Mathematics IIA - EM Final

TELANGANA STATE BOARD OF
INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION
MATHEMATICS-II A
(ENGLISH MEDIUM)
BASIC LEARNING MATERIAL
FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR

2020-2021
PHYSICS - I 105
2 PHYSICS - I
PREFACE
The ongoing Global Pandemic Covid-19 that has engulfed the entire world has changed
every sphere of our life. Education, of course is not an exception. In the absence of Physical
Classroom Teaching, Department of Intermediate Education Telangana has successfully
engaged the students and imparted education through TV lessons. The actual class room
teaching through physical classes was made possible only from 1st February 2021. In the
back drop of the unprecedented situation due to the pandemic TSBIE has reduced the
burden of curriculum load by considering only 70% syllabus for class room instruction as
well as for the forthcoming Intermediate Public Examinations May 2021. It has also
increased the choice of questions in the examination pattern for the convenience of the
students.
To cope up with exam fear and stress and to prepare the students for annual exams in
such a short span of time , TSBIE has prepared “Basic Learning Material” that serves as
a primer for the students to face the examinations confidently. It must be noted here that,
the Learning Material is not comprehensive and can never substitute the Textbook. At
most it gives guidance as to how the students should include the essential steps in their
answers and build upon them. I wish you to utilize the Basic Learning Material after you
have thoroughly gone through the Text Book so that it may enable you to reinforce the
concepts that you have learnt from the Textbook and Teachers. I appreciate ERTW Team,
Subject Experts, Medha Charitable Trust who have involved day in and out to come out
with the, Basic Learning Material in such a short span of life.
I would appreciate the feedback from all the stake holders for making it enriching and cent
percent error free in all aspects.
The material can be accessed through our website www.tsbie.cgg.gov.in which is exclusively
devoted to uploading the additional study material from time to time.
Commissioner &Secretary
Intermediate Education, Telangana.
RANDOM VARIABLES & PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 111
Contents
Unit - 1 Physical World 04 - 04
Unit - 2 Units and Measuremnts 05 - 10
Unit - 3 Motion in a Straight Line 11 - 18
Unit - 4 Motion in a Plane 19 - 27
Unit - 5 Laws of Motion 28 - 32
Unit - 6 Work, Energy and Power 33 - 43
Unit - 7 Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion 44 - 54
Unit - 8 Oscillations 55 - 65
Unit - 9 Gravitation 66 - 71
Unit - 10 Mechanical Properties of Solids 72 - 76
Unit - 11 Mechanical Properties of Fluids 77 - 82
Unit - 12 Thermal Properties of Matter 83 - 89
Unit - 13 Thermodynamics 90 - 96
Unit - 14 Kinetic Theory 97 - 102

COMPLEX NUMBERS 1
UNIT
COMPLEX NUMBERS
1 
A complex number is an ordered pair of real numbers(a, b). The set of all com-
plex numbers is denoted by C   a, b / a  R, b  R  R  R
Note :- i) (a, b) = a + ib where i  1 or i 2  1
ii) Complex numbers are denoted by Z, Z1, Z2, Z3..............etc.,
Z = (a, b) = a + ib
iii) If (a, b) = (c, d)  a =c; b = d ( a + ib = c + id then a = c, b = d)
iv) Addition :- If Z1=(a, b) and Z2=(c,d) then
Z1+Z2 = (a, b)+(c, d) = (a+c, b+d)
v) If Z = (a, b) then - Z = (-a, -b)
vi) Subtraction :- If Z1=(a, b) and Z2=(c,d) then
Z1-Z2 = (a, b)-(c, d) = (a-c, b-d)
vii) Multiplication :-
If Z1=(a, b) and Z2=(c,d) then the product
Z1 Z2 = (a, b)(c, d) = (ac - bd, ad + bc)
viii) Division :- If  ,   C and   (0, 0) where   ( a , b),   (c, d ) then
  ac  bd bc  ad 
 ,
  c 2  d 2 c 2  d 2 
 a b 
If   (0, 0) and if   ( a, b) then    2
1
ix) , 2
 a  b a  b 2 
2
x) (1, 0) is multiplicative identity in set of complex no's C

xi) (0, 0) if additive identity in the set of complex no's C
Conjugate of a Complex number :-
For any Complex number Z = a + ib, we define the conjugate of Z as a+(-b)i or a-
bi and is denoted by Z  a  bi
Note :- i) a  ib  a  ib (Conjugate of 'a+ ib' is 'a -i b' )
ZZ Z Z
ii) If Z= a+ ib then Re(Z)  a  and Im (Z)  b 
2 2i
iii) Z is a real number  Z  Z  Im(Z)=0
iv) If Z   Z  Re(Z)=0
v) i  i
2 MATHEMATICS - IIA
Theorem :- If  ,   C ,
then (i)        , ii)  .    .  , iii)    , iv) If   0, then       

Proof:-Square Root of a Complex number :-
If Z=a+ib, the square root of 'Z' is defined as
 
  a 2  b2  a a 2  b 2  a 
i , if b  0
  2 2 
1   
Z 2
or Z  a  ib  
  a 2  b2  a a 2  b 2  a 
  i , if b  0
  2 2 

Note :- i) If a  ib    x  iy  , then a  ib    x  iy 
 (1  i )  (1  i )
ii) i , i 
2 2
iii) a  ib  a  ib   2a  2 a 2  b 2 or i 2 a 2  b 2  2a
VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)
1. If Z 1 =( 2, 1) , Z 2 =( 6, 3), find Z1  Z2
Sol:- Z 1 =( 2, 1) , Z 2 =( 6, 3)
Z1  Z2 = (2  6, 1 3) = ( 4,  4).
2. Write the additive inverse of ( 6, 5) + (10,  4)

Sol:- ( 6, 5i) + (10,  4i) = 4 + i.
Additive inverse = 4 + i) =  i.
1
3. If Z 1 =( cos , sin ), then find z  ,
z
z  (cos θ, sinθ)  cos θ + i sin θ
1 1 cos θ  i sin θ cos θ  i sin θ
    cos θ  i sin θ
z cos θ + i sin θ cos θ  i sin θ cos 2 θ  sin 2 θ
1
Now z   (cos θ  i sin θ)  (cos θ  i sin θ)  cos θ  i sin θ  cos θ  i sin θ
z
 2 i sin θ = (0, 2sin θ) .
4. Write the multiplicative inverse of (3, 4).
 3 4   3 4 
Sol:- Multiplicative inverse of (3, 4) is  32  42 , 32  42    25 , 25  .
   
COMPLEX NUMBERS 3
5. Write the multiplicative inverse of (7, 24).
 7 24   7 24 
Multiplicative inverse of (7, 24) is  2 , 2 2 
 , .
 7  24 7  24   625 625 
2
6. If Z1 = (3, 5) and Z2 = (2, 6) find Z1 . Z2.

Sol:- (a, b) . (c , d )= (ac- b d, a d+ b c)
Z 1 . Z 2 =( 3 , 5) . ( 2, 6) =(6 -3 0 , 18 + 10) =( -24 , 28)
i. e . , (3 +5i)( 2+ 6i) =- 24+ 28i
Problem for Practice
If Z1=(1, 2) and Z2=(3, -4) then find Z1Z2
Ans:- (11, 2) Hint : Ref. Example 1.1.4 of text book.
7. If Z 1=(6, 3), Z 2=(2, -1) then find Z1 Z 2

  ac  bd bc  ad 
Sol:- If   ( a , b),   (c, d ) then  ,
  c 2  d 2 c 2  d 2 
Z1  12  3 6  6   9 12 
 ,    ,  or 9  12 i
Z2  4  1 4  1   5 5  5 5


If   (2, 5),   ( 1, 4) then find

 18 13 
Ans:-  , 
17 17 
Hint : Ref. Example 1.1.9 of text book.
8. Write the complex number (2  3i) (3 + 4i) in the form A + iB.

Sol:- (2  3i) (3 + 4i) = 6 + 8i  9i + 12 = 18  i = 18 + i ( 1).
9. Write the complex number of 3(7 + 7i) + i(7 + 7i) in the form A + iB.
Sol:- 3(7 + 7i) + i(7 + 7i) = 21 + 21i + 7i  7 = 14 + 28i.
4 + 3i
10. Write the Complex number in the form of A+iB
(2 + 3i)(4 - 3i)
4  3i 4  3i
Sol:- 
(2  3i )(4  3i ) 8  6i  12i  9
4  3i

17  6i
(4  3i )(17  6i ) 68  24i  51i  18
 
(17  6i )(17  6i ) 289  36
86  27i 86 27
   i
325 325 325
4 MATHEMATICS - IIA
2 + 5i 2 - 5i
11. Write the Complex number + in the form of A+iB
3 - 2i 3 + 2i
2  5i 2  5i (2  5i )(3  2i ) (2  5i )(3  2i)
Sol:-   
3  2i 3  2i (3  2i )(3  2i) (3  2i )(3  2i)
6  4i  15i  10 6  4i  15i  10
 
9 4 9 4
4  19i 4  19i
 
13 13
4  19i  4  19i

13
8
  i (0)
13
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
a  ib
I) Write the Complex number in the form of A+ i B
a  ib
a 2  b 2  2ab 
Ans:- i 
a 2  b2  a 2  b2 
ii)   
Write the Complex number  3  2 2 3  i in the form of A+ i B
Ans:-  6  2   i  32 6 
12. Write the Complex number i 19 in the form A+iB
1
Sol:- i 19 
i19
1
 18
i .i
1

i 
2 9
i
1

 1 i 9  i 2

 1
1

i
1(i )

i (i )

 i  i  1
2

 0  i.1
COMPLEX NUMBERS 5
(i) Write the Complex number is i 9 the form of A+ iB
Ans:- 0+ i. 1
(ii) Write the Complex number (- i ) 2i in the form of A+ i B
Ans:- 2+ i. 0
13. Write the conjugate of the Complex number (3 + 4i)
Sol:- Conjugate of the Complex number (3 + 4i) is (3  4i).
5i
14. Write the conjugate of the Complex number
7+i
5i 5i(7  i) 35i  5i 2 35i  5 7i  1 1  7i

Sol:-   2 2    .
7  i (7  i )(7  i ) 7 i 50 10 10
1  7i
Complex Conjugate number is .
10
15. Write the conjugate of the Complex number (2 + 5i)(-4 + 6i)

Sol:- (2  5i )(4  6i )  8  12i  20i  30 
 22  8i
Its Complex Conjugate = 22+8i

Write the Conjugate of following Complex numbers
(i) (3+4i)(2-3i) Ans:- 18+i (Ref Ex. 1.2.12 from the text book)
16. Simplify i 2 + i 4 + i 6 + .......(2n + 1) terms

Sol:- i 2  i 4  1  (1) 2  0
Similarly i 6  i 8  (i 2 )3  (i 2 ) 4  0
Sum of any two consecutive terms is zero.
 
2 n 1
  1
2 n 1
 last term  i  1
2
 i 2  i 4  i 6  .....  (2n  1) terms = -1
17. Simplify i - 3i + i 1 + i  -i 
18 7 2 4
  26
1  i   i  i  2 9
     
 3 i 2 i   1 1  i 2  i 2
26 3 2 13
Sol:- i18  3i 7  i 2 4
 
  1  3 1 i  1  (1) 2  (1)13
9 3
 1  3i  2
 1  3i
6 MATHEMATICS - IIA
18. Write the multiplicative inverse of i -35

1
Sol:- i 35 
i 35
1

i 
2 17
i
1

i
1.i
 i
i.i
a  ib
Multiplicative inverse of a+ib is :
a2  b2
i
 Mulitplicative inverse of 'i' is (1)2  i
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

1. Find the square root of 7 + 24i
Sol:- Let 7  24i   ( x  iy )
 72  242  7 72  242  7 
 i
7  24i    2 2 
 
 32 18 
   i    (4  3i)
 2 2 
2. Find the square root of -47 + i.8 3
Sol:- Let 47  i.8 3  a  ib  a  47, b  8 3  0
 
2
r  a 2  b2  (47) 2  8 3
 2209  192  2401  49

 ra ra
a  ib    i
If b>0
 2 2 
 49  47 49  47   96 
 
 2
i
2 
  

1  i
2 
  1  4 3i  
(i) Find the Square root of - 8- 6 i
(Hint : Here b= - 6 <0
 ra ra
a  ib    i
If b<0, then
 2 2 
COMPLEX NUMBERS 7
Ans:-  (1  3i )
(ii) Find the square root of ( -5+ 12i )
Hint : Refer Ex.3 from page 14 of text book
Ans:-  (2  3i )
2-i -2 - 11i
3. Show that 2 and are conjugate to each other..
(1 - 2i) 25
2i 2i
Sol:- 
(1  2i ) 2
1  4i 2  4i
2i

3  4i
(2  i )(3  4i ) 6  8i  3i  4i 2
 
(3  4i )(3  4i ) 9  16
2  11i 2 11i
  
25 25 25
2 11i 2  11i
Its Conjugate is  
25 25 25
2i 2  11i
 (1  2i )2 and are Conjugate to each other..
25
PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE
2 + 11i -2 + i
(i) Show that Z1 = , Z2 = are Conjugate to each other..
25 (1 - 2i)2
Hint : Refer Example '2' from page No. 13 of text book.
n
 1+ i
Find the least positive integer 'n', Satisfying  =1
 1 - i 
4.
1  i (1  i )(1  i )
Sol:- 
1  i (1  i )(1  i )
(1  i )2

(1  1)
1  i 2  2i

2
1  1  2i

2
2i
 i
2
positive integer 'n' such that i  1 is 4
n
 The least
8 MATHEMATICS - IIA
1
5. If x + iy = then, Show that 4x 2 -1 = 0
1 + Cos θ + i Sin θ
1
Sol:- x  iy 
1  Cos   i Sin 
1

  
2Cos 2  i (2) Sin .Cos
2 2 2
1

  
2Cos Cos  i Sin 
2 2 2
 
Cos  i Sin
 2 2
    

2Cos  Cos  i Sin   Cos  i Sin 
2 2 2  2 2
 
Cos  i Sin
 2 2
  
2Cos  Cos 2  Sin 2 
2 2 2
 
Cos  i Sin
 2 2

2Cos
2

1 iTan 2
x  iy  
2 2
1
Equating real parts x 
2
 2 x  1 , Squaring on both sides
 4x2  1
 4 x2  1  0
3 2 2
6. If x + iy = then, Show that x + y = 4x - 3
2 + Cos θ + i Sin θ
3
Sol:- x  iy 
2  Cos   i Sin 
3  2  Cos   i Sin 

 2  Cos   i Sin   2  Cos   i Sin 

 6  3Cos   3i Sin
 2  Cos  2  Sin2
6  3Cos  3i Sin 6  3Cos  3i Sin
 
4  4Cos  ( Sin   Cos  )
2 2
5  4Cos
COMPLEX NUMBERS 9
6  3Cos i (3 Sin )
x  iy  
5  4Cos 5  4Cos
6  3Cos 3 Sin
Equating real and imaginary parts x  , y
5  4Cos 5  4Cos
L.H.S:- x 2  y 2
2 2
 6  3Cos   3 Sin 
 
 5  4Cos   5  4Cos 
36  9Cos 2  36Cos 9Sin 2
 
 5  4Cos  2  5  4Cos  2
36  9Cos 2  9Sin 2  36Cos

 5  4Cos  2


36  36Cos  9 Cos 2  Sin 2 
 5  4Cos  2
45  36Cos

 5  4Cos  2
9  5  4Cos 

 5  4Cos  2
9

 5  4Cos 
R.H.S:- 4 x  3
 6  3Cos 
 4 3
 5  4Cos 
24  12 Cos  15  12 Cos

 5  4Cos 
9

 5  4Cos 
 L.H .S .  R.H .S .
7. If z = 3  5i, then show that z3  10z2 + 58z  136 = 0.
Sol:-  z  3 = -5i  (z  3) = ( 5i)

z = 3  5i 2 2
 z  6z + 9 =  25  z  6z + 34 = 0.
2 2
z3  10z2 + 58z  136 = z(z2  6z + 34)  4(z2  6z + 34) = z(0)  4(0) = 0.

3  2i sin θ
8. Find the real values of  in order that is a
1  2i sin θ
(a) real number (b) purely imaginary number
10 MATHEMATICS - IIA
3  2i sin θ (3  2i sin θ)(1 + 2i sinθ) 3  4i sin θ + 8i sinθ

2 2
Sol:- = =
1  2i sin θ (1  2i sin θ)(1+ 2i sinθ) 1+ 4 sin 2θ)
3  4sin 2 θ 8sin θ
  i
1+ 4 sin θ 1+ 4 sin 2θ
2
8sin θ
a) If the given expression is purely real then 0
1+ 4 sin 2θ
 sin θ = 0  θ =n , n  z
3  4sin 2 θ
b) If the given expression is purely imaginary then  0
1+ 4 sin 2θ
2
3  3 2   
 3  4sin θ = 0  sin θ =  sin 2 θ =    sin      n  , n  z .
2 2
4  2  3 3
DEMOIVRE'S THEOREM 11
UNIT
Demoivre's Theorem
2 
SOME IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER
1) De moivre's Theorem for integral index :- For any real number ' ' and any integer
'n',  Cos   i Sin    Cos  n   i Sin  n 

n
2)  Cos   i Sin   is also written as ' Cis  '
3)  Cos   i Sin    n  Cos  n   i Sin   n   Cos n   i Sin n  , Where 'n' is an integer..
4)  Cos   i Sin   Cos   i Sin    Cos 2  i 2 Sin 2  Cos 2  Sin 2  1
1 1
 Cos   i Sin   and  Cos   i Sin  
Cos   i Sin  Cos   i Sin 
n
 1 
  Cos   i Sin     Cos   i Sin    Cos n   i Sin n  Where
n n
5)  
 Cos   i Sin  
n is an integer..
6) Cis  .Cis  Cis     for any  ,   R
1  i 3 1  i 3
Cubic roots of unity are 1,  ,  2 Where   and  
2
7)
2 2
8) 1     2  0 and 1.. 2   3  1
1. If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle and x  cis A, y  cis B , z  cis C find the value
of xyz .
Sol:- xyz  cis A cis B cis C  cis ( A  B  C )  cis   i sin   1.
 xyz  1
1
If x  cos θ  i sin θ, find x 
6
2.
x6
1
Sol:- x 6  (cos θ  i sin θ) 6  cos 6θ + i sin 6θ and  cos 6θ  i sin 6θ.
x6
1
 x6   2 cos 6θ.
x6
3. If 1,  ,  2 are the cube roots of unity, then fine the value of (1     2 )3
Sol:- (1     2 )3  (1   2   )3  (   )3  (2 )3  8 3  8

4. If 1,  ,  2 are the cube roots of unity, then fine the value of (1   )3  (1   2 )3
Sol:- (1   )3  (1   2 )3  ( 2 )3  ( )3  ( 3 ) 2   3  1  1  2 .
5. Find the cube roots of '8' ?

