porosity shows lower compared to Al6061/Al2O3 and
Al6061/SiC composites. The hardness of Al6061 and sea sand com-
posite is higher and also sea sand particles improve the particle’s
wettability.
Suresh et al [17] conducted the special advantage of the com-
posite for the specific requirements create these materials more
trendy in a multiplicity of appliances by stir casting technique.
Experiments were conducted by varying weight fraction of TiB2
(0%, 4%, 8% and 12%) while keeping all other parameters are no
changes in the system. The results are found increasing the
mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, wear-resistance
and hardness by the percentage of TiB2.
Kareem et al [18] focused as an aluminium alloy AA 6061 com-
posites produced through the stir-casting process through the pro-
cess has mainly examined the fabrication, process parameters, a
variety of support materials used, and also improved mechanical
properties. Numerous examines are indicated that the stir-
casting method is widely used like as SiC, B4C, Al2O3, TiC,
Kushnoore et al [19] fabricated one is a pure Al6061 with fly ash
and another one is Al6061 with syntactic foams of ceramic fly ash
changing particulate dimensions like below 50 lm and 51 lm-
100 lm respectively The main structural features has been
observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) that there is a
homogeneous circulation of lower particulate size. Each one has
fly ash in Al6061 reduce the thermal conductivity and increases
the specific heat carrying capacity, and also raise in weight of fly
ash in Al6061 decreases thermal conductivity and thermal
diffusivity.
Abdul Zubar Hameed and K. Alagarasan
Kandapal et al [20] processed an aluminium alloy based com-
posites that have tremendous wear-resistant properties. In the
work, aluminium alloy with a variety of percentages of Al2O3 par-
ticles (5%, 10%, 15% and 20 wt%) are arranged sequencially. The
microstructures are studied their particles are observed to refine
the grains and homogeneously mixed in the composites using
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The reinforcement of fly
ash particles are improved the microhardness and ultimate tensile
strength.
R. Elangovan [21] investigated Hybrid (Al-Fly ash-SiC) compos-
ites are measured on the incomplete properties like in their
poor machinability ,specific stiffness, low density, high young
modulus in the mechanical properties overcome improved their
strength using in different wt of fly ash (5%, & 10%) are used in
the manufacturing process also this performance briefly over
reviewed.
Hasim et al [22] estimated a new silicon carbide and aluminium
alloy MMCs for make use in the production of stir casting process
that are smart for a huge range of manufacturing applications. Its
performance in the composite high specific strength with excellent
corrosion resistance, good wettability between the two particle
substances, and also low porosity materials.
Hima Gireesh [23] explored an hybrid composite Al6061with
dissimilar weight of fractions of SiC and Al2O3 and a constant
weight fraction (5%) of fly ash prepared by a stir-casting process.
In this composite has a better density and improve mechanical
properties such as critical tensile strength, good yield strength,
high impact strength, good hardness and good wear resistance
and also low wear rate but no substantial improvement in impact
strength.
Sun Y et al [24] fabricated a new aluminium matrix with fly ash
cenosphere composites with which consists of more than 60% of all
fly ash particles are are arranged in narrow and small size (2–
30 lm) using the stir casting technique. This material are achieved
the process parameters on furnace melting temperature of 700 °C
with stirring rate of 1200 r/min with maintaining time of 6 min
consists of fly ash of 13 wt%, as found in the the results by SEM
microstructure and mechanical properties such as more than 50%
improved tensile strength.
Gunawan et al [25] examined an aluminium alloy with fly ash
composite reinforced phasing as a prospective innovation material
prepared by string casting technique. in this process made com-
posite alloy thaw with fly ash is stirred at 350 rpm for 5 min and
poured into the mould at a temperature of 800 °C. in adding in
the fly ash materials weight of 4%, 8 %and 12 wt% are respectively.
It outcomes the impact and density results are that maximum
