VERBAL

PATTERNS
CROSS Fathia Amalia S
CULTURAL Indah Puspasari
Melania Febriani
UNDER- Alif Syadzah M
STANDING
RULES AND STYLES
OF SPEAKING
 Direct vs Indirect
“I think the “It is somewhat
weather today is cold today.”
too cold. Please
close the door.” Meaning: please close the door

They said directly They want you to know that they

what they mean and feel cold and want you to close
want, and it is to close the door without them asking.
the door.
American British
 Personal vs Contextual
“Hey there “Morning, Fathia-
Fathia. How’s senpai. How’s
your day going?” your day going?”

Notice there is no titles

There is honorific used after
or honorifics used after
the name which is –senpai.
or before the name to
This honorifics usually used
indicate that both are
to indicate that the
equals although they are
interlocutors are senior.
different in age, status,
North
American
or sex. Japanese
 Instrumental
The speaker tries to persuade
their listener in a
confrontational setting with
arguments and viewing
themselves as “an agent of
change”.
American
vs Affective
The speaker is not only
expected to transmit his
or her message, but at the
same time to be
”considerate about
other’s feelings”.
Indonesian
 Invitation
Katie: It was nice talking Katie: Before you leave for
to you. I have to run to your vacation can we
class. get together and have
Darlene: Maybe we can lunch?
meet sometime soon. Darlene: Sure. I'd love to.
Katie: Yeah, love to. Why Katie: How about Friday?
don’t you drop by my Say about 12:30 at my
house sometime? place?
Darlene: Great. Gotta go. Darlene: That sounds good.
See ya soon. See you then.
 Request
-I’m sorry to trouble you, but could
you please tell me where the -Where is the library,
library is? please?

- Would you be so kind as to tell me - Where’s the library?

where the library is?
- Can you give me directions
- Excuse me, may I ask you a
question? to the city library,
please?
- Pardon me, may I interrupt you for
a moment to ask you a - Can I borrow your pen?
question?
 Volume &
Speed

Pronunciation Intonation

Stress Prominence
WAYS OF EXPRESSING COMMON NEEDS
DON’T BEAT AROUND
THE BUSH! GET TO THE POINT!

EXAMPLES

SPEAK IT OUT! LET’S GET DOWN TO

JUST SPIT IT OUT! THE BUSINESS!
 Speaking and Refraining from Speaking
1 2 3
Silence Dominate Interrupting

Americans interpret silence in a conversation to mean disapproval or

disagreement. They often try to fill silence by saying something even
if they have nothing to say! Americans don't appreciate a person who
dominates a conversation. Interrupting someone who is speaking is
also considered rude in the United States.
 Initiating, Maintaining, and Ending
Conversation
Initiating and Maintaining Conversation
- to ask other question
- to add extra information to a one-word response

Ending Conversation
Informal Formal
OK. Good talking to you. It was very nice talking to you.
Yeah, I hope to see you around. I hope we’ll meet again soon.
Take care. That would be nice.
Bye. Good bye.
 DO YOU HAVE
THANK ANY QUESTIONS?
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