1 1 1 1
  1
1 1
Sol:- 8   81   8 1  2
3 3 3 3
3 3
3
1
 2 1 3
 2(1), 2( ), 2( 2 )
 Cube roots of '8' are 2, 2 , 2 2
 
3
6. Find the value of 1  i 3
 1 3    
Sol:- 1  i 3  2   i    2 cos  i sin 
 2 2    3 3
3
    
1  i 3 
3
  2  cos  i sin    23  cos   i sin    8[1  i(0)]  8
  3 3 
 Cos α + i Sin α  4
1. Simplify
 Sin β + i Cos β 8
Sol:-
 Cos   i Sin   4   Cos   i Sin   4
 Sin   i Cos  8  i 2 Sin   i Cos  8

 Cos   i Sin  
4
i  Cos   i Sin   

8
 8
 Cos   i Sin  
4
(i )  Cos   i Sin  
8
  Cos   i Sin   Cos   i Sin   8 i

4
 8
    1
 i2
4 4

1
  Cos 4  i Sin 4  Cos 8  i Sin 8 

 Cos  4  8   i Sin  4  8  or
 Cis  4  8 
8
2. Find the value of (1 - i)
Sol:- Let a  ib  1  1i
 a  1, b  1, a 2  b 2  (1) 2  ( 1) 2  2

8
  1 i 
(1- i )   2 
8

  2 
8
 
8 1 i 
 2   
 2 2  1
0 0 0
 0

 Sin150  Sin 180  30  Sin30  2 
  Cos 45 
8
0 8
 2 0
 i Sin 45
 24 Cos  8  45  i Sin  8  45   16 Cos (3600 )  i Sin (3600 )   16 1  i(0)   16

5 5
 3 i  3 i
3. Find the value of  +  - - 
 2 2  2 2
5 5
 3 i  3 i
Sol:-
   
0
 0 5
 2  2    2  2   Cos 30  i Sin 30  Cos 30  i Sin 30
0 0 5
  

 Cos 1500  i Sin 1500  Cos 1500  i Sin 1500   
 Cos 1500  i Sin 1500  Cos 1500  i Sin1500
 2i Sin 1500
 1
 2i    i
 2
 
3
1) Find the values of (i) 1  i 3 Ans:- 8
(ii) 1  i 
16
Ans:- 256
4. If 1, ω, ω 2 are the cube roots of unity, then find the value of
1 - ω + ω  + 1 + ω - ω 
2 5 2 5
Sol:- If 1,  ,  2 are the cube roots of unity, then 1     2  0 and  3  1
1-      1   -    
5
2 5 2 5
  1   2     1      2 
5
         2   2 
5 5
  2    2 2 
5 5
  2  5  10 

5
 32  3 . 2   3 .    
2
 
 32    
2
 3  1
 32  1 1     2  0
 32
   1   -  
5 2 5
 The value of 1-   
2
is 32
5. If 1,  ,  2 are the cube roots of unity, then prove that
1 1 1
i)  
1  2 2   1  
ii) (2   )(2   2 )(2  10 )(2  11 )  49
1 1 1 1 1 1
Sol:- i)      0
1 2 2   1  1 2 2   1 
1 1 1 1  2  2   1
L.H.S. =    
1  2 2   1   (1  2 )(2   ) (1   )
1 1 1 1 1 1
     0
1 2 2   1  1 2 2   1 
3  3 1 3(1   ) 1
    2
2  4    2 2
 2
2  2  2  3 
2
3(1   )  2
          0.
3 
ii) (2   )(2   2 )(2  10 )(2  11 )  (2   )(2   2 )(2   )(2   2 )
2
 (2   )2 (2   2 )2  (2   )(2   2 )   [4  2 2  2   3 ]2
 [5  2( 2   )]2  [5  2(1)]2  (5  2) 2  49
6. If 1,  ,  2 are the cube roots of unity, then find the value of
(1   )(1   2 )(1   4 )(1   8 )

Sol: (1   )(1   2 )(1   4 )(1   8 )  (1   )(1   2 )(1   )(1   2 )
2
 (1   )(1   2 )   (1     2   3 )2  (2  1) 2  9.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (7 MARKS)

2n 2n n+1  n π
1. If 'n' is an integer show that (1 + i) + (1 - i) = 2 Cos  
2 
Sol:- Let 1  i  a  ib  a  1, b  1 and a 2  b2  1  1  2
2n
 2  1 i
2n
1  i 2n
  
2
2n 2n
 1 1 
2  2
i 
 2 2
2n
  
 2  Cos  i Sin 
n
 4 4
 2n  2n  
 2n  Cos  i Sin 
 4 4 
 n n 
 1  i 
2n
 2 n  Cos  i Sin  ................................(i)
 2 2 
Let 1  i  x  iy  x  1, y  1 and x2  y 2  1  1  2
2n
 2  1 i 
2n
1  i  2n
  
2
2n 2n
 1 1 
2  2
i 
 2 2
2n
  
 2  Cos  i Sin 
n
 4 4
 2n  2n  
 2n  Cos  i Sin 
 4 4 
 n n 
 2n  Cos  i Sin  ................................(ii)
 2 2 
Adding (i) & (ii)
 n n   n n 
(1  i ) 2 n  (1  i ) 2 n  2n  Cos  i Sin   2 n  Cos  i Sin 
 2 2   2 2 
 n n n n 
 2n Cos  i Sin  Cos  i Sin
 2 2 2 2 
 n 
 2 n  2. Cos
 2 
n
 2n 1 Cos  R.H .S Hence Proved.
2
 n 
n+2
n n
If 'n' is a positive integer show that (1 + i) + (1- i) = 2 Cos 
2
2. 
 4 
Sol:- Let 1  i  a  ib  a  1, b  1 and a 2  b2  1  1  2
n
   1 i 
n
Now, 1  i  
n
2 
 2 
n
   1 i 
n
 2   
 2 2
n
 
 
n
 2  Cos  i Sin 
 4 4

n
n n 
1  i   2  Cos
n 2
 i Sin  ..................................(i)
 4 4 
Let 1  i  x  iy  x  1, y  1 and x2  y 2  1  1  2
n
   1 i 
n
Now (1  i ) 
n
2 
 2 
n n
 1 1 
2  2
i 
 2 2
n

n
 
 2  Cos  i Sin 
2
 4 4
n
 n n 
 (1  i )n  2 2  Cos  i Sin  ..........................(ii)
 4 4 
Adding (i) & (ii)
n
 n n   n n
n 
(1  i )n  (1  i )n  2 2  Cos  i Sin   2 2  Cos  i Sin 
 4 4   4 4 
n
 n n n n 
 2 2  Cos  i Sin  Cos  i Sin 
 4 4 4 4 
n
 n 
 2 2  2. Cos 
 4 
n
1 n
 2 2 Cos
4
n 2
n
2 2
Cos  R.H .S . Hence Proved
4
3. If α,β are the roots of the equation x 2  2 x  4  0 then for any n  N
 n 
show that     2 cos 
n n n 1

 3 
2  4  16
Sol:- x2  2 x  4  0  x   1 3 i
2
Let   1  3i,   1  3i
n n
 1 3    1 3 
    (1  3i)  (1  3i )   2  
n n n
i     2  
n
i  
  2 2     2 2  
n n
     
 2 n  cos  i sin   2n  cos  i sin 
 3 3  3 3
 n n n n  n n
 2n cos  i sin  cos  i sin   2n.2 cos  2n 1 cos .
 3 3 3 3  3 3
 π
4. If 'n' is an integer and Z = Cis θ,  θ  (2n + 1)  , then show that
 2
Z 2n - 1
= i Tan  n θ
Z 2n + 1
Sol:- Given Z  Cis ( )  Cos   i Sin 
Z 2n  1
L.H.S:-
Z 2n  1

 Cos   i Sin    1
2n
 Cos   i Sin   2 n  1
Cos 2n   i Sin 2n   1

Cos 2n   i Sin 2n   1
 1  Cos 2n    i Sin 2n 

1  Cos 2n    i Sin 2n 
2 Sin 2 n   i (2) Sin n  . Cos n 

2 Cos 2 n   i(2) Sin n  . Cos n 
2 i 2 Sin 2 n   2i Sin n  . Cos n 

2 Cos 2 n   2 i Sin n  . Cos n 
 i 2

 1
2 i Sin n   Cos n   i Sin n  


2 Cos n   Cos n   i Sin n  
 i Tan( n  )  R.H .S . Hence Proved.
5. If 'n' is an integer than show that
1 + Cos θ + i Sin θ n + 1 + Cos θ - i Sin θn = 2n+1 Cosn 

θ  n θ
 Cos  
2 2
L.H.S:- 1  Cos   i Sin    1  Cos   i Sin  

n n
Sol:-
n n
         
  2 Cos 2    i (2) Sin   Cos      2 Cos 2    i (2) Sin   Cos   
  2  2  2    2  2  2 
n n
         
 2 Cos   Cos    i Sin     2n Cos n   Cos    i Sin   
n n
 2   2  2  2   2  2
       
n n
     
 2 Cos    Cos    i Sin      Cos    i Sin    
n n
 2    2  2    2  2  
 
   n   n   n   n  
 2n Cos n   Cos    i Sin    Cos    i Sin   
 2   2   2   2   2 
   n  
 2n Cos n    2 Cos   
 2   2 
  n 
 2n 1 Cos n   . Cos    R.H .S . Hence Proved.
 2  2 
6. If 1, ω, ω 2 are the cube roots of unity, prove that
(1     2 )6  (1   2   )6  128  (1     2 )7  (1     2 )7
Sol:- (1     2 )6  (1   2   )6  (   )6  ( 2   2 )6  26 ( 6  12 )
 26 (2)  128
(1     2 )7  (1     2 )7  (   )7  ( 2   2 )7
 (2)7 ( 7  14 )  (2)7 ( +  2 )  (128)(1)  128 .
7. If 1, ω, ω 2 are the cube roots of unity, then prove that
 x  y  z   x  y  z 2  x  y 2  z   x3  y 3  z 3  3xyz
Sol:- Given that 1,  ,  2 are the cube roots of unity
1     2  0     2  1 and  3  1   4   3 .  1

Consider x  y  z
2
 x  y 2
 z 
 x 2  xy 2  xz  xy  y 2 3  yz 2  xz 2  yz 4  z 2 3
 x 2   xy  yz  zx     xy  yz  zx   2  y 2  z 2
 x 2  y 2  z 2   xy  yz  zx  (   2 )

 x 2  y 2  z 2  xy  yz  zx     2  1 
L.H.S :-  x  y  z   x  y  z  x  y  z 
2 2
  x  y  z   x 2  y 2  z 2  xy  yz  zx 
 x 3  y 3  z 3  3 xyz  R.H .S .
QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS 19
UNIT
QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS
3 
 Quadratic expresion :- A Polynomial of the form ax 2 +bx+c , where a, b, c are real or
complex numbers and a  0 , is called a quadratic expression in the variable x.
Ex:- 3x 2 +2x+7, 3ix 2 -7 are quadratic expressions.
0.x 2 +7x-4 is not a quadratic expression.
 Quadratic equation :- Any equation of the form ax2+bx+c=0, when a,b,c are real or com-
plex numbers and is called a quadratic equation in the variable x.
Ex:- 3x 2 +2x-5=0, 3x 2 +2 = x+7 are quadratic equations.
x 2 +5 = x 2 +3x is not a quadratic equation
 Roots of a quadratic equation :- A Complex number is said to be a 'root' or 'solution' of
the quadratic equation ax 2 +bx+c=0, if a 2 +b +c=0
Ex:- 2 is a root of x 2 -5x+6=0 , Since 22 -5(2)+6=4-10+6=0
Theorem (1) :-
-b ± b 2 - 4ac
The roots of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 are
2a
Proof:- is a root of quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0
 a 2  b   c  0
b c
  2     0 ( a  0)
a a
2
 b b2 c
     2   0
 2a  4a a
2
 b b 2 c b 2  4ac
     2  
 2a  4a a 4a 2
b  b 2  4ac
 
2a 2a
 b  b 2  4ac

2a
Ex:- Find the roots of the equation -x 2 + x + 2 = 0
 b  b 2  4ac
The roots of the quadratic equation ax 2  b  c  0 are
2a
Here a=-1, b=1, c=2
 The root of given equation are
1  12  4(1)(2) 1  1  8 1  9 1  3 1  3 1  3
    or  1or 2
2(1) 2 2 2 2 2
20 INTERMEDIATE Mathematics-IIA
Ex:- Find the roots of the equation 4x 2 - 4x + 17 = 3x 2 - 10x - 17

Sol:- 4x 2  4x  17  3x 2  10x  17  x 2  6x  34  0.........(1)
 b  b 2  4ac
The roots of ax  bx  c  0 are
2
2a
Here a = 1, b = 6, c = 34
6  36  4(1)(34)
 The roots of given equation are
2(1)
6  100 6  10i
 
2 2
 3  5i,  3  5i
Hence the roots of the given equation are 3  5i,  3  5i
Discriminant :- b 2  4ac is called the discriminant of the quadratic expresion ax 2  bx  c as
well as the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 and is denoted by 
i.e.,   b 2  4ac
Ex:- For quadratic equation 2x 2  5x  6  0,   b 2  4ac  (5)2  4(2)(6)
 25  48  23
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equation
Let ,  be the roots of the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0, , where a, b, c are real
numbers.
b
Case (i) :- 0 (a repeated root or double root of ax 2  bx  c  0 )
2a
Case (ii) :-   0   and  are real and distinct
Case (iii) :-   0   and  are non real conjugate complex numbers.
Let a, b and c are rational numbers,  and  are the roots of the equation ax 2  bx  c  0 .
Then
(i)  ,  are equal rational numbers if   0
(ii)  ,  are distinct rational numbers if  is the square of a non-zero rational number
(iii)  ,  are conjugate surds of   0 and  is not the square of a rational number..
Ex:- Find the natural of the roots of quadratic equation x 2 - 12x + 32 = 0
Sol:- For quadratic equation x 2  12x  32  0,   (12) 2  4(1)(32)  144  128  16  0
  0  the roots of given equation are real and distinct.
Further a = 1, b = -1 and c = 32 are rational and   16 is the square of non-zero rational
number 4.
 The roots are distinct rational numbers.
Relation between coefficients and roots of a quadratic equation
Let  and  be the roots of the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0
 b  b 2  4ac  b  b 2  4ac 2b  b
Then       
2a 2a 2a a
  b  b 2  4ac    b  b 2  4ac  ( b)2  (b 2  4ac) 4ac c

and        2 
 2a  2a  4a 2 4a a
If  ,  are the roots of ax 2  bx  c  0 , then the equation can be written as

a x 2  (  )x    0 
i.e., a  x    x     0
Ex:- Form a quadratic equation whose roots are 2 + 3 and 2 - 3
Sol:- Let   2  3 and   2  3
   
Now,     2  3  2  3  4

  2  3  2  3   4  3  1
A quadratic equation having roots  and  is of the form x 2  (  )x    0

 The required equation is x 2  4x  1  0
Common root :-
A necessary and sufficient condition for the quadratic equations a1x 2  b1x  c1  0 and
a 2 x 2  b 2 x  c 2  0 to have a common root is  c1a 2  c 2 a1    a1b 2  a 2 b1  b1c 2  b 2 c1 

2
Some Properties of quadratic equations :-

Let f (x)  ax 2  bx  c  0 be a quadratic equation and ,  are its roots. Then
 1 1 1
(i) If c  0 then   0 and f    0 is an equation whose roots and and
x  
(ii) f (x  k)  0 is an equation whose roots are   k and   k
(iii) f (  x)  0 is an equation whose roots are  and 
x
(iv) f ( )  0 is an equation whose roots are k and k
k
Sign of quadratic expressions
If  and  are the roots of the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 with    , then

(i) for   x  , ax 2  bx  c and a have opposite signs
(ii) for x   or x  , ax 2  bx  c and a have the same signs.
Let a, b, c  R and a  0 . Then the roots of ax 2  bx  c  0 are non-real
complex numbers if and only if ax 2  bx  c and a have the same sign for all x  R
Let a, b, c  R and a  0 . If the equation ax 2  bx  c  0 has equal roots, then
b
ax 2  bx  c and a have the same sign for all real x, except for x  2a
Maximum and minimum values

b
If a, b, c  R and a<0, the expression ax 2  bx  c has maximum at x  and the maxi-
2a
4ac  b 2
mum value is
4a b
If a, b, c  R and a>0, the expression ax 2  bx  c has minimum at x  and the maximum
2a
4ac  b 2
value is
4a
Quadratic Inequations :-
A quadratic inequation in one variable is of the form ax 2  bx  c  0 or
ax 2  bx  c  0 or ax 2  bx  c  0 or ax 2  bx  c  0 where a, b, c are real numbers,
a 0.
The Values of x which satisfy the given inequation are called the solutions of the inequation.
These are two methods in solving inequations.
(i) Algebroic method (ii) Graphical method