value is obtained at 8 wt% fly ash with 65.83 HB, 11. 8 Joule,
14.299 Kgf/mm2 and 2.7 g/cm.
Soltani et al [24] produced an aluminium composites consists of
Aluminium and micron-sized 3 wt% SiC materials prepared by
string casting technique. In this process are discussed several
parameters, though here taken string period and casting tempera-
ture are different string periods such as 680 and 850C and stirring
periods, 2 and 6 min are respectively. After the final product eval-
uated by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and High-Resolution
Transition Electron Microscope (HRTEM). Finally concluded the
results are shorter time is necessary for ceramic boundary and also
higher temperature (850C) leads to a better ceramic firm produced.
Anurag et al [26] reviewed a mechanical behaviour of rein-
forced Al-Si composite with fly ash material that has enlarged very
quickly due to their high weight to strength ratio, low density, low
thermal expansion coefficient, low maintenance and high-
temperature resistance good mechanical properties also low cost
availablity. It supplies a wide literatures review on the whole per-
formance of varying the size and wt. percentage of fly ash in fly ash
with aluminium alloy.
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Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Russel Kabir roomey et al [27] developed a new material A356.2
alloy composites with inexpensive fly ash (FA) particles are pre-
pared the composites using the stir casting method. Fly ash com-
posites added various combinations 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% by
weighing various tests such as hardness, compression and tension
different mechanical properties of the resultant composites. They
are performed the results of the tests exposed in the chart increase
the the percentage of weight of fly ash particles and also improved
the mechanical properties such as hardness, compressive strength
and tensile strength.
In the present situations, Research and development towards
the continuous improvement in all manufacturing area are facing
specific troubles like in mechanical, Thermal, and also machining
properties to overcome their challenges and opportunities for tools
and types of equipment manufacturing for our requirements as per
required applications. In this research review, aluminium AL6061
taken the main role in the automobile, aerospace, bio-medical
and all manufacturing process, due to feasible mechanical proper-
ties are well-known for the equipment troubled. Similarly, the
enormous alloys are there in the fields. In our aluminium with add-
ing some other particles materials added such as fly ash, Mg, Gra-
phite, and also husk. The results are found in the special purpose of
materials used in the industries and innovative equipments for the
special tasks due to as high strength with increase the product life
cycle.
3. Methodology
Methodology for production of hybrid amalgamation material
with various substances flow chart.
3.1. Metal matrix composite manufacturing methods
Aluminium amalgamation materials at developed group can be
classified into two major groups as shown in Fig. 1.
 Solid-state processing
 Liquid state processing
3.1.1. Solid-state processing
Powder blending: A homogeneous mixture of aluminium alloy
powder produced from the dipping stroke in an appropriate mixing
vessel with Blending of initial constituents along with capable of
being administered dry or in liquid suspension.
3.1.2. Diffusion bonding
It s an organization that employs the solid-state diffusion like
mono filament mainly produced by the foil-fibre-foil process. This
process involves keeping the workpieces to be joined in close con-
tact under reasonable force and heating the assembly at an ele-
vated temperature for a certain duration time taken.
3.1.3. Physical vapour deposition
This method process engages alloy coating the process is passed
out in a vacuum chamber at high partial vacuum (10–6 torr) pres-
sure of the fibre product that can be highly adhered pure metal
deposited with a thickness typically in the choice 1 to 10 mm.
3.2. Liquid state processing
3.2.1. String casting
It is an easy manufacturing process of stir casting by molten
state solidification material, for the most important parts are the
oven and an amalgamation assembly. After this, the strengthening
Abdul Zubar Hameed and K. Alagarasan Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