1. Form a quadratic equation whose roots are 2, 5.
Sol:- Roots are  = 2,  = 5
 +  = 2 + 5 = 7,   = 2 × 5 = 10
Required equation is x 2  (  )x    0
 x 2  7x  10  0
m n
2. Form a quadratic equation whose roots are ,  (m  0, n  0) .
n m
m n
Sol:- Roots are  = ,= 
n m
m n m2  n 2  m  n  mn
+=   ,   =        1
n m mn  n  m  mn
Required equation is x 2  (  )x    0
 m2  n 2 
 x 2
 x 1  0
 mn 
 mnx 2  (m 2  n 2 )x  mn  0
3. If are the roots of the equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 , find the values of the following ex-
pressions in terms of a, b, c
-b c
Sol:- From the hypothesis     and  
a a
b
1 1  a  b
(i)*   
   c c
a
(  )  2  a   2 a
2
b c
1 1   2 2 2
 2 2 2  
(ii)*       ca
2 2 2
 b a   2 c a  b  2ac
2
2 2
c a  2
c
2
2
2
 b  2c b 2  2ac
2
 c b
 2   2       2( )     2    2 
2
(iii) 
 a   a a a a2
(iv) 
 3  3        2   2   

          2             3
2
  2

 b    b  c   b  b 2 3c  3abc  b3
2
     3    
 a   a  a a  a 2 a  a3
(v)  47   7 4     3  3

4
 
4
 c   3abc  b 
3
   
a  a3 
bc4 (3ac  b 2 )

a7
                
2 2 2 2 2
     2  2 
(vi)             
     2
 
2
b
a     2  4   b   b   4 c   b  b  4ac   b b  4ac
2 2 2 2 2 2
 
2  
  c2  a  
a  c 2  a 2 
 
c
a
 a 2 c2
 2  2  2  2  2  2 c2
    2
2
(vii)   2
 2   2 1 1   2 a

 
2 2
 2 2
4. Form a quadratic equation whose roots are 2 3 - 5 and -2 3 - 5
Sol:- Let   2 3 - 5 and   -2 3 - 5
Then     2 3 - 5  2 3 - 5  10  
 
and   2 3 - 5 2 3 - 5  12  25  13 
Therefore x 2  (  )x    0 becomes
x 2  (10)x  13  0  x 2  10x  13  0 which is the required quadratic equation whose
roots are 2 3  5 and 2 3  5
5. Prove that the roots of  x - a x - b  = h 2 are always real.

Sol:-  x  a  x  b  h 2  x 2   a  b x  ab  h 2  0
2
 
    a  b   4(1) ab  h 2   a  b  4ab  4h 2   a  b   2h   0
2 2 2
  0  roots are always real

6. Find the condition that one root of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 shall be n
times the other, where n is a positive intiger.
Sol:- Let  , n be the roots of ax 2  bx  c  0
b b b
Then   n  a    n  1  a    n  1 a
 
c c  b  c
( )(n )   n( )2   n  
a a   n  1   a
 nb 2   n  1 ca
2
This is the required condition.

PRACTICE
7. Find two consecutive positive even intigers, the sum of whose squares is 340.
Hint: Let 2n, 2n+2 be the consecutive positive even intigers
Then (2n)2   2n  2 2  340  n 2  n  42  0  n  6
Ans:- 12, 14
8. Find the maximum or minimum of the following expressions as x various over R.
(i) x 2 - x + 7
Sol:- Comparing the given expression with ax 2  bx  c
we have a = 1, b = -1, c = 7
4ac  b 2 4(1)(7)  (1)2 28  1 27
So   
4a 4(1) 4 4
27
Since a = 1 > 0, x 2  x  7 has absolute minimum value
4
(ii) 2x - 7 - 5x 2
Sol:- Comparing the given expression with ax 2  bx  c
we have a = -5, b = 2, c = -7
4ac  b 2 4(5)(7)  (2)2 140  4 136 34
So    
4a 4(5) 20 20 5
34
Since a = -5 < 0, 2x - 7 - 5x 2 has absolute maximum value
5
PRACTICE
32
(iii) 3x 2 + 2x + 11 Ans:- minimum value
3
(iv) 12x - x 2 - 32 Ans:- maximum value = 4
4a2  b2
(v) 2x + 5 - 3x 2 Ans:- is the maximum value a < 0
4a
and minimum value for a>0
1. For what values of m, the equation x 2 - 15 - m(2x - 8) = 0 will have equal roots ?
Sol:- The given equation can be written as x 2  2mx  8m  15  0 if will have equal roots if
  b 2  4ac  0
Here   0  (2m)2  4(1)(8m  15)  0
 4m 2  32m  60  0
 m 2  8m  15  0
  m  3 m  5  0
 m  3 or m  5
2. For what values of m, the equation x 2 + (m + 3)x + (m + 6) = 0 will have equal roots ?
Sol:- The given equation can be written as x 2 + (m + 3)x + (m + 6) = 0 if will have equal roots if
  b 2  4ac  0
Here   0  (m  3) 2  4(1)(m  6)  0
 m 2  6m  9  4m  24  0
 m 2  2m  15  0
  m  5 m  3  0
 m  5 or m  3
PRACTICE
3. For what values of m, the equation x 2 - 2(1 + 3m)x + 7(3 + 2m) = 0 will have equal roots?
10
Ans:- m  or 2
9
2
4. If x 2 - 6x + 5 = 0 and x -12x + p = 0 have a common root, then find p.
Sol:- Let  be the common root of x 2 - 6x  5  0 and x 2 -12x  p  0
Then  2  6  5  0 ,
    1   5  0    1or 5
If   1 then  2  12  p  0  1  12  p  0  p  11
If   5 then  2  12  p  0  25  60  p  0  p  35
 p  11 or 35
PRACTICE
2
4. If x - 6x + 5 = 0 and x 2 - 3ax + 35 = 0 have a common root, then find a.
Ans:- a = 4 or 12
5. If the quadratic equations ax 2 + 2bx + c = 0 and ax 2 + 2cx + b = 0 (b  0) have a
common root than show that a + 4b + 4c = 0
Sol:- Let  be the common root of ax 2  2bx  c  0 and ax 2  2cx  b  0
Then a 2  2b  c  0............(1) a 2  2cx  b  0...........(2)
(1)  (2)   2b  2c   c  b  0
1
 2  b  c   b  c  0   
2
1
substituties   in (1), we get
2
2
 1  1 a
a    2b    c  0   b  c  0  a  4b  4c  0
 2  2 4
1. Determine the range of the following expressions

x2 + x + 1
(i)
x2 - x + 1
x2  x  1
Sol:- Let y 
x2  x  1
 y(x 2  x  1)  x 2  x  1
 x 2 y  xy  y  x 2  x  1
 (y  1)x 2  (y  1)x  y  1  0
 x  R,   b2  4ac  0
  (y  1)  4(y  1)(y  1)  0

2
 (y  1)2  4(y  1)2  0
 y 2  2y  1  4  y 2  2y  1  0
 3y 2  10y  3  0
 3y 2  9y  y  3  0
 3y(y  3)  1(y  3)  0
 (y  3)(1  3y)  0
1 

 y   ,3   a  coefficient of y 2  3  0
3 

x2  x  1  1 
 Rangeof 2 is ,3
x  x  1  3 
PRACTICE
x +2  1 1
(ii) 2 Ans:-   13 , 3 
2x + 3x + 6 
(x - 1)(x + 2)
(iii) Ans:- ( ,  9)  ( 1,  )
x +3
2x 2 - 6x + 5
(iv) Ans:- ( , 2   2,  )
x 2 - 3x + 2
1 1 1
2. Prove that + - does not lie between 1 and 4, if x is real.
3x + 1 x + 1 (3x + 1)(x + 1)
1 1 1
Sol:- Let y   
3x  1 x  1 (3x  1)(x  1)
x  1  3x  1  1 4x  1
y  2
(3x  1)(x  1) 3x  4x  1
 y(3x 2  4x  1)  4x  1
 3yx 2  4xy  y  4x  1
 3yx 2  4(y  1)x  (y  1)  0
 x  R    b 2  4ac  0
  4(y  1)  4(3y)(y  1)  0

2
 16(y  1)2  12y(y  1)  0
 4(y  1)  4(y  1)  3y   0
 4(y  1)  4y  4  3y   0
 4(y  1)(y  4)  0
 (y  1)(y  4)  0
 y does not lie between 1 and 4 ( a = y2 coefficient =1>0 )

x -1
3. If x is real, Prove that 2 lies between and 1
x - 5x + 9 11
x
y
x  5x  9
2
 x  yx 2  5yx  9y
 yx 2  (5y  1)x  9y  0
 yx 2  (5y  1)x  9y  0
 x  R    b 2  4ac  0
 (5y  1)  4  y  9y   0
2
 25y 2  1  10y  36y 2  0
 11y 2  10y  1  0
 11y2  10y  1  0
 11y 2  11y  y  1  0
 11y  1 y  1  0
1
  y 1
11
1
y lies between  ,1
11
x-p
4. If the x is real 2 takes all real values for x  R, than find the bounds for p.
x - 3x + 2
xp
Sol:- Let y  2
x  3x  2
 x 2 y  3xy  2y  x  p
 x 2 y  (3y  1)x  (2y  p)  0
 x  R    b 2  4ac  0
  (3y  1)  4y(2y  p)  0

2
 9y 2  6y  1  8y 2  4py  0
 y 2  2(3  2p)y  1  0
a = 1>0, expression is always positive  roots are non real complex numbers
 b2  4ac  0
  2(3  2p)  4(1)(1)  0

2
 4(3  2p)2  4  0
 (3  2p)2  1  0
 9  4p2  12p  1  0
 4p2  12p  8  0
 p2  3p  2  0
 (p  1)(p  2)  0
 P lies between 1 and 2
i.e.,1  p  2
5. Solve the equation 4 x-1 - 3.2 x-1 + 2 = 0
Sol:- Let 2x 1  a
Then 4 x 1  3.2x 1  2  0
 
x 1
 22  3.2x 1  2  0
 2 x 1 2
 3.2x 1  2  0
 a 2  3a  2  0
 (a  1)(a  2)  0
 a  1or 2
Case (i) If a = 1
Then 2 x 1  1  20  x  1  0  x  1
Case (ii) If a = 2
Then 2x 1  2  21  x  1  1  x  2
 x  1 or 2
PRACTICE
6. Solve 31+x + 31-x = 10 Ans:- x = -1 or 2
7. Solve 71+x + 71-x = 50 for real x Ans:- x = -1 or 1
2 1
8. Solve x + x - 2 = 0
3 3
Ans:- x = -8 or 1
x x3 5
9. Solve   , when x  0 and x  3
x3 x 2
x
Sol:- Let a
x3
1 5
Then the given equation becomes a  
a 2
a2  1 5
   2(a2  1)  5a  2a 2  5a  2  0
a 2
 2a2  4a  a  2  0  2a(a  2)  1(a  2)  0
1
 (a  2)(2a  1)  0  a  2 or a 
2
Case (i) If a = 2
x x
then 2 4
x3 x3
 x  4x  12
 3x  12  x  4
1 x 1 x 1
Case (ii) If a  then   
2 x3 2 x3 4
 4x  x  3  3x  3  x  1  x  1 or 4
PRACTICE
3x x +1 1
10. Solve + = 2, when x  0 and x  -1 Ans:- x
x +1 3x 2
x 1- x 13 9 4
11. Solve + = Ans:- x or
1- x x 6 13 13
2
 1  1
12. Solve 2  x +  - 7  x +  + 5 = 0 whenx  0
 x   x
 1
Sol:- Let  x    a then the given equation reduced to 2a 2  7a  5  0
x
 2a2  2a  5a  5  0
 2a(a  1)  5(a  1)  0
5
 (a  1)(2a  5)  0  a  1 or
2
1
If a = 1 than x   1  x  x  1  0
2
Case (i) :-
x
( 1)  ( 1)2  4(1)(1) 1  1  4 1  3i
x  
2(1) 2 2
5 1 5 x2  1 5
Case (ii) :- If a 
than x      2x 2  5x  2  0
2 x 2 x 2
 2x  4x  x  2  0  2x(x  2)  1(x  2)  0  (x  2)(2x  1)  0
2
1
x or 2
2
1 1 i 3
x  , ,2
2 2
 1   1
13. Solve  x 2 + 2  - 5  x +  + 6 = 0, when x  0
 x   x
 2 1   1
Sol:-  x + 2   5 x +  + 6 = 0
 x   x
 1
2
  1
 x    2  5  x +  + 6 = 0
 x   x
1
Let us take x  a
x
  a 2  2   5a + 6 = 0
 a 2  5a + 4 = 0
  a  1 a  4  = 0
 a  1 or 4
1 1
x  1 or x   4
x x
 x 2  x  1  0 or x 2  4x  1  0
1 1  4  4 16  4 
x or x 
2 2
1 3 i
x or x  2  3
2
14.      
If c 2  ab and the roots of c 2 - ab x 2 - 2 a2 - bc x + b2 - ac = 0 are equal, then
show that a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc or a = 0
2(a2  bc) a2  bc
Sol:- The equal root of given equation is 
2(c 2  ab) c 2  ab
 
2
 a2  bc  (b2  ac)(c 2  ab)
 a4  b2c 2  2a 2bc  b2c 2  ab3  ac 3  a 2bc

 a(a3  b3  c 3 )  3a(abc)
 a3  b3  c 3  3abc or a  0
THEORY OF EQUATIONS 33
UNIT
THEORY OF EQUATIONS
4 
 f ( x )  a0 x n  a1 x n 1  a2 x n  2  ................  an Where a0 , a1 , a2 ,..............an  R or C and
a0  0 is called a Polynomial in 'x' of degree 'n'.
 If f (x ) is a polynomial of degree n>0, then the equation f ( x )  0 is called an algebraic
equation of degree 'n'.
 If a complex number ' ' such that f ( )  0 , then ' ' is called root of the equation f ( x )  0
 Relation between the roots and co-efficients of an equation :
(i) If 1 ,  2 ,  3 are the roots of cubic equation x 3  p1 x 2  p2 x  p3  0 , then
S1  1   2   3   p1
S 2  1 2   2 3   31  p2
S3  1 2 3   p3
(ii) If 1 ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 are the roots of biquadratic equation x 4  p1x 3  p 2 x 2  p3 x  p 4  0p1 ,
then
S1  1   2   3   4   p1
S 2  1 2   2 3   3 4  1 3  1 4   2 4  p2
S3  1 2 3   2 3 4   3 41  1 2 4   p3
S 4  1 2 3 4  p4
 THEOREM :
If 1 ,  2 ,  3 ,.....,  n be the roots of the equation
f ( x )  a0 x n  a1 x n 1  a2 x n  2  ...........  an  0 then
a
(i) Sum of roots   1  S1  1
a0
a2
(ii) Sum of the product of roots taken two at a time   1 2  S 2  a
0
(iii) Sum of the product of roots taken three at a time   1 2 3  S 3   a3

a0
.....................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
(1) n an
Product of roots  1 ,  2 , .........,  n  S n 
a0
 For a cubic equation, if the roots are

(i) in A.P., then they are taken as a-d, a, a+d
a
(ii) in G.P., then they are taken as , a, ad
d
1 1 1
(iii) in H.P., then they are taken as , ,
ad a ad
 For a biquadratic equation, if the roots are
(i) in A.P., then they are taken as a-3d, a-d, a+d, a+3d
a a
(ii) in G.P., then they are taken as 3
, , ad , ad 3
d d
1 1 1 1
(iii) in H.P., then they are taken as , , ,
a  3d a  d a  d a  3d
 (i) For a polynomial equation with rational co-efficient irrational roots occur in pair.
eg. If 2  3 is one root of an equation, then 2  3 is its another root.
(ii) For a polynomial equation with real co-efficients, complex roots occur in pair.
eg. If 2  i is one root of an equation, then 2  i is its another root.
(iii) If co-efficients are rational of a polynomial equation f ( x )  0 and if a , b are
irrational numbers such that one of the numbers a  b, a  b,  a  b,
 a  b is a root of the equation f ( x )  0 then all the four numbers are roots
of f ( x )  0
 Every odd degree polynomial equation has at least one real root.
 If ' ' is a multiple root of f ( x )  0 then f ( )  0 and f ' ( )  0 where f ' is the derivative
of ' f '
 Transformation of equations
(i) Roots with change of sign :
If 1 ,  2 ,  3 ,.....,  n are roots of f ( x )  0 , then  1 ,   2 ,   3 ,.....,   n are the roots
of f ( x )  0
(ii) Roots multiplied by a given number :
If 1 ,  2 ,  3 ,.....,  n are roots of f ( x )  0 , then for any non-zero complex number 'k', the
x
roots of f ( )  0 are k 1 , k  2 , ........., k  n
k
(iii) If 1 ,  2 ,  3 ,.....,  n are roots of the polynomial equation f ( x )  0 , then
1  h,  2  h,.............. n  h are the roots of the equation f ( x  h )  0
(iv) If 1 ,  2 ,  3 ,.....,  n are roots of the polynomial equation f ( x )  0 , then
1  h,  2  h,.............. n  h are roots of the polynomial equation f ( x  h )  0
(v) Reciprocal roots

If 1 ,  2 ,  3 ,.....,  n are the roots of polynomial equation f ( x )  0 , then
1 1 1 1
, ,............... are the roots of the equation x . f    0
n
1  2 n  x
(vi) If ' ' is a root of f ( x )  0 , then  2 is a root of f  
x 0
1
Note :- If an equation is unaltered by changing 'x' into , then it is a reciprocal equation
x
 Degree of Reciprocal Polynomial & Polynomial equation :

A reciprocal polynomial f (x ) of degree 'n' with leading co-efficient a0 is said to be class one or
class two according as f (0) is equal to a0 or  a0
The polynomial equation f ( x )  0 is said to be reciprocal equation of class one or class two
according as f (x ) is a reciprocal polynomial of class one or class two.
Note (I) :-
For an odd degree reciprocal equation of clas one, '-1' is a root and for an odd degree reciprocal
equation of class two, '1' is a root.
Ex:- The root of class one odd degree equation 7 x 3  3 x 2  3 x  7  0 is '-1'
Ex:- The root of class two odd degree equation 3 x 5  5 x 4  6 x 3  6 x 2  5 x  3  0 is '1'
Note (II) :-
For an even degree reciprocal equation of class two, 1 and -1 are roots
Ex:- For an even degree reciprocal equation 6 x 6  25 x 5  31x 4  31x 2  25 x  6  0 , the roots
are 1 and -1
Note (III) :-
1
To solve a reciprocal equation of order 2m divide the equation by x m and put x   y or
x
1
x  y according as the equation is of class one or class two. The degree of transformed
x
equation is 'm'.
Example :-
Solve the equation x 4  10 x 3  26 x 2  10 x  1  0 (7 Marks)

Sol:- Degree = 4
It is an even degree polynomial equation of class one.
x 4  10 x 3  26 x 2  10 x  1 0
 Divide the equation by both sides  2
x2 x
4 3 2
x 10 x 26 x 10 x 1
 2  2  2  2  2 0
x x x x x
10 1
 x 2  10 x  26   2  0
x x
 1   1
  x 2  2   10 x    26  0................. *
 x   x
1
Put x   k ..................(1)
x
Squaring on both sides
2
 1
x   k
2
 x 
1
 x  2  2  k2
2
x
1
 x  2  k2  2
2
x
Substituting (1) and (2) in equation *
(k 2  2)  10k  26  0
k 2  10k  24  0
k 2  6k  4k  24  0
k ( k  6)  4( k  6)  0
( k  4)( k  6)  0
k 40 k 6  0
1 1
 x 40  x 6  0
x x
x 1  4x
2
x 1  6x
2
 0  0
x x
 x2  4x 1  0  x2  6x  1  0
(a = 1, b = -4, c = 1) (a = 1, b = -6, c = 1)
 b  b 2  4ac  b  b 2  4ac
x x
2a 2a
(4)  (4)2  4(1)(1)  (6)  (6) 2  4(1)(1)
x x
2(1) 2(1)
4  12 6  36  4
x x
2 2
42 3 6  32
x x
2 2
2( 2  3 ) 64 2
 
2 2
 2 3 

2 3 2 2 
2
 2  3, 2  3  3 2 2
 3  2 2, 3  2 2

Ans:- Solutions are 2  3 , 2  3 , 3  2 2 , 3  2 2 

1. Form polynomial equation of lowest degree with roots 1 3 , 2, 5
Sol:- 1  3 , 1  3 , 2, 5 are given roots

Let 1  1  3 ,  2  1  3 ,  3  2,  4  5
The polynomial equation is ( x  1 )( x   2 )( x   3 )( x   4 )  0
 [ x  (1  3 )][ x  (1  3 )] ( x  2) ( x  5)  0
 ( x  1  3 ) ( x  1  3 ) ( x  2) ( x  5)  0

 ( x  1)  3 ( x  1)  3  ( x  2) ( x  5)  0

  x  1
2
  3   x  5 x  2 x  10   0
2 2
 
 x 2  2 x  1  3 x 2  7 x  10  0 
 x 2

 2 x  2 x 2  7 x  10  0
    
 x 2 x 2  7 x  10  2 x x 2  7 x  10  2 x 2  7 x  10  0 
 x 4  7 x 3  10 x 2  2 x 3  14 x 2  20 x  2 x 2  14 x  20  0
 x 4  9 x 3  22 x 2  6 x  20  0 is required equation.
Form polynomial equation of lowest degree with roots
(i) 1, -1, 3 Ans:- x 3  3 x 2  x  3  0
(ii) 2  3 , 1  2i Ans:- x 4  6 x 3  14 x 2  22 x  5  0
3 5
(iii) 0, 1, , Ans:- 4 x 4  12 x 3  x 2  15 x  0
2 2
2. If 1, 1,  are the roots of x 3  6 x 2  9 x  4  0 , then find ' '
Sol:- x3  6x2  9x  4  0
 a0  1, a1  6, a2  9, a3  4
 a1  ( 6)
S1   S1  1  1   
a0 1
 2   6
  62  4
Ans:-   4
3. If -1, 2 and  are the roots of 2 x 3  x 2  7 x  6  0 , then find '  '
Sol:- 2x3  x 2  7 x  6  0
a0  2, a1  1, a2  7, a3  6

 a1 1
S1   S1  1  2   
a0 2
1
  1 
2
1 3
  1 
2 2
3
Ans:-  
2
4. If 1, -2 and 3 are the roots of x 3  2 x 2  ax  6  0 , then find 'a'. Roots
  1,   2,   3
Sol:- x 3  2 x 2  ax  6  0
a0  1, a1  2, a3  a, a4  6
a2 a
S2        
a0 1
(1)(2)  (1)(3)  ( 2)(3)  a
 2 3 6  a
a  5
5. If  ,  and 1 are the roots of x 3  2 x 2  5 x  6  0 , then find  and  .
Sol:- x3  2x 2  5x  6  0
a0  1, a1  2, a2  5, a3  6
 a1  (  2)
S1      1 
a0 1
     1 ......................(1)
 a3 6
S3   ( )(  )(1) 
a1 1
    6 .........................(2)
From (1)   1   , Substituting in equation (2)
 (1   )  6  2  3  2  6  0
   2  6  (  3)  2(  3)  0
 2   6  0 (  3)(  2)  0
 2   6  0   2 or 3

If 2 is a root of x 3  6 x 2  3 x  10  0 then find the other roots.
(Hint : Let roots be  ,  , 2 )
(Ans:- -1, 5)
6. If the Product of roots of 4 x 3  16 x 2  9 x  a  0 is 9, then find 'a'.
Sol:- 4 x 3  16 x 2  9 x  a  0
a0  4, a1  16, a2  9, a3  a 
 a3
Given product of roots S 3  9
a1
 ( a)
 9
4
 a  36
If 1, 2, 3, 4 are the roots of x 4  ax 3  bx 2  cx  d  0 , then find the values of a, b, c, d
(Ans:- a = -10, b = 35, c = -50, d = 24)
7. Find the polynomial equation whose roots are negatives of the roots of the equation.
Sol:- x 4  6x3  7 x 2  2x  1  0
If 1 ,  2 ,  3 ,............... n are roots of f ( x )  0 , then  1 ,   2 ,   3 ,...............   n are
the roots of f ( x )  0
x 4  6x3  7 x 2  2x  1  0
Put x   x
( x) 4  6( x)3  7( x 2 )  2( x)  1  0
x4  6x3  7 x 2  2x  1  0
(i) Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the negatives of the roots
of the equation x 4  5 x 3  11x  3  0
Ans:- x 4  5 x 3  11x  3  0
8. Find the equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots of
x 4  3x3  6 x 2  2 x  4  0
1 1 1 1
Sol:- If 1 ,  2 ,  3 , ............. n are roots of f ( x )  0 , then , , , .............
1  2  3  n are the
1
roots of equation f    0
 x
x  3x  6 x  2 x  4  0
4 3 2
1
Put x 
x
4 3 2
1 1 1 2
   3   6    4  0
 x  x x x
1 3 6 2
 4
 3  2  40
x x x x
 1  3x  6 x 2  2 x 3  4 x 4  0
 4 x 4  2 x 3  6 x 2  3 x  1  0
 4 x4  2 x 3  6 x 2  3 x  1  0
(i) Find the equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots of
x 5  11x 4  x 3  4 x 2  13 x  6  0
Ans:- 6 x 5  13x 4  4 x 3  x 2  11x  1  0
(ii) Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the reciprocals of the
roots of x 4  3 x 3  7 x 2  5 x  2  0
Ans:- 2 x 4  5x3  7 x 2  3x  1  0
9. Find the algebraic equation whose roots are 2 times the roots of
x 5 - 2x 4 + 3x 3 - 2x 2 + 4x + 3 = 0
Sol:- If 1 ,  2 ,  3 ,............... n are the roots of f ( x )  0 , then k1 , k 2 , k 3 ,...............k n are
 x
the roots of f    0
k
x 5  2 x 4  3x 3  2 x 2  4 x  3  0
x
 Put x 
2
5 4 3 2
 x  x  x  x  x
    2   3   2   4   3  0
2 2 2 2 2
x5 x4 x3 x2 4x
 2 3 2  3 0
32 16 8 4 2
x 5  4 x 4  12 x 3  16 x 2  64 x  96
 0
32
 x 5  4 x 4  12 x 3  16 x 2  64 x  96  0
(i) Find the algebraic equation whose roots are 3 times the roots of
x 3 + 2x 2 - 4x + 1 = 0
x
Hint : Put x  , Ans : x  6 x  36 x  27  0
3 2
3
(ii) Find the equation of degree 4 whose roots are 3 times the roots of
6x 4 - 7x 3 + 8x 2 - 7x + 2 = 0
Ans:- 6 x 4  21x 3  72 x 2  189 x  162  0 (Refer Text Book Page No. 136. Ex.2)
(iii) Find the equation whose roots are 'm' times the roots of equation
1 2 1 1
x3  x  x  0 anddeduce if m = 12
4 16 72
Ans:- x 3  3 x 2  9 x  24  0 (Refer Text Book Page No. 136. Ex.3)
Solve x  3x  16x  48  0 , given that the sum of two roots is zero.

3 2
1.
Sol:- Let  ,   ,  be the roots of x 3  3 x 2  16 x  48  0
 a0  1, a1  3, a2  16, a3  48

 a1  (3)
S1     ( )     3
a0 1
a2
S2    ( )  ( )     16
a0
  2      16
  2  16
  4
Roots are  ,   ,  i.e., 4, -4, 3

(i) Given that sum of two roots of x 4  2x 3  4x 2  6x  21  0 , is zero. Find
the roots of the equation ?
Ans:- 3 ,  3 , 1  i 6 ,1  i 6
(ii) Given that two roots of 4x 3  20x 2  23x  6  0 are equal, find all the
roots of given equation ?
(Hint : Let the roots be  ,  ,  )
1 1 
Ans:-  , ,  6
2 2 
(iii) Solve 9x  15x 2  7x  1  0, given that two of its roots are equal.
3
1 1 
Ans:-  , , 1
3 3 
Solve the equation x  2x  5x  6x  2  0 , given that 1  i is one of its roots.
4 3 2
2.
Sol:- Given 1+i is one root
 1  i is another root.
 The equation having roots 1  i is
 x  (1  i)  x  (1  i)  0
 ( x  1)  i) ( x  1)  i)  0
 ( x  1) 2  i 2  0
 x2  2x 1  1  0
 x2  2x  2  0
 x 2  2 x  2 is a factor of x 4  2 x 3  5 x 2  6 x  2  0
1 2 -5 6 2
2 - 2 8 2 -
-2 - - -2 -8 -2
1 4 1 0 0
 x2  4x 1  0
 4  16  4  4  2 3
x 
2 2
2(2  3 )
x
2
 x  ( 2  3 )

 The roots of given equation are 1  i,  2  3 
3. Solve the equation x 4  6x 3  11x 2  10x  2  0 , given that 2  3 is a root of the
equation.
Sol:- Given that 2  3 is one root.
 2  3 is another root.
 The equation having roots 2  3 is
x  (2  3 )x  (2  3 )  0
( x  2)  3 )( x  2)  3 )  0
 ( x  2)   3   0
2 2
 x2  4x  4  3  0
 x2  4x 1  0
 x 2  4 x  1  0 is a factor of x   6 x 3  11x 2  10 x  2  0
1 -6 11 -10 2
4 - 4 -8 8 -
-1 - - -1 2 -2
1 -2 2 0 0
x2  2x  2  0
2  4  8 2  2i
x 
2 2
 x  1 i

 The roots of given equation are 2  3 , 2  3 , 1  i, 1  i 
4. Given that  2   7 is a root of the equation x 4  2 x 2  16 x  77  0 , Solve it

completely.
Sol:- Given  2  i 7 is one root
 2  i 7 is another root
 The equation having roots  2  i 7 are
x  (2  i 7 )x  (2  i 7 )  0
 (x  2)  i 7)   x  2  i 7)   0
 ( x  2 ) 2  (i 7 ) 2  0
 x2  4x  4  7  0
 x 2  4 x  11  0
 x 2  4 x  11  0 is a factor of x 4  2 x 2  16 x  77  0
1 0 2 -16 77
-4 - -4 16 -28 -
-11 - - -11 44 -77
1 -4 7 0 0
 x2  4x  7  0
4  16  28 4  i 12 2(2  i 3 )
x  
2 2 2
 x  (2  i 3 )

 The roots of given equation are 2  i 3 , 2  i 3 ,  2  i 7 ,  2  i 7 
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (7 MARKS)
1. Solve x 3  9x 2  14x  24  0 , given that two of its roots are in the ration 3:2.
Sol:- x 3  9 x 2  14 x  24  0
a0  1, a1  9, a2  14, a3  24
Let the roots be 3 , 2 , 
 a1
S1   3  2     ( 9)  5    9...............................I 
a0
a2
S2   (3 )(2 )  (2 )(  )  (  )(3 )  14
a0
 6 2  2  3  14
 6 2  5  14...............................II 
Substitute   9  5 in equation II
6 2  5 (9  5 )  14
 6 2  45  25 2  14  0
 19 2  45  14  0
 19 2  38  7  14  0
 19 (  2)  7(  2)  0
(19  7)(  2)  0
7
  ,  2
19
Put   2 in eqn. (I)
5( 2)    9    1
Roots are 3 , 2 , 
 3( 2), 2( 2),  1
  6, 4,  1 
(i) Given that one root of 2x 3  3x 2  8x  3  0 is double the other root, find
the roots of the equation.
(Hint : Let the roots be  , 2 ,  )
1 
Ans:-  , 1,  3
2 
(ii) Solve x  7x 2  36  0 , given one root being twice the other
3
Ans:- 3, 6,  2
2. Solve the equation 8x 3  36x 2  18x  81  0 if the roots are in A.P..
Sol:- 8x 3  36x 2  18x  81  0
a0  8, a1  36, a2  18, a3  81
Let the roots in A.P. be a-d, a, a+d
 a1  (36)
S1   (a  d )  (a)  (a  d ) 
a0 8
9 3
 3a  a
2 2
 a3  81
S3   (a  d )(a )(a  d ) 
a1 8
 81
 a (a 2  d 2 ) 
8
3
Substituting a 
2
3 9   81
  d2 
2 4  8
3  9  4d 2   81
  
2 4  8
3(9  4d 2 )  81
 
8 8
 (9  4d )  27
2
 4d 2  27  9
 4d 2  36
 d  3
3
Substituting a  , d 3
2
the roots are a-d, a, a+d
3 3 3
  3, , 3
2 2 2
 3 3 9
 , , 
 2 2 2
(i) Solve the equation x 3  3x 2  6x  8  0 if the roots are in A.P..
Ans:- { 4, 1, -2 }
(ii) Solve the equation 4x 3  24x 2  23x  18  0 , given that its roots are in A.P..
 1 9
Ans:-  , 2, 
2 2
Solve the equation 3x  26x  52x  24  0 if its roots are in G.P..