3.2.2. Infiltration
Infiltration is the process of Liquid aluminium alloy substantial
pores is infuse into the interstices of the porous pre-forms of per-
manent fibre and falling the porosity of green or sintered compact
with a liquid metal or alloy having a minor melting point and
piercing the pore system utilizing outside or capillary forces.

3.2.3. Spray deposition

Its procedure slide down into two dissimilar routes like one is
Osprey and the other one is a thermal spray. First, presently indus-
trial atomization process designed to produce high density, bulk
metal shapes directly from the melt.: first, a molten metal stream
is atomized with gas; the spray thus produced is then collected
onto a suitably designed substrate. Whether the droplets stream
is formed from the molten in the bath and by the permanent feed
of cold metal into a zone of rapid heat injection.

3.3. Stir casting experiment preparation of Al 6061

3.3.1. Process parameters

A number of blades of the stirrer, time, speed, reinforcement,
Preheating temperature of mould, metal, reinforcement rate, pour-
ing rate of the metal etc. are some of the main parameters which
should be considered while performing the stir casting technique.
Normally, the stirrer is immersed into the molten metal at two-
third of the total depth as shown in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.
At primary, sand moulds are a prepared couple of days earlier
than the casting as shown in Fig. 4 (a). in the starting time, Al
6061 alloy was calculated and stimulating into the crucible furnace
and impassioned to on the centre of heat more than 750 °C till the
entire aluminium alloy in the crucible furnace was thaw out. The
fly ash particles were reflected on preheated 2% by weight were
added into the molten metal at a constant rate to more than
600° temperature before absorption into the thaw out was contin-
ued for two minutes. However, it was completed to generate pos-
sible removal of any residual moisture as well as to enlarge the
wettability by using slowly to stir process in the molten metal
poured into the mould and was allowed to cool down to room tem-
perature. Even after the completion of element supply as shown in
Fig. 4 (b). Similarly, by replicate the same stir procedure the other %
wt compositions were prepared by mixing fly ash in 0.1%-10%
range respectively.

Fig. 1. Hybrid amalgamation material production flow chart.

material is introduced to a complete desirable scattering process.

The second stage of solidification in melt consists of suspended dis-
persions bases on specific conditions and achieves the required
matrix phase distribution. Even though here, is to generate high-
quality wetting of the constituents and porous nature of cast mate-
rials substance strengthening and the liquid aluminium alloy com-
posites melt to be considered while preparing MMC through stir
casting. Fig. 2. Stir casting schematic diagram.

4
Abdul Zubar Hameed and K. Alagarasan Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

3.4. Fly ash making

Fly ash (fine hard particles of ashes) are often prepared by sev-
eral methods are there, but in our stir casting process is very sim-
ple and economical, but ball mill, it is collected and dried in open
environment temperature for more than a couple of weeks, after
the substance is taken to crushed by a crusher to fine particles
200 mesh (45 lm) at more than 1000°temperature for 12 h
respectively. Boiler pipe pull out heat from the boiler, cooling the
flue gas and causing the molten mineral residue to harden and
appearance like ash and SEM structure as shown in Fig. 5(a) and
Fig. 5(b) and also the chemical composition and physical composi-
tion of aluminium and fly ash as shown in Table1 and Table 2

3.5. Mechanical properties

3.5.1. Density
In consequently so far as a composite material is troubled in
many ways adding other ingredients like fly ash, graphite, Sic, etc
depends on their applications. So density is the main stage and a
very important responsibility about its property and all. The fly
Fig. 3. Stir casting apparatus.
ash with amalgamation materials has a low density as compared
to the alumina.

Fig. 4. (a) Pour hot metal into the mould (b) Cast Al 6061/FA composites.

Fig. 5. (a). Fly ash raw material (b) SEM structure.

5
Abdul Zubar Hameed and K. Alagarasan Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 1
Amalgamation material Composition of Al 6061 and Fly ash.

components Ingradients Al Mg Si Fe cu Cr Zn Mn others

AL 6061 % 97.066 1.08 0.63 0.17 0.32 0.014 0.25 0.52 0.05
Al Al203 Fe2o3 Cao K20 Mg0 Na20 mno Si20
Fly ash % 0.3 15.6 12.4 0.57 0.52 16.2 0.45 0.22 45.05