3 2
3.
Sol:- Since the roots are in G.P., they must be of the form a/r, a, ar.
a 24
   a  ar    a3  8  a  2
r 3
a 26 1  26
 a  ar   2 1 r  
r 3 r  3
1 13 1 10
 1 r    r 
r 3 r 3
r 3
 The roots are 2/3, 2, 6.
4. Solve the equation 54x 3  39x 2  26x  16  0 , given that its roots are in G.P..
Sol:- 54 x 3  39 x 2  26 x  16  0
a0  54, a1  39, a2  26, a3  16
a
, a, ar
Let the roots in G.P. be
r
a a  (39)
S1  1   a  ar 
a0 r 54
1  13
 a   1  r   .....................( I )
r  18
 a3 a  16
S3    (a)(ar ) 
a0 r 54
3
8 2 2
 a3   a3    a
27  3  3
2
Substituting in a  in eqn. I
3
 2 1  r  r 2  13
   , Cross multiplying
3  r  18
 12  12r  12r 2  13r  0
 12r 2  25r  12  0
 12r 2  16r  9r  12  0
 4r (3r  4)  3(3r  4)  0
 ( 4r  3) (3r  4)  0
3 4
r or r 
4 3
2 3 a
Substituting a  ,r the roots are , a, ar
3 4 r
 2  3  2   2   3 
 , ,   
3 4 3  3  4 
8  2 1 
 , , 
9 3 2 
(i) Solve x 3  7x 2  14x  8  0 , given that the roots are in geometric progresion.
Ans:- { 1, 2, 4 }
(ii) Solve the equation x 4  6x 3  13x 2  24x  36  0 , if it has multiple roots
Ans:- 3, 3, 3  2i
Prove that x  5x  5x  1  0 has three equal roots and find this root.
5 3 2
(iii)
5. Transform the equation x 4  4x 3  2x 2  4x  2  0 in which the co-efficient of the

second highest power of x is zero and also find its transformed equation.
Sol:- Let f ( x)  x 4  4 x 3  2 x 2  4 x  2
we have to find 'h' so that the co-efficient of x 3 in f ( x  h ) is zero.
we have f ( x  h)   x  h 4  4 x  h 3  2 x  h 2  4 x  h   2
The co-efficient of x 3 in f ( x  h ) is 4
C1 (h)  4  4h  4
we have to select 'h' such that
4h  4  0  h  1
 Required equation is f ( x  1)  0
i.e., ( x  1) 4  4( x  1)3  2( x  1) 2  4( x  1)  2  0
-1 1 4 2 -4 -2
0 -1 -3 1 3
1 3 -1 -3 1 = A4
0 -1 -2 3
1 2 -3 0 = A3
0 -1 -1
1 1 -4 = A2
0 -1
1 =A0 0 = A1
Required equation : A0 x 4  A1 x 3  A2 x 2  A3 x  A4  0
 x 4  4 x 2  1  0 is the transformed equation.
(i) Transform the equation x 3 - 6x 2 + 10x - 3 = 0 in which co-efficient of x 2
term is zero. Ans:- x 3  2 x  1  0
(ii) Transform the equation x 4  8x 3  x  5  0 so that the term containing
the cubic power of 'x' is absent.
Ans:- x 4  24 x 2  65 x  55  0
6. Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the translates of those of the equation
x 4 - 5x 3 + 7x 2 -17x + 11 = 0 by –2.
Sol:- Let f ( x)  x5  5 x3  7 x 2  18 x  11 .
The required equation is f(x+2) = 0.
2 1 -5 7 -17 11
0 2 -6 2 -30
2 1 -3 1 -15 -19 = A4
0 2 -2 -2
2 1 -1 -1 -17 = A3
0 2 2
2 1 1 1 = A2
0 2
2 1 3 = A1
0
1 = A0
By Horner's process f ( x  2)  A 0 x 4  A1 x 3  A 2 x 2  A 3 x  A 4
 f ( x  2)  x 4  3 x 3  x 2  17 x  19
The required eqaution is x 4  3 x 3  x 2  17 x  19  0
7. Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the translates of those of the equation
x 5 - 4x 4 + 3x 2 - 4x + 6 = 0 by –3.
Sol:- Let f ( x)  x 5 - 4x 4 + 3x 2 - 4x + 6 = 0
3 1 -4 0 3 -4 6
0 3 -3 -9 -18 -66
3 1 -1 -3 -6 -22 -60 = A5
0 3 6 9 9
3 1 2 3 3 -13 = A4
0 3 15 54
3 1 5 18 57 = A3
0 3 24
3 1 8 42 = A2
0 3
3 1 11 = A1
0
1 = A0
By Horner's process f ( x  3)  A 0 x 5  A1 x 4  A 2 x 3  A 3 x 2  A 4 x  A 5
 f ( x  3)  x5  11x 4  42 x3  57 x 2  13 x  60
 The required eqaution is x  11x  42 x  57 x  13 x  60  0 .
5 4 3 2

(i) Find the polynomial equation whose roots are the translates of those of the
equation x 4 - x 3 - 10x 2 + 4x + 24 = 0 by 2.
Ans:- x 4  9 x 3  40 x 2  80 x  80  0
8. Solve the equation . x 4  10x 3  26x 2  10x  1  0

Ans:- x 4  10 x 3  26 x 2  10 x  1  0
 10 1 
x 2  x 2  10 x  26   2   0
 x x 
 2 1   1
 x  2   10  x    26  0 .............................
 x   x *
1
Put x   Z .................(1)
x 2
 1
Squaring on both sides  x   Z
2
 x
1
x2  2
2  Z2
x
1
x  2  Z 2  2.......................(2)
2
x
Substituting (1) & (2) in
*  
Z 2  2  10Z  26  0
Z 2  10 Z  24  0
Z 2  6 Z  4 Z  24  0
Z Z  6   4Z  6  0
Z  4Z  6  0
Z 4  0 Z 6  0
1 1
x 4  0 x 6  0
x x
x 1  4x  0
2
x 1  6x  0
2
x2  4x 1  0 x2  6x  1  0
4  16  4 6  36  4
x x
2 2
x

2 2 3  x

2 3 2 2 
2 2
x  2 3 x  3 2 2

Solutions 2  3 , 2  3 , 3  2 2 , 3  2 2 
1. Solve the equation 6x 4  35x 3  62x 2  35x  6  0
1 1 
Ans:-  , , 2 and 3 
3 2 
9. Solve the equation 2x 5  x 4  12x 3  12x 2  x  2  0
Sol:- The given equation is an odd degree reciprocal equation of class one
 -1 is a root of this equation
 x  1 is a factor of 2 x 5  x 4  12 x 3  12 x 2  x  2  0
-1 2 1 -12 -12 1 2
0 -2 1 11 1 -2
2 -1 -11 -1 2 0
 2 x 4  x 3  11x 2  x  2  0
 1 2
x 2  2 x 2  x  11   2   0
 x x 
 2 1   1
 2 x  2    x    11  0 .....................................
 x   x *
1
Let x   k ...................( I )
x
2
 1
x   k
2
 x
1
x2  2  2  k 2
x
1
x 2  2  k 2  2..........................( II )
x
Substituting I & II in
*
 
2 k  2  k  11  0
2
2k 2  4  k  11  0
2k 2  k  15  0
2k 2  6k  5k  15  0
2k ( k  3)  5( k  3)  0
( k  3)( 2k  5)  0
k 3 0 2k  5  0
1  1
x 3  0 2 x    5  0
x  x
2
x 2  3x  1  0 2x   5  0
x
3 9  4
x 2x2  5x  2  0
2
3 5
x 2x2  4x  x  2  0
2
2 x ( x  2)  1( x  2)  0
( x  2)( 2 x  1)  0
1
x , 2
2
 1 3  5 3  5 
Solutions   1,  2, , , 
 2 2 2 
1. Solve the equation 4 x 3  13 x 2  13 x  4  0

 1 
Ans:-   1, , 4
 4 
10. Solve the equation x 5  5x 4  9x 3  9x 2  5x  1  0

Sol:- The given equation is an odd degree reciprocal equation of class two.
 '1' is a root of given equation
 x  1 is a factor of given equation
x=1 1 -5 9 -9 5 -1
0 1 -4 5 -4 1
1 -4 5 -4 1 0
 x4  4x3  5x2  4x  1  0
 4 1 
x2  x2  4x  5   2   0
 x x 
 1   1
  x 2  2   4 x    0
 x   x
1
Let x   k , Squaring on both sides
x
2
 1
x   k
2
 x
1
x2  2  2  k 2
x
1
x2  2  k 2  2
x
 
 k 2  2  4k  5  0
k 2  4k  3  0
k 2  3k  k  3  0
k ( k  3)  1( k  3)  0
( k  3)( k  1)  0
k 3 0 k 1  0
1  1
x  3  0  x   1  0
x  x
x  3x  1  0
2
x  x 1  0
2
3 9  4 1 i 3
x x
2 2
3 5
x
2
 1 i 3 1 i 3 3  5 3  5 
Solutions are  , , , 
 2 2 2 2 
Solve 6x  25x  31x  31x  25x  6  0
6 5 4 2
11.
Sol:- The given equation is an even degree reciprocal equation of class two.
 +1 and -1 are the roots of this equation
 x  1 and x  1 are factors of given equation.
x = -1 6 -25 31 0 -31 25 -6
0 -6 31 -62 62 -31 6
6 -31 62 -62 31 -6 0
0 6 -25 37 -25 6
6 -25 37 -25 6 0
6 x 4  25 x 3  37 x 2  25 x  6  0

On dividing both sides by x , we get
25 6
6 x 2  25 x  37   0
x x2
 1   1
6 x 2  2   25 x    37  0
 x   x
1
Let x   k
x
2
 1
x   k
2
 x 
1
x  2  2  k2
2
x
1
x2  2  k 2  2
x
 6(k 2  2)  25k  37  0
6k 2  25k  25  0
6k 2  15k  10k  25  0
3k ( 2k  5)  5( 2k  5)  0
(2k  5)(3k  5)  0
2k  5  0 3k  5  0
 1  1
2 x    5  0 3 x    5  0
 x  x
2 3
2x  5  0 3x  5  0
x x
2x2  5x  2  0 3x 2  5x  3  0
5  25  36
2x2  4x  x  2  0 x
6
5   11
2 x ( x  2)  1( x  2)  0 x
6
5  i 11
( x  2)(2 x  1)  0 x
6
1
x ,2
2
 1 5  i 11 
 Solutions   1, 2
, 2,
2 


PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS 53
UNIT
PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS
5 
PERMUTATIONS
 Factorial of a non negative integer :
It 'n' is a non-negative integer then factorial of 'n' is devoted by n! or n and is defined as
the continued product of first 'n' natural numbers and 0! is defined as 1.
(i) 0! = 1
(ii) if n>0 then n! = n(n -1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x3x 2x1
(iii) if n>0 then n! = n [ (n -1 ) ! ]
 Fundamental principle :
If a work can be done in 'p' different ways and a second work can be done in 'q' different
ways then the two works (one after the other) can be done in pq different ways.
 Permutations :-
Each arrangement that can be made by taking some or all of a number of things is called
permutation.
Ex:- Forming two digit number using the digits 1, 2, 3 is called a permutation. Those two
digit numbers are 12, 13, 23, 21, 31, 32.
Note :- Permutation involves selection (selecting two digits i.e., 1, 2) and arrangement
(arranging the digits to form two digit numbers such as 12, 21, 13, 31 e.t.c.,)
 Permutation :-
From a given set of elements (may be similar or not similar) selecting some or all of
them and arranging them is a line is called 'linear permutation'. or 'permutation.'
Ex:- (1) From the letters of the word RANK
Two letter permutation are RA, RN, RK, AN, AK, NK, AR, NR, KR, NA, KA, KN
Permutations when replitions are not allowed: If n, r are positive integers and r  n ,
then the number of permutations of n distinct things taken r at a time is n(n-1)(n-2).......
..................(n-r+1) = n pr
Observation : The sum of the all r-digit numbers that can be formed using the given 'n'
non-zero digits 1  r  n  9  is
 n 1 Pr 1   Sum of the given digits   1.1.1........r digits  

If '0' is one digit among the given 'n' digits then we get that sum of the 'r' digits numbers
that can be formed using the given 'n' digits (including '0') is
 n 1 Pr 1   Sum of the given digits   1.1.1........r times 
 n  2 Pr  2   Sum of the given digits   1.1.1........ r  1 times 

n!
Theorem :- If 0  r  n and n>1 then n pr 
(n  r ) !
For 1  r  n , we know
[n(n  1)(n  2)............(n  r  1)] [(n  r )(n  r  1)........3.2.1]

(n  r )(n  r  1)............3.2.1
n!

(n  r ) !
n!
 nPr 
(n  r ) !
Observations: (1) nP0  1
(2) nPn  n !
n 1
(3) For 1  r  n, nPr  n. Pr 1
n 1 n 1
Theorem :- If n, r be natural numbers and 1  r  n then nPn  Pr  r. Pr 1
n!
Proof:- nPr 
(n  r ) !
n 1 (n  1)! (n  1)!
Pr  r. n 1 Pr 1   r.
(n  r  1)! [(n  1)  (r  1)]!
(n  1)! (n  1)!
  r.
(n  r  1)! (n  r )!
(n  1)!n  r r (n  1)! (n  1)!(n  r ) r.(n  1)!
   
(n  r )(n  r  1)! (n  r )! (n  r )! (n  r )!
(n  1)!

(n  r )!
 n  r  r   n Pr

1. If nP4  1680 find 'n'
Sol:- nP4  1680
= 10 x 168
= 10 x 8 x 21
= 10 x 8 x 7 x 3
=8x7x6x5
n  8
2. if nP3  1320 find 'n'
Sol:- nP3  1320

= 10 x 132
= 10 x 11 x 12
= 12 x 11 x 10
n  12
3. if n  1P5 : nP6  2 : 7 find 'n'

Sol:- n  1P5 : nP6  2 : 7
(n  1)! n!
:  2:7
(n  4)! (n  6)!
(n  1)n! (n  6)! 2
 
(n  4)(n  5)(n  6)! n! 7
(n  1) 2

(n  4)(n  5) 7
7(n  1)  2(n 2  9n  20)
2n 2  25n  33  0
( n  11)( 2n  3)  0
 3
 n  11  n  
 2
4. Find n, if n  1P5 : nP5  3 : 2
(n  1)! (n  5)! 3
Sol:-  
(n  4)! n! 2
(n  1)n! (n  5)! 3
 
(n  4)(n  5)! n! 2
(n  1) 3

(n  4) 2
2n  2  3n  12
 n  14 n  14
If 12
P5  5.12 P4  13 Pr , find r Ans:- r = 5
5. If
56
P( r  6) :54 P( r 3)  30800 :1 . Find r.
Sol:-
56
P( r  6) :54 P( r 3)  30800 :1
(56)! (54  (r  3))! 30800
  
(56  (r  6))! (54)! 1
(56)! (51  r )! 30800
  
(50  r )! (54)! 1
 56  55  (51  r )  30800
30800
 (51  r )   10
56  55
 r  41.

1. Find the number of ways of permuting the letters of the word PICTURE so that
(i) all vowels come together
(ii) no two vowels come together
(iii) the relative positions of vowels and constants are not disturbed.
Sol:- The word PICTURE has 3 vowels (I, U, E) and 4 consonants (P, C, T, R)
(i) Treat 3 vowels as one unit. Then we can arrange. 4 consonants + 1 unit of vowels in 5!
ways. Now the 3 vowels 4 among themselves can be permuted in 3 ways. Hence the
number of permutations in which the 3 vowels come togother is
5! x 3! = 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 x 3 x 2 x 1
= 720
IUE P C T R = 5 ! X 3 ! = 720
3!
 
5!
(ii) First arrange the 4 consonants in 4! ways. Then in b/w the vowels, in the beginning and
in the ending, there are 5 gaps as shown below by the letter x.
x x x x x
1 2 3 4 5
In these 5 places we can arrange the 3 vowels 5 P3 ways. Thus the no. of words in which
no two vowels come together 4! 5 P3  24  60  1440
(iii) The three vowels can be arranged in their relative position in 3! ways and 4 consonants
can be arranged in their relative position in 4! ways
V C C V C V C
no. of the required arrangements is 3! 4! = 144
Find the number of all 4 letter words that can be formed using the letters of the word
"EQUATION". How many of these words begin with E? How many end with N? How many
beging with E and end with N?
(Example 5.2.8 Text Book Page Number 156).
2. If nP7  42 nP5 then find n. (May 2011, May 2012)

n! n!
Sol:-  42
(n  7)! (n  5)!
1 1
 42
(n  7)! (n  5)(n  6)(n  7)!
( n  5)( n  6)  42
( n  5)(n  6)  7  6
( n  5)( n  6)  (12  5)(12  6)
n  12
3. Find the number of ways of arranging the letters of the word TRIANGLE so that
the relative positions of the vowels and consonents are not disturbed.
Sol:- The word TRIANGLE has 3 vowels (A, E, I) and 5 consonants (T, R, N, G, L)
C C V V C C C V
The three vowels can be arranged in their relative positions in 3! ways. The five conso-
nants can be arranged in their relative position in 5! ways
The no. of required arrangements = 3! x 5!
= (3 x 2 x 1) x (5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1)
= (6)(120)
= 720
4. Find the sum of all four digited numbers that can be formed using the digits 1, 2,
4, 5, 6 without repetation.
Sol:- n = 5, r = 4, digits = 1 , 2, 4, 5, 6
The sum of all 4-digits that can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 without repetition is
n 1
= Pr 1 x (sum of the given digits) x 1111.......r times
4
= P3 x (1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 6) x 1111
1
= 24 x 18 x 1111 = 4,79,952
Find the sum of all 4 digited numbers that can be formed using the digits 0, 2, 4, 7, 8,
without repetation.
(Excersie 5(a), Section II. Q. No 4. Text Book Page Number 167).
4. Find the number of ways of arranging 6 boys and 6 girls in a row. In how many of
these arrangements i) all the girls are together ii) no two girls are together iii)
boys and girls come alternately.
Sol:- 6 boys and 6 girls are altogether 12 persons.
They can be arranged in a row in (12)! ways.
i) Treat the 6 girls as one unit. Then we have 6 boys and 1 unit of girls. They can be
arranged in 7! ways. Now, the 6 girls can be arranged among themselves in 6! ways.
Thus the number of ways in which all 6 girls are together is 7! x 6!.
ii) First arrange the 6 boys in a ow in 6! ways. Then we can find 7 gaps between them
(including the begining gap and ending gap) as shown below by the letter x :
xBxBxBxBxBxBx
Thus we have 7 gaps and 6 girls. They can be arranged in 7P6 ways. Hence, the number
of arrangements in which no two girls sit together is. 6! x 7P6 = 7.6!.6!.
iii) The row may begin with either a boy or girl, that is, 2 ways. If it begins with a boy, then old
places will be acupied by boys and even places by girls. The 6 boys can be arranged in
6 odd places in 6! ways and 6 girls in the 6 even places in 6! ways. Thus the number of
arrangemtns in which boys and girls come alternately is 2 x 6! x 6!.
5. Find the no. of ways arranging 4 boys and three girls so that the row (i) begins
with a boy and end with a girl (ii) begins and ends with boys.
Sol:- (i) B G
We fill the first place with one of the boys in 5 ways and last place with one of the
girls in 4 ways.
The remaining 7 places can be filled with the remaining 7 persons (4 boys + 3 girls) in 7!
ways.
Total no. of required arrangements = 5 x 4 x 7 !
= 20 x 5040
= 1,00,800
(ii) The total no. of persons is 9 (5 boys + 4 girls)
B B
First we fill the first and last places with boys = 5 P2 way
remaining 7 places with remaining 7 persons (3 boys + 4 girls) = 7! ways
Total number of required arrangements is = 7! x 5 P2 = 1,00,800
6. Find the number of ways of arranging 5 different Mathematics books, 4 different
Physics books and 3 different Chemistry books such that the books of the same
subject are together.
Sol:- The number of ways of arranging Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry books are
arranged in 3! ways.
5 different Mathmatics books are arranged themselves in 5! wyas.
4 different Physics books are themselves in 4! ways.
3 different Chemistry books are arranged themselves in 3! ways.
 The numbers of required arrangements = 3! × 5!  4!  3!
 6 120  24  6  103680
1. If the letters of the word RUBLE are permuted in all possible ways and the words
this formed are arranged in the dictionary order, then find the rank of the word
'LUBER'.
Sol:- The letters of the given word in dictionary order is B, E, L, R, U
B __ __ __ __  4! ways
E __ __ __ __  4! ways
LB __ __ __ __  3! ways
LE __ __ __ __  3! ways
LR __ __ __ __  3! ways
L U B E R  1! ways
 rank of the word LUBER
= 4! x 2 + 3! x 3 + 1!
= 24 x 2 + 6 x 3 + 1
= 48 + 18 + 1 = 67
2. If the letter of the word MASTER are permuted in all possible ways the words
thus formed are arranged in the dictionary order then find the rank of the words
(i) REMAST (II) MASTER
Sol:- The letters as the given word in dictionary order A, E, M, R, S, T
(i) REMAST
A __ __ __ __ __  5! ways
E __ __ __ __ __  5! ways
M __ __ __ __ __  5! ways
R A __ __ __ __ __  4! ways
R E A __ __ __ __ __  3! ways
R E M A S T  1! ways
Rank of the word REMAST
= 3 x 5! + 4! + 3! + 1!
= 3(120) + 24 + 6 +1 = 391
(ii) MASTER
A __ __ __ __ __  5! ways
E __ __ __ __ __  5! ways
M A E __ __ __  3! ways
M A R __ __ __  3! ways
M A S E __ __  2! ways
M A S R __ __  2! ways
M A S T E R  1! ways
Rank of the word MASTER
= 2 x 5! + 2 x 3! + 2 x 2! + 1
= 2 (120) + 2 (6) + 2 (2) + 1
= 240 + 12 + 4 + 1
= 257
3. If the letters of the word PRISON are permuted in all possible ways and the words
thus formed are arranged in dectionary order find the rank of the word PRISON.
Sol:- The letters of the given word in dictionary order is I, N, O, P, R, S
I __ __ __ __ __  5! ways
N __ __ __ __ __  5! ways
O __ __ __ __ __  5! ways
P I __ __ __ __  4! ways
P O __ __ __ __  4! ways
P N __ __ __ __  4! ways
P R I N __ __  2! ways
P R I O __ __  2! ways
P R I S N __  1! ways
PRISON  1! ways
rank of the word PRISON
= 3 X 5! + 3 X 4! + 2 X 2! +1! X 2
= 360 + 72 + 4 + 2 = 438
COMBINATIONS
Combinations :- A selection that can be formed by taking some or all of a finite set of
things (or objects) is called a combination.
Example:- The combinations formed by taking two things at a time from a set {A, B, C}
are {A, B}, {A, C}, {B, C}
Observations :-
 The number of combinations of 'n' dissimilar things taken r at a time denoted by
n  n  n
Cr or C ( n, r ) or C   or  
 r  r
n
pr
 The number combination n distinct objects taken r at a time is
n
r!
pr n!
i.e, cr  
n
r! (n  r )! r!
n!
n cr 
(n  r )! r!
 For any positive integer n, n cn  n c0  1, n c1  n
 For r , s  n, if n
C r  n C s then r  s  n or r  s
 n
cr  n cn  r
 n
cr 1  n cr  n1cr
1. If n C 4  n C 6 then find 'n'

n
C 4  n C6
 n  4  6  Cr  C s  n  r  s 
n n
 n  10
2. If 10 n C 2  3.n 1 C 3 then find 'n'

n! (n  1)!
Sol:- 10  3.
(n  2)!2! (n  1  3)!3!
n! (n  1)n!
10  3.
(n  2)!2! (n  2)!3!
3.(n  1)
5 10  n  1 n  9
3  2 1
3. If 12
Cr 1  12C 3r 5 then find 'n'
Sol:- 12
C r 1  12 C 3r 5
If n C r  n C s (or) n
Cr  n Cs
nrs rs
12  r  1  3r  5 r  1  3r  5
12  4r  4  2r  6
 4r  16 r 3
r4
4. Find 'n' and r if n Pr  1320, n cr  220
Sol:- n
Pr  1320 and n
cr  220
= 10 x 130 n
cr  10  11 2
11 10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1
= 10 x 12 x 11  2
9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2 1
12  11 10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1
= 12 x 11 x 10 
9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2 1 3  2 1
12!
 12 P3 
9!3!
 n  12, r  3  12C3
 n  12, r  3
OR
n
Pr 1320
r! 
n
6
Cr 220
r  3  2 1  3!
r  3
5. If n C 5  n C 6 then find 13
Cn
Sol:- n
C5  n C 6
 n  56
 n  11
13  12
 13C n  13C11  13C 2   78
2 1
6. Find the value of 10 C 5  2. 10C 4  10C 3
Sol:- 10
C5  2. 10C 4  10C3
  10
 
C5  10C4  10
C4  10C3 
 11C5  11C 4  n
Cr 1  n C r  n 1C r 
 12C5
12 11 10  9  8
  12  11 6  792
5  4  3  2 1
7. If n Pr  5040 and n Cr  210 find 'n' and 'r'
Sol:- n
Pr  5040 n
Cr  210
= 10 x 504 = 10 x 7 x 3
10  9  8  7  6  5  4  3  2  1
= 10 x 7 x 8 x 9 
6  5  4  3  2  1 4  3  2  1
10!
= 10 x 9 x 8 x 7 
6! 4!
 10 P4  10C4
 n  10, r  4  n  10, r  4
OR
n
pr 5040
r ! n
  24 n
P4  5040
Cr 210
r !  4  3  2  1  4! n( n  1)( n  2)( n  3)  10  9  8  7
r  4 n  10
1. Prove that n
C r 1  n C r  n 1 C r
Sol:- L.H .S .  n Cr 1  nCr
n! n!
 
(n  r  1)!(r  1)! (n  r )!r!
 1 1 
 n!   
 (n  r  1)!(r  1)! (n  r )!r!
 r n  r 1 
 n!  
 (n  r  1)!(r  1)! r (n  r  1)(n  r )! r!
 r n  r 1 
 n!   
 (n  r  1)!r! (n  r  1)! r!
 r  n  r 1 
 n!  
 (n  r  1)!r!
n! (n  1) (n  1)!
   n 1Cr
(n  r  1)!r! (n  1  r )!r!
2. Find the no. of ways selecting 5 books from 9 different mathematics books such
that a particular book is not included.
Sol:- No. of books = 9
Particular book is not included, so remaining no. of books = 8
The no. of selections required  8C5 ways
8 7  6 5 4
  56
5  4  3  2 1
3. Find the no. of ways of selecting 3 vowels and 2 consonants from the letters of
word EQUATION
Sol:- The word EQUATION has 5 vowels (E, O, U, A, I) and 3 consonants (Q, T, N)
Now, The no. of selecting 3 vowels from 5 vowels  5C3 ways
The no. of selecting 2 consonants from 3 consonants  3C2 ways
Total no. of selections  5C3  3C2 ways
5  4  3 3 2
   30
3  2 1 2 1
4. Find the number of 5 letter words can be formed using 3 consonants and 2 vow-
els from the letters of the word MIXTURE
Sol:- The word MIXTURE has 3 vowels (I, U, E) and 4 consonants (M, X, T, R)
The no. of selecting 2 vowels from 3 vowels  3C2 ways
The no. of selecting 3 consonants from 4 consonants  4C3 ways
So, 5 letters (3 Consonants + 2 vowels) can be arranged in 5! ways
The no. of 5 letter words formed  4C3  3C2  5!  1440

4
1. Prove that
25
C4   (29r) C 3  30C4
r 0
4
Sol:- L.H .S .  25C4   29  r C3

r 0
 C4 
25
 29
C3  28C3  27 C3  26C3  25C3 
 25

C 4  25 C 3  26 C 3  27 C 3  28 C 3  29 C 3
 26
C 4  26 C  3
27
C 3  28 C 3  29 C 3
 27
C 4  27 C  3
28
C 3  29 C 3
 28
C 4  28 C  3
29
C3
C 3  C 4   Cr 1  C r  C r 
30 n n n 1
 29
C4  29
2. Simplify
34
C 5   38r C4
r 0
4
Sol:-
34
C5   38 r C4
r 0
 34

C5  34C4  35C4  36C4  37 C4  38C4
 35
C5  35 C  4
36
C4  37 C4  38C4
 36
C5  36 C  4
37
C4  38C4
 37
C5  37 C  4
38
C4
= 39 C5
BINOMIAL THEOREM 65
UNIT
BINOMIAL THEOREM
6 
 Binomial Expression :
An algebraic expression containing two terms is called a binomial expression.
1
Ex :- a  b, 2 x  3 y , x  etc are binomial expressions.
x
 Trinomial Expression :
An algebraic expression containing three terms is called a trinomial expression.
Ex :- a  b  c, 2 x  3 y  4 z etc are trinomial expressions.
 Multinomial Expression :
An algebraic expression containing more than two terms are called a multinomial ex-
pression.
Ex :- x  2y  3z, x  y  z  t etc are multinomial expressions.
Note :-
The general form of binomial expression is x  a and the expansion of  x  a n , where
n  N is called the binomial theorem. This theorem was first given by sir Issac Newton.
 Binomial Theorem for positive Integral Index :-
 Theorem 1 :- If x and a are real numbers, then

(x  a) n  n C0 x n a 0  n C1 x n 1. a1  n C2 x n  2 a 2       n Cx x n  r a r      n Cn x 0a n for
all n  N
Proof :- We shall prove the theorem by using the principle of mathematical induction on 'n'
For n=1, LHS  (x  a)'  x  a and RHS  1C0 x1 a 0  1C1 x 0 a1  x  a
Therefore, the theorem is true for n=1
Assume that the theorem is true for n=k
Then (x  a) k  k C x k a 0  k C  k C x k 1 a1  k C x k  2 a 2      k C x k  r a r      k C c0 a k    (1)
0 1 1 2 r k
Multiplying by on (x  a) on both sides of (1), we have

(x  a)k 1  (k C0 x k a 0  k C1 x k 1a1  k C2 x k 2a 2      k Cr x k r a r       k Ck x 0 a k ) (x  a)
 k C0 x k 1a 0  (k C0  k C1 )x k a1 (k C1  k C2 )x k 1a 2       (k  1)Cr x k r 1a r      (k  1)Ck 1x 0a k 1
 k C  1   k  1 c0 , k C  k C   k  1 Cr , r  1, 2,     k and k C  1   k  1 Ck 1 
 0 r 1 r k 
Therefore, the theorem is true for n  k  1
Hence, by the principle of mathematical induction, the theorem is true for all n  N
 Some Important Conclusions from the Binomial Theorem

n
1. (x  a) n   n Cr x n r a r     
x 0
Since r can have values from 0 to n, therefore the total number of terms in the expansion
of (x  a) n is n+1
2. The sum of the indices of 'x' and 'a' in each term is n
3. The coefficients n C0  C 0 , n C1  C1 , n C2  C 2 ,   , n Cn  C n are known as binomial
coefficients.
4. Since nCr  nC nr  for r  0,1, 2,     n therefore the coefficients of terms equidistant
from the beginning and end are equal
5. Replacing 'a' by '-a' in () , we get
n
(x  a) n   (1)r . n Cr x n r a r
r 0
 n C0 x a  n C1 x n 1a  n C2 x n  2a 2      (1) n n Cn x 0 a n
n 0
Thus, the terms in the expansion of (x  a)n are alternatively positive and negative. The
last term is positive or negative according as n is even or odd.
n n
6. Putting x = 1 and a = x in () , we get (1  x) 

n
n Cr x   Cr x r
r
r 0 r 0
  C0  C1x  C 2 x 2       C n x n
This is called Standard binomial expansion.
7. The coefficient of (r  1) term in the expansion of (1  x) n is n Cr or Cr
8. General term :-
nr r
The (r  1) th term in the expansion of (x  a) n is n Cr x a
It is denoted by Tr 1 . This is called the general term, because by giving different values to
r we can determine all terms of the expansion.
n r r
The general term in the expansion of (x  a)n is given by Tr 1  (1) n Cr x a
r
9.
10. In the binomial expansion of (x  a) n , kth term from the end is (n-k+2)th term from the
beginning. n
 p b
The coefficient of x in the binomial expansion of  ax  q  is n Cr a
nr
11. r br where
 x 
np  r
r
pq x
P n r  b 
Proof:- Tr 1  n Cr a x 
. q
x 
  n Cr a nr br . x npprqr
For this term to cotain x r , we must have  np  pr  qr  r
np  r
 np  r  (p  q)r  r 
pq
np  r
where r 
nr
Therefore, the coefficient of x r is n Cr a br ,
pq
BINOMIAL THEOREM 67
 p b
n
np  r
12. The term independent of x in the expansion of  ax  q  is n Cr a
nr
br where r 
 x  pq
th
n 
13. Middle terms :- (i) If n is even, then  1 term is called the middle term in the
2 
expansion of (x  a) n
th th
 n 1  n3
(ii) If n is odd, then   and   terms are called the middle terms in the
 2   2 
expansion of (x  a) n
 (n  1) (n  2) 
14. The number of terms in the trinomial expansion of (a  b  c)n is  
2

1. Expand 4x  5y 7 using binomial theorem
n
Sol:- (4x  5y)7   n Cr X n r a r , Where X  4x, a  5y and n  7
r 0
7
   7Cr (4x)7x (5y)x
r 0
5
2 7 
2. Expand  x  y  using binomial theorem
3 4 
5 n
 2x 7y  2x 7y
Sol:-      n Cr X n  r a r Where X  ,a and n  5
 3 4 r 0 3 4
5 5 r r
 2x   7y 
   5C r  3   4 
r 0
9
 2x 3y 
3. Find the 6 th term in the expansion of   
9  3 2 
 2x 3y 
Sol:- comparing    with  x  a  , we have
n
3 2
2x 3y
X
3
,a
2
and n  9
9 r r
n r  2x   3y 
The general term is Tr 1  n Cr X a  9 Cr  
r
 3  
2
 9Cr . 29 2r 32r 9. x9 r yr
9.8.7.6.5 1
Putting r  5 , we get T6  9C5 2 1.31 x 4 y 5  . .3.x 4 y5
1.2.3.4.5 2
 189 x 4 y5
14
 4 x2 
Find the 7 term in the expansion of  3  
2 
4. th
 x
14
 4 x2 
Sol:- Comparing  3   with (X  a)n , we have
 x 2 
4 x2
X , a  
and n  14
x3 2
14  r r
nr  4  x2 
The general term is Tr 1  n Cr X a  14C r  3 
r
x   2 
 14C r 2 283r. x 5r  42
12 14C6  210
Putting r=6, we get T7  14C6 2 
10
x
x12 8
 -23 3 
5. Find the 3rd term from the end in the expansion of  x - 2 
 x 
8
 2 3 
Sol:- Comparing  x 3  x 2  with (X  a)n , we have
 
2
 3
X  x 3 , a  2 and n  8

x
K = 3rd term from the end is n  k  2  8  3  2  7 th term from the beginning
8 r r
nr  2   3 
Now, Tr 1  n Cr X a  8C r  x 3 
r
 2 
  x
28  3 6
 
6
2 2
 3  4 12 8.7 6 340
Putting r = 6, we get T7  8C6 x 3
  2   8C 2 3 x
6 3
  3 .x  40/3 
x 1.2 x
6. Find the number of terms in the expansion of (2x + 3y + z)7
Sol:- Here n = 7 and r = 3
 (2x  3y  z)7 is
Therefore, the number of terms in the expansion of
98
 (n  r  1)C(r 1)  (7  3  1)C(31)  9C 2   36
1 2 10
 4
7. Find the coefficient of x-6 in the expansion of  3x - 
x
10 n
 4  p b
Sol:- Comparing  3x   with  ax  q  , we have
x x
a  3, p  1, b  4, q  1 and n  10
Therefore, the coefficient of x 6  x r in the expansion of
 4
10
np  8 10  6 16
  3x   is n C a n r b r , where r    8
 x r pq 11 2
 10C8 . 3108. (4)8
10.9 2 8
 10C8 . 32 . 48  . 3 .4  405  48
1.2
13
 2  3
8. Find the coefficient of x11 in the expansion of  2x + 3 
x
13 n
 3  p b
Sol:- Comparing  2x 2   with  ax   , we have
x3  xq 
a  2, p  2, b  3, q  3 and n  13
13
n r  3
Therefore, the coefficient of x11  x 8 in the expansion of  2x 2  3  is n Cr a b ,
r
x
np  r 26  11 15
where r  p  q  2  3  5  3
BINOMIAL THEOREM 69
13.12.11 10 3
 13C3 2133 33  . 2 . 3  286  210.33
1.2.3
10
 
9. Find the term independent of x in the expansion of  x + 3 2 
 3 2x 
10 n
 x 3   p b
Sol:- Comparing  3  2x 2 
 
with  ax  q  , we have
x
1 1 3
a
3
, p  , b  , q  2 and
2 2
 n  10 10
 x 3 
Therefore, the term independent of x in the expansion of  3  2x 2   is
 
np 5
 n Cr a n r b r where r  p  q  5
2
2
8 2
 1   3 10.9 1 32 45 5
10C 2      . .  
 3   2 1.2 34 22 36 4 14
 3 7
10. Find the term independent of x in the expansion of  4x + 2 
14
 x 
 3 7  p b
n
Sol:- Comparing  4x  2  with  ax  q  , we have

 x  x
a  4, p  3, b  7, q  2 and n  14 14
 3 7
Therefore, the term independent of x in the expansion of  4x  2  is
 x 
np 42
 n Cr a b where r 
n r r  is not an integer
pq 5
Hence, the term independent of x in the given binomial expansion is 0.
10
 3x 
11. Find the middle term(s) in the expansion of  - 2y 
 7 
10
 3x 
Sol:- Comparing   2y with (x  a) n , we have
 7 
3x
x , a  2y and n  10
7
Since n = 10 is even therefore Tn2 1  i.e., T6 is the middle term in the given binomial
expansion 10 r
nr  3x 
Now,  Tr 1  n Cr x a  10cr   ( 2y) r
r
 7
5 5
 3x   3
Putting r = 5, we get  T6  10C   (2y)   10C   2 x y
5 5 5 5
7 5
7 5
11
 3b 
12. Find the middle term(s) in the expansion of  4a + 
 2
11
 3b 
Sol:- Comparing  4a   with (x  A)n , we have
2
3b
x  4a, A 
2
and n  11
T T
Since n = 11 is odd, therefore n 1  and n 3 i.e., T6 and T7 are middle terms in the
2 2
11
 3b 
expansion of  4a  
2 r
nr 11 r  3b 
Now, Tr 1  n C r x A  11Cr (4a)  
r
 2
Putting r = 5 and r = 6, we get

5 6
 3b   3b 
T6  11C5 (4a)6 .   and T7  11C (4a)5  
 2 6
 2
T6  77.2 .3 .a b and T7  77.2 . 3 . a 5 b6
8 6 6 5 5 7
 11.10.9.8.7 
11C5  11C6   77  3  2

1.2.3.4.5
13. If the coefficients of (2r + 4) term and (3r + 4)th term in the expansion of (1 + x)21
th
are equal, find x.