Table 2 contemplation that concludes the trial sample performance under

Fly ash properties.
Constituents Properties
Density (g/cm3) 2.17
Bulk density (g/cm3) 1.26
Melting point (°C)> 1200
Moisture content, 2%
Particular shape/colour Regular/irregular
Colour Gray
Modulus(Gpa) 143
3.5.2. Tensile strength
A tensile testing machine arrangement as shown in Fig. 6(a)is a
broadly established experiment that provides a simple test regard-
ing the strength of the developed product and its lifetime and it is
inexpensive. In this examination, to be subjected to load to a uni-
axial force applied until the specimen failure the sample is good or
rejected by some limits as per our results within the limit for our
requirements of applications. Sometimes over the limit of the value
comes again same procedure to apply substance adding increase or
reduced depends upon the new amalgamation materials. The
expected outcomes results are made known that the in fly ash
big particles dimension, remains constant strength, and also small
particle size, it little changes the property.
3.5.3. Hardness
A hardness test machine arrangement as shown in Fig. 6(b) The
confrontation of a substance as soon as material to the apply the
force to be measured by the hardness of the components, it’s repli-
cate the struggle to wear and flexibility. The capacity of the
strength to show the hardness significance, without in the smallest
amount deviations, its dependability on the small region of notch
build the Rockwell hardness a unique among other tests.
3.5.4. Compression test
A Compression test machine arrangement as shown in Fig. 6(c)
the response of a material, while it is compressed, or squashed
with strong-minded by compression with the assist of necessary
the compressive weight. Three dissimilar means are generally
employed in compression testing.
 Apply the compressive load directly on the ends of a specimen
(gradually increase)
 Loading the edges of the specimen in shear and mixed shear,
 Direct loading the specimen
The specimens are arranged in dependable with the ASTM stan-
dards, using universal testing machines. Occasionally over the limit
of the value comes again same procedure to apply substance add-
ing increase or reduced the percentage of (%)wt fraction depends
upon the prepare new composition materials because improve
the strength for life cycle more compare to another process.
3.6. Applications and benefits of aluminium composites with fly ash
 Automotive, aerospace, optomechanical assemblage and ther-
mal organization.
 Expected life, better productivity, Fewer protection expenses
 Environmental based on benefit like negligible sound levels and
fewer emissions
 Manufacturing practicality of AMCs in a numeral of applications
 Different shape of reinforcements like body hair, particles, mall
fibres and continuous fibres
3.7. Challenges and opportunities in amalgamation materials
Significantly need to expand simple process, and also econom-
ical portable and long life for non-destructive kits. it needs to be
understood important processing more systematically along with
requiring to get better the break tolerant properties. Generate
the amalgamated materials of high quality and low cost from
industrial wastes from near large factories. Hard work should be
completed on the growth of AMCs based on adding standard alu-
minium alloys. Transport is one of the bigger challenges in the eco-
nomical factor consideration for one place to other places.

Fig. 6. (a) Tensile machine (b) Hardness machine (c) compressive.

6
Abdul Zubar Hameed and K. Alagarasan
3.8. Environmental benefits
 Increasing the lifetime,
 Improving robustness,
 Greenhouse emission,
 Coal combustion products that have got to be disposed of in
landfills
3.9. Applications
 Industrial, Structural packing, public road Base, Soil alteration,
 Earth ore Mining, demolish Stabilization, fostering, Cement/-
physical etc.,
4. Conclusion
From the review paper, in today recent resources area, a light-
weight substance with higher hardness, more strength, and better
stiffness corrosion, wear resistance, microstructure, toughness is
gaining more thermal efficiency importance, Thus the consump-
tion of fly ash for the composites can revolve industrial waste into
industrial achievement and as expected solves the substance of
storage and disposal of fly ash. But conventional fusion offers var-
ious troubles but in the Stir casting technique is great successfully
applied as clear from the literature review listed for defect-free
joint and improved with mechanical properties such as tensile,-
compressive strength hardness and also improve themal proper-
ties along with the elongation reduces with the rise in fly ash (%)
percentage satisfied. Also from literature it has been understood
that by increasing the wt 15% of fly ash with AL6061 particles in
the aluminium matrix are mostly used in all engineering applica-
tions. All types of literature are reviewed according to the key-
words mentioned within provides a clear overview of the usage
of fly ash as a reinforcing agent in different matrices along with
its improved mechanical and thermal wear and also unique
performances.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Abdul Zubar Hameed: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writ-
ing - original draft. Krishnaraju Alagarasan: Conceptualization,
Methodology, Supervision.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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