Sol:- The coefficient of (r  1) th term in the expansion of (1  x) 21 is 21Cr
From the hypothesis, we get
21C2 r3  21C3 r3
 
 2r  3  3r  3 or 2r  3  3r  3  21  n Cr  n Cs  r  s or r  s  n
 r  0 or 5r  15
 r  0 or r  3

11
 2 1
1. If the coefficients of x10  in the expansion of  ax +  is equal to the coeffi-
11
 bx 
 1 
cient of x -10 in the expansion of  ax - 2  find the relation between 'a' and 'b'
 bx 
where 'a' and 'b' are real numbers.
11 n
 2 1  p B
Sol:- Comparing  ax   with  Ax  q  , we have
 bx   x 
1
A  a, P  2, B  , q  1 and n  11
b 11
 2 1
The coefficient of x10  x r in the expansion of   ax   is
 bx 
np  r 11(2)  10 12
nCr An r B r , where r    4
pq 2 1 3
11 n
 1   p B
Comparing  ax -  with  Ax   , we have
 bx 2  xq 
1
A  a, B  , p  1, q  2 and n  11
b 11
 1 
The coefficient of x 10  x r in the expansion of  ax - 2  is
 bx 
np  r 11(1)  (10) 21
nCr An r B r , where r    7
pq 1 2 3
4  1
7
11C4 a 4
 11C7 a   
 b b7
By hypothesis, we have
BINOMIAL THEOREM 71
11C4 a 7 11C4 a 4 1
  ab  1
3
4
 7
 a3 
3
b b b
 ab  1 ( a, b are real numbers ) 20
 2 1
2. If the coefficients of x 9 and x in the expansion of  2x - 
10
20 n
 x
 2 1  p b
Sol:- Comparing  2x -  with
  ax  q  , we have
x x
a  2, p  2, b  1, q  1 and n  20 20
 1
The coefficient of x 9  x r in the expansion of  2x   is
2
(i)
x
np  r (20) (2)  9 31
nr
 n Cr a b , where
r r   
pq 2 1 3 is not an integer
Therefore, the coefficient of x 9 is o. 20
 1
The coefficient of x10  x r in the expansion of  2x   is
2
(ii)
x
np  r (20) (2)  10 30
 n Cr a nr br , where r  p  q  2 1

3
 10
 20C10 210 (1)10  20C 10 210 14

 3 3
3. Find the sum of the coefficients of x 32 and x -18 in the expansion of  2x - 2 
14 n  x 
  3  p b
Sol:- Comparing  2x  2  with  ax  q  , we have
 x  x
a  2, p  3, b  3, q  2 and n  14
14
 3
The coefficient of x 32  x r in the expansion of  2x  2 
3
(i) is
x
np  r (14) (3)  32 10
 n Cr a b where r  p  q 
n r r
3 2

5
2
 14C2 212 (3)2  14C 2 212 32 14

 3 3
(ii) The coefficient of  x  x  in the expansion of  2x  2 
18 r
is
 x 
np  r (14)(3)  (18) 60
 n Cr a b where r  p  q 
n r r
3 2

5
 12
 14C12 22 (3)12  14C2 22 312

Therefore, the sum of the coefficients of x 32 and x 18 is
14.13 2 2 10 10
 14C2 212 32  14C2 22 312  14C2 22 32 (210  310 )  .2 .3 (2  3 )
1.2
  91 36(210  310 ) n
 8x 
4. Find the sum of the coefficients of x 11
and x 12
in the expansion of  2 +  are
 3
equal, then find the value of n.
n
 8x   b
n
Sol:- Comparing  2   with  ax p  x q  , we have

3
8
a  2, p  10, b  , q  1 and n  n
3 n
 8x 
(i) The coefficient of x  x in the expansion of 
11 r
2   is
 3
np  r n(0)  11
 n Cr a n r b r where r  p  q  0  1  11
12
 8
 n Cr 2n 11  
 3 n
 8x 
(ii) The coefficient of  x  n  in the expansion of  2   is
12 r
3
np  r n(0)  12
 n Cr a n r b r where r    12
12
pq 0 1
 8
 n C12 2 n 12  
 3 11 12
n 11  8   8
By hypothesis, we have n C11 2    n C12 2 n 12  
3  3
8 n C 3 n  12  1 3  nC n  r  1
 2.n C  n C    
12
 n 
r
11
3 nC12
4 12 11
4  C r 1
r 
n  11
  3  n  11  19  n  20 
3
5. Find the numerically greatest term(s) in the expansion of (4a - 6b)13 when a = 3, b = 5
aand
= 3, b = 5 13 13
  6b   13  3b 
Write (4a  6b)   4a 1     (4a) 1  
13
Sol:-
 4a  2a 13
 3b 
First we find the numerically greatest term in the expansion of  1  
13  2a 
 3b 
Comparing  1   with (1  x) n , we have
 2a 
3b 3  5 5
x   and n  13
2a 23 2
(n  1) | x | (13  1) 25 14  52 70
Now, m    7   10
1 | x | 1  25 2 7
 Tm and Tm 1  i.e., T10 and T11 are numerically greatest terms in the expansion of
13
 3b 
1   and T10  T11
2a
 5 
9
13C9 59  5 
10
13C10 510
T10  13C9 x 9  13C9    T  13
 11 C10 x 10
 13C10  
 2 29  2  210
Hence, the numerically greatest terms in the expansion of (4a  6b)13 are T10 and T11 .
They are
13C9 .59
T10  (4  3)  13
  13C9 .217.313.59  143  217.313.510 and
29
13C10.510
T11  (4  3) 
13
10
  13C10 .216.313.510  143  217.313.510
2
11
6. Find the numerically greatest term(s) in the expansion of (2 + 3x)10 when x =
10 10
8
   10  3x 
 3x
Write (2  3x)   2 1  2    2 1  2 
10
Sol:-
  10
 3x 
First we find the numerically greatest term in the expansion of  1  
2
10
 3x 
Comparing  1   with (1  x) n , we have
2
BINOMIAL THEOREM 73
3x 3  11 33
x     and n  10
2 2  8  16
(n  1) | x | (10  1) 16
33 363
369
Now, m  1 | x |  1  33  49  49 is not an integer
16
16 16
 363 
and [m]   7
 49  10
 3x 
Therefore, T(m)1  T 8 is the numerically greatest term in the expansion of  1   and
7
 2
 33 
T8  10C7 x  10C7  
7
 16 
Hence, the numerically greatest term in the expansion of (2  3x)10 is

7
 33  10C7 (33) 7
T8  210.10C7   
 16  218
7. Find the numerically greatest term(s) in the expansion of (3x - 4y)14 when x = 8, y = 3
xand
= 8, y = 3
14 14
  4y   14  4y 
Write (3x  4y)  3x 1     (3x)  1  
14
Sol:-
  3x    3x 
14
 4y 
First we find the numerically greatest term in the expansion of  1  
3x
14
 4y 
Comparing 1   with (1  x) n , we have
3x
4y 4  3 1
x   and  n  14
3x 38 2
(n  1) | x | (14  1) 21 15
Now, m     5 is an integer
2
1 | x | 1  21 3
2
Therefore, Tm ,and
TTmm ,T
1 m1 i.e., T5 ,TT
6 5 ,T6 are numerically greatest terms in the expansion
and
14
 4y 
  1   and T5  T6
of
 3x 
4
 1 14C
T5  14C4 x  14C4    4 4
4
and
 2 2
5
 1 14C
T6  14C5 x 5  14C5    5 5
 2 2
(3x  4y)14 are T5 ,T
Hence, the numerically greatest term in the expansion of 6T5 ,T6 .
and
They are
(24)1414C4
T5  4
 1001  224  314 and
2
(24)1414C5
T6  5
 1001  224  314
2
7
 Find the numerically greatest term(s) in the expansion of  (4 + 3x)15 when x =
2
 3x 
15
3x 3 7 21
Sol:- (4  3x)  4  1    (1   ) n where  n  15,  
15 15
   .
 4  4 4 2 8
(n  1)  (15  1)(21/ 8) 16  21 336
Now     11.59.
 1 21/ 8  1 29 29
12th term is the numerically greatest term and

T12 15C11 (4)1511 (3x) 15C 4 48 2111 / 211 15 C4 2111 / 23

Find the numerically greatest term(s) in the expansion of
2 10
1 4  3   20 
1. (3x + 5y) when x = , y =
12
Ans:- T11  12C10    
2 3  2  3 
11
4  28  4
2. (3 + 7x)n when x = , n = 15 Ans:- T11  15C11   3
5  5
PARTIAL FRACTIONS 75
UNIT
PARTIAL FRACTIONS
7 
 Rational Fraction :- If f ( x ) and g ( x ) are two polynomials and g ( x ) is a non-zero poly-
f ( x)
nomial, then is called a rational fraction.
g ( x)
f ( x)
 Proper and Improper Fractions :- A rational fraction
g ( x)
is called a proper fraction, if
the degree of f ( x ) is less than the degree of g ( x ) . Otherwise it is called an improper fraction.
f ( x)
 Rule (1) :- Let
g ( x)
be a proper fraction. To each non repeated factor ( ax  b) of g ( x ) ,
A
there will be a partial fraction of the form , Where 'A' is a non-zero real number, to be
ax  b
determined.
f ( x)
 Rule (2) :- Let
g ( x)
be a proper fraction. To each non repeated factor (ax  b) n , a  0 ,
where 'n' is a positive integer, of g ( x ) there will partial fraction of the form,
A1 A2 An
  ..............................  , where A1 , A2 ,................ An are to be
ax  b (ax  b) 2
(ax  b) n
determined constants.
f ( x)
 Rule (3) :- Let
g ( x)
be a proper fraction. To each non repeated quadratic factor
Ax  B
 
ax 2  bx  c , a  0 of g ( x ) there will be a partial fraction of the form 2
ax  bx  c
, where
A, B  R
f ( x)
 Rule (4) :- Let
g ( x)
be a proper fraction. If n(  1)  N is the largest exponent so that
 ax 
n
2
 bx  c , a  0, is a factor of g ( x ) , then corresponding to each such factor, there will
be partial fractions of them form
A1 x  B1 A2 x  B2 An x  Bn
  ............................. 
ax  bx  c ax 2  bx  c    ax 
2 2 n
2
 bx  c
where A1 , A2 ,........... An , B1 , B2 ,...................Bn  R
f ( x)
 of
g ( x)
is an improper fraction with degree of f ( x )  the deg. of g ( x ) then by using
f ( x) R( x) r ( x)
division algorithm,  q( x)  , where  q( x)  0 is a proper fraction. Further
g ( x) g ( x) g ( x)
r ( x)
can be resolved into partial fractions using the above rules.
g ( x)
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

5x + 1
1. Resolve into partial fractions.
(x + 2)(x - 1)
5x  1 A B
Sol:- Let  
( x  2)( x  1) x  2 x  1
Where A and B are non-zero real numbers to be determined.
5x  1 A  x  1  B  x  2 
Then ( x  2)( x  1) 
 x  2  x  1
 A  x  1  B  x  2   5 x  1 ....... (1)
Puting x = 1 in eq. (1), we get
3B = 5+1, i.e. B = 2
Puting x = –2 in eq. (1), we get
–3A = –9, i.e. A = 3
5x  1 3 2
  
( x  2)( x  1) x  2 x  1
2x + 3
(x + 1)(x - 3)
2x  3 A B
Sol:- Let  
( x  1)( x  3) x  1 x  3
2  1  3 1 2  3  3 9
 A  , B 
1  3 4 3 1 4
2x  3 1 9 1
   
 x  1 x  3 4  x  1 4  x  3 4  x  1
5x  6
(i) Resolve  2  x 1  x  into partial fractions.
5x  6 4 11
Ans:  
 2  x 1  x  3  2  x  3 1  x 
x 2 + 5x + 7
(x - 3)3
x2  5x  7 A B C
Sol:- Let ( x - 3)   
3
x  3  x  3  x  33
2
Where A, B and C are constants to be determined.

x 2  5 x  7 A  x  3  B  x  3  C
 
 x  3
3
( x - 3)3
 x 2  5 x  7  Ax 2   B  6 A  x   9 A  3B  C 
...... (1)
Now, comparing the coefficients of like powers of x in (1), we get
A = 1, B – 6A = 5, 9A – 3B + C = 7
Solving these equations we get A = 1, B = 11, C = 31.
x2  5x  7 1 11 31
   
( x - 3) 3
 x  3   x  3   x  3 3
2

2x  3
(i) Resolve x  1 3 into partial fractions.
 
2x  3 2 5
Ans:  
 x  1  x  1  x  1
3 2 3
x2  2 x  6
(ii) Resolve into partial fractions.
 x  2
3
x2  2x  6 1 2
Ans:  
 x  2
3
 x  2   x  2 3
x 2 + 13x + 15
4. Resolve (2x + 3) x + 3 2 into partial fractions.
 
Sol:- Here (2x+3) is a linear factor and (x+3) is repeated linear factor. We apply Rules I and II and
write
x 2  13 x  15 A B C
  
(2 x  3)  x  3 2 x  3 x  3  x  3 2
2
Where A, B and C are constants to be determined.

 A  x  3  B  2 x  3 x  3  C  2 x  3  x 2  13 x  15 ...... (1)
2
Putting x = –3 in (1) we get, –3C = –15 or C = 5

3 9 A 9
Putting x  in (1), we get,  or A = –1.
2 4 4
Now comparing the coefficients in eq. (1), we get
A + 2B = 1
i.e. –1 +2B = 1 ( A = –1)
B=1
x 2  13 x  15 1 1 5
   
(2 x  3)  x  3 2 x  3 x  3  x  32
2
x4
( x  4)( x  1)
2
x4 x4 A B C
Sol:-  2   
( x  4)( x  1) ( x  2)( x  2)( x  1) x  1 x  2 x  2
2 2
x  4  A ( x  2)( x  2)  B ( x  1)( x  2)  c ( x  1)( x  2) ...............(1)

Putting x  1 in (1), we get
1  4  A(1  4)  0  0  3 A  3  A  1
Putting x  2 in (1), we get
2 1
2  B ( 2  1)(2  2)  4 B  2  B  
4 2
Putting x  2 in (1), we get
6 1
6  C (2  1)(2  2)  12C  6  c  
12 2
1 1
A  1, B  , C 
2 2
x4 1 1 1
   
( x 2  4)( x _1) x  1 2( x  2) 2( x  2)

1
(i) Resolve x  1 2 x  2 into partial fractions.
   
Ans: Example 3, Page No. 266 from Text Book.
9
(ii) Resolve x  1 x  2 2 into partial fractions.
  
9 1 1 3
Ans:   
 x  1 x  2  x  1 x  2  x  2 2
2
x2 - 3
(x + 2)(x 2 + 1)
x2  3 A Bx  c
Sol:- Let   2
( x  2)( x  1) x  2 x  1
2
x 2  3  A( x 2  1)  ( Bx  c)( x  2)
1
x  2  4  3  A(4  1)  0  5 A  1  A 
5
Comparing x2 coefficients
1 4
1  a  B  B  1 A  1 
5 5
Comparing Constants
1 16
 3  A  2c  2c   3  A   3  
5 5
16 8
C  
5x2 5
x2  3 1 4x  8
  
( x  2)( x  1) 5( x  2) 5( x 2  1)
2
2x 2 + 1
x3 - 1
2x2  1 2x2  1 A Bx  C
Sol:-    2
x  1 ( x  1)( x  x  1) x  1 x  x  1
3 2
2 x 2  1  A( x 2  x  1)  ( Bx  C )( x  1)
 Ax 2  Ax  A)  Bx 2  Bx  Cx  C
2 x 2  1   A  B x2   A  B  C  x   A  C 
Comparing x 2 coefficients A  B  2 ................................(1)
Comparing x coefficients A  B  C  0 ..........................(2)
Comparing Constants A  C  1 .................................(3)

(1) + (2)
A B  2
A B C  0
------------------
2 A  C  2 .........................(4)
AC 1
------------------
3A  3  A  1
(1)  1  B  2  B  2  1  1
(3)  1  C  1  C  1  1  0  C  0
 A  1, B  1, C  0
2x2  1 1 x
   2
x 1 x 1 x  x 1
3
3x 3 - 2x 2 - 1
8. Resolve 4 into partial fractions.
x + x2 + 1
    
2
Sol:- x4  x2  1  x2  1  x2  x2  x  1 x2  x  1
3x3  2 x 2  1 Ax  B Cx  D
 Let 4  2  2
x  x 1
2
x  x 1 x  x 1
3x3  2 x 2  1  ( Ax  B)( x 2  x  1)  (Cx  D )( x 2  x  1)
comparing the coefficients of x3 , x 2 , x and constants in (1), we get
A  C  3 .........................................(2)
 A  B  C  D  2 ........................(3)
A  B  C  D  0 .............................(4)
B  D  1 .......................................(5)
(2)  C  3  A ...............................(6)
(5)  D  1  B .............................(7)
Putting these values in (3), we get
4
 A  B  3  A  1  B  2  2 A   4  A  2 A 2
2
Putting these values in (4), we get
A  B  3  A 1  B  0
2
2 B  2  B  1 B 1
2
(6)  C  3  2  1 C  1
(7)  D  1  1  2  D  2
3x  2 x  1
3 2
2x  1 x2
 4  2  2
x  x 1
2
x  x 1 x  x 1
2 x 2  3x  4
(i)
  
Resolve x  1 x 2  2 into partial fractions.
2 x 2  3x  4 3 2 x
  2
Ans:
 x  1  x  2  x  1 x  2
2
x4
(x - 1)(x - 2)
x4 x4
Sol:-  2
( x  1)( x  2) ( x  3x  2)
15 x  14
 x 2  3x  7  ............................(1)
x 2  3x  2
15 x  14 15 x  14 A B
   
x  3 x  2 ( x  1)( x  2) x  1 x  2
2
15 x  14  A( x  2)  B( x  1)
x  1  15  14  A(1  2)  B (1  1)
1  A( 1)  B (0)
1   A  A  1
x  2  30  14  A(2  2)  B (2  1)
16  A(0)  B (1)
16  B
 A  1, B  16
x4 1 16
 From (1) ( x  1)( x  2)  x  3x  7  x  1  x  2
2
x3
(x - a)(x - b)(x - c)
x3 A B C
Sol:-  1  
( x  a )( x  b)( x  c ) xa xb xc
x3  ( x  a)( x  b)( x  c)  A( x  b)( x  c)  B( x  a( x  c)  ( x  a )( x  b)
a3
x  a  a  0  A(a  b)(a  c)  0  0   
3
(a  b)(a  c)
b3
x  b  b3  0  0  B(b  a)(b  c)  0  B 
(b  a)(b  c)
c3
x  c  c3  0  0  0  c(c  a)(c  b)  C 
(c  a)(c  b)
x3 a3 b3 c3
  1  
( x  a ( x  b)( x  c) (a  b)(a  c)( x  a) (b  a)(b  c)( x  b) (c  a )(c  b)( x  c)

x2
(i) Resolve x  1 x  2 into partial fractions.
  
x2 1 4
Ans:  
 x  1 x  2  x 1 x  2
MEASURES OF DISPERSION 83
UNIT
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
8 
 Measyres if dispeesion :
Range, mean deviation, variance, stancdard deviation are some measures of deviation.
 Range : Range is defined as the difference of maximum value and minimum value of the data.
 Mean deviation for ungrouped data :
(i) Mean deviation about the mean 

1
n
 x  x
i
(n  number of observations, x  mean, x i  observations)

1
(ii) Mean deviation about median 
n
 | x i  med |
( x i  observations, n  number of observations, med.  median)
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

1. Find the mean deviation from the mean of the following discrete data.
6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 4, 12, 16
Sol:- The Arithmetic mean of the given data is
6  7  10  12  13  4  12  16
x  10
8
The absolute values of the deviations :
x i  x are 4, 3, 0, 2, 3, 6, 2, 6
The mean deviation from the mean
8
x i x
4  3  0  2  3  6  2  6 26
= i 1
   3.25
8 8 8
2. Find the mean deviation from the median of the following discrete data.
6, 7, 10, 12, 13, 4, 12, 16
Sol:- Expressing the data points in the ascending order of magnitude, we get
4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 12, 13, 16
Then the median of these eight observations
10  12
b  11
2
Then the absolute values
x i  b are 7, 5, 4, 1, 1, 1, 2, 5
The mean deviation from the median

8
x i b
26
= i 1
  3.25 .
8 8
3. Find the mean deviation about the mean for the following data
3, 6, 10, 4, 9, 10
Sol:- Mean of the given data is
3  6  10  4  9  10 42
x  7
6 6
The absolute values of the deviataions are 4, 1, 3, 3, 2, 3
The required mean deviation about mean is
6
x i x
4  1  3  3  2  3 16
 i 1
   2.67
6 6 6
4. Find the mean deviation about the median for the followind data
4, 6, 9, 3, 10, 13, 2
Sol:- The ascending order of the observations in the given data : 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 13
Median of the given data is
7 1
M th term  6
2
The absolute values of the deviataions are 4, 3, 2, 0, 3, 4, 7.
The required mean deviation about median is
7
x i M
4  3  2  0  3  4  7 23
M.D.  i 1
   3.29
7 7 7

(i) Find the mean deviation about the mean for the following data
38, 70, 48, 40, 42, 55, 63, 46, 54, 44
(ii) Find the mean deviation about the median for the followind data
13, 17, 16, 11, 13, 10, 16, 11, 18, 12, 17
PROBABILITY 85
UNIT
PROBABILITY
9 
Probability is one of the important branches of mathematics. The theory of prob-
ability was initiated in the field of gambling but it now plays a vital role in several branches
of cience and Engineering. There are two approaches to probability namely
I. Classical approach
II. axiomatic approach
In order to define clasical definition of probability, we need the terminology like (i) Ran-
dom experiment (ii) event (iii) Mutually exclusive events (iv) Equally likely events (v) ex-
haustive events.
Definition :-
RANDOM EXPERIMENT :- An experiment that can be repeated any number of times
under identical conditiions in which
(i) All possible outcomes of the experiment are known in advance.
(ii) The actual outcome in a particular case is not known in advance is called a random
experiment.
Examples:-
1.1 Tossing a coin (unbiased) is a random experiment. Here possible outcomes are Head
(H), and Tail(T) [we can toss a coin (unbiased) any number of times under identical
condition and in a particular trial we can not say whether Head (H) will fall or Tail(T) will
fall. Hence tossing a coin is a random experiment.]
1.2 Throughing a die (fair die)
Here possible outcomes are getting a face numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6
Note :- Random experiment is denoted by 
Def. 2 :-
(i) Any possible outcome of a random experiment is called an elementary event (or simple
event)
(ii) The set of all elementary events (possible outcomes) of a Random experiment is called
the sample space
Sample space is denoted by S.
(iii) An elementary event is a point of the sample space.
(iv) A subset E of S is called an event
i.e., a set of elementary events is called an event.
(v) The complement of an event E is denoted by EC and it defined EC  S  E (EC is called
the complementary event of E)
SOME IMPORTANT POINTS ON PLAYING CARDS, CHESS BOARD :-

PLAYING CARDS :
(i) A pack of playing cards has 52 cards
(ii) There are four suits in playing cards namely spade, heart, diamond and club
(iii) Each suit consists of 13cards, cards marked numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 are known
as general cards where as Ace, king, Queen and Jack are called honourable cards (or
Major Cards). There are 16 Major cards in a pack.
(iv) King, Queen and Jack are known as face cards. Total number of face cards in a pack are
12
(v) Identical sets in a pack : There are 13 identical sets like 4 aces, 4 kings, 4 Queens, 4
Jacks............ 4 cards each marked number 10, 9, 8, ............, 2
(vi) Number of colours (Number of shade) : There are only two colours in a pack namely
black and red. There are 26 red cards, and 26 black cards. Heart and diamond are of red
colour, Where as spade and club are of black colour.
SHORT AND LONG ANSWER TYEPE QUESTIONS

1. A fair coin is tossed 200 times. Find the probability of getting a head an odd num-
ber of times.
Sol:- Experiments : A fair coin is tossed 200 times
n = 2 x 2 x..........x 2 (200 times)
= 2200
E : The event of getting a head an odd number of times
m  200C1  200C 3  200C5 .............. 200C  2200 1  2199
199
m 2199 1
P(E)   
n 2200 2
2. Out of 30 consecutive integers, two integers are drawn at random. Find the
probability that their sum is odd.
Sol:- Experiment : Drawing two integers from 30 consecutive integers
30  29
n  30C2   15  29
2
E : The Event that the sum of the two integers drawn is odd
m  15C 1  15C1 [sum of two integers is odd if out of two one is even and one is odd.
There are 15 even and 15 odd integers in 30 consecutive integers]
 15  15
 225
m 225 15
P(E)   
n 15  29 29
PROBABILITY 87
3. Find the probability of throwing a total score of 7 with 2 dice ?

Sol:- Experiment : Throwing 2 dice
n = 6 x 6 = 36 S  1,11,2 .............. 1,6
 2,1 2,2 .............. 2,6
.........................................
.........................................
 6,1 6,2 .............. 6,6
E : The event of getting a total of 7
E  (1,6)(2,5)(3,4)(4,3)(5,2)(6,1)
m  n(E)  6
m n(E) 6 1
P(E)    
n n(S) 36 6
4. A page in opened at random from a book containg 200 pages. What is the
probability that the number on the page is a perfect square ?
Sol:- Experiment : Opening a page of a book of 200 pages
n  200C1  200
E : The event that the opened page number in a perfect square
 
E  12 ,22 ,32 ,...........142  1,4,9,.............196
m  n(E)  14
m n(E) 14 7
P(E)    
n n(S) 200 100
5. If 4 fair coins are tossed simultaneously, then find the probability that 2 heads
and 2 tails appear.
Sol:- Experiment : Tossing 4 fair coins
n  n(s)  24  16
E : The event of getting 2 heads and 2 tails
E = { HHTT, HTHT, THTH, HTTH, THHT, TTHH }
4!
m  n(E)  6 
2!2!
m n(E) 6 3
P(E)    
n n(S) 16 8
6. Find the probability that a non-leep year contains (i) 53 Sundays (ii) 52 Sun-
days only.
Sol:- A non leep year contains 365 days, Hence 52 sundays and 1 day
(i) E : The event that a non leep year contains 53 sundays
P(E1) = probability that the 1 day is Sunday

1
 [ favourable case is only 1 that is Sunday total no. of days of a week is 7 ]
7
(ii) E2 : The event that a non leap year contains only 52 sundays
P(E2) = The probability that the 1 day is not a sunday
= The probability that the 1 day is MON, TUE, WED, THUR, FRI, SAT
6
 [ Favourable cases 6. total no. of days of a week is 7 ]
7
Probability - Axiomatic approach :-
Let S be the Sample space of a random experiment which is finite. Then a function
P : P(S)  R satisfying the following axioms is called a Probability Function [ P(S) is the
power set of S]
(i) P(E)  0 E  P(S) [axiom of Non-negativity]
(ii) P(S) = 1
(iii) If E1,E2  P(S)and E1  E2   then
P E1  E2   P(E1 )  P(E2 ) [axiom of additivity]

Note :- Let S be a sample space of a random experiment and P be a probability function
on P(S), then
(i) P( )  0
(ii) P(EC)=1-P(E)
(iii) If E1  E2 Then P E2  E1   P(E2 )  P(E1 )
(iv) If E1  E2 Then P(E1 )  P(E2 )
Additional theorem on probability
7. State and prove addition theorem on probability.
Statement :- If E1, E2 are any two events of a random experiment and P is a probability
function then P E1  E2   P(E1 )  P(E2 )  P E1  E2 
Proof:-Case(i) Suppose E1  E2  
 P E1  E2   0
We know that P E1  E2   P(E1 )  P(E2 ) [ from axiom of additivity ]
 P E1  E2   P(E1 )  P(E2 )  0
 P E1  E2   P(E1 )  P(E2 )  P E1  E2 

Case (ii) :-
Suppose E1  E2  
PROBABILITY 89
E1  E2  E1  E2  E1 
 P E1  E 2   P E1  E 2  E1  
 P E1  E2   P(E1 )  P E2  E1   E1  E 2  E1    
 P E1  E 2   P(E1 )  P E 2  E1  E 2    E 2  E1  E 2   E 2  E1 
 P E1  E2   P(E1 )  P  E2   P E1  E2 
 P  A  B  P  A   P B if B  A and sinceE1  E2  E2 

No. Event Set-Theoratic description
1. Event A or Event B to occur AB
2. Both event A and B to occur A B
A C  BC   A  B
C
3. Neither A nor B occurs
4. A occurs but B does not occur A  BC
5. Exactly one of the events A, B to occur
(A  B)  (B  A) or
(A  B)  (A  B)
Applications of Addition Theorem on probability :-
8. If A and B are two events, then show that i) P(A  B) = P(A)  P(A  B).
ii) The probability tht exactly one of them occurs, is given by
P(A) + P(B)  2P(A  B).
Sol:- i) A = (A  B)  (A  B) and  = (A  B)  (A  B) A B
 P(A)  P[(A  B)  (A  B)] = P(A  B) + P(A  B)

 P(A  B)  P(A)  P(A  B).
ii) The probability that exactly one of them occurs
 P[(A  B)  (B  A)] = P(A  B) + P(B  A)
 P(A)  P(A  B)  P(B)  P(A  B)  P(A)  P(B)  2P(A  B).
9. Suppose A and B are events with P(A) = 0.5, P(B) = 0.4 and P(A  B) = 0.3.
Find the probability that i) A does not occur ii) neither A nor B occurs.
Sol:- i) The pobability that A does not occur = P(Ac) = 1  P(A) = 1  0.5 = 0.5.
ii) The probability that neighter A nor B occurs = P(Ac  Bc) = P(A  B)c = 1  P(A  B)
= 1 P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B)] = 1  [0.5 + 0.4  0.3] = 0.4.
10. In an Experiment of drawing a card at random from a pack. The event of
getting a spade is denoted by A and getting a pictured card (King, Queen or
Jack) is denoted by B. Find the probabilities of A, B, A  B and A  B .
Sol:- Experiment : Drawing a card from a pack

n = n(S) = 52C1  52
A : The event of getting a spade card
n(A) 13 1
n (A) = 13C1  13 P(A)   
n(S) 52 4
B : The event of getting a pictured card
n(B)  12C1 [ 4 kings + 4 Queens + 4 Jacks]
= 12
n(B) 12 3
P(B)   
n(S) 52 13
A  B : The event that the drawn card is a spade pictured card
n(A  B)  3C1  3 [ one spade king + one spade Queen + one spade Jack]
n(A  B) 3
P(A  B)  
n(S) 52
P(A  B)  P(A)  P(B)  P(A  B) ( Addition Theorem)
13 12 3 13  12  3 22
    
52 52 52 52 52
11
P(A  B) 
26
11. In a class of 60 boys and 20 girls half of the boys and half of the girls know
cricket. Find the probability of the event that a person selected from the
class in either a boy, or a girl knowing cricket.
Sol:- Total no. of persons in the class = 80 (60B+20G)
Experiment : Selecting a person from the class
n  n(S)  80C1  80
A : The event that the selected person is a boy
B : The event that the selected person is a girl knowing cricket.
A1B=i
AcB : The event that the selected person is a boy or a girl knowing cricket.
n(A)  60C1  60 ; n(B)  10C1  10 (Half of 20 Girls)
n(A) 60 n(B) 10
P(A)   P(B)  
n(S) 80 n(S) 80
P(A  B)  P(A)  P(B)  A  B   
60 10 70 7
   
80 80 80 8
12. If one ticket is randomly selected from tickets numbered from 1 to 30, then
find the probability that the number on the ticket is (i) a multiple of 5 or 7 (ii)
multiple of 3 or 5.
PROBABILITY 91
Sol:- Experiment : Selecting one ticket from 30 tickets numbered from 1 to 30

n  n(S)  30C1  30
A : The event that the number on the ticket is a multiple of 5
B : The event that the number on the ticket is a multiple of 7
C : The event that the number on the ticket is a multiple of 3
A = { 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30} B = {7, 14, 21, 28} C = {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30}
n(A)  6, n(B)  4, n(C)  10
A  B  The event that the number is a multiple of both 5 and 7
A  C  The event that the number is a multiple of both 5 and 3
A B  , A  C  {15,30}
n  A  C  2
(i) P(A  B)  P(A)  P(B)  A  B   
n(A) n(B) 6 4 10 1
     
n(S) n(S) 30 30 30 3
(ii) P(A  C)  P(A)  P(C)  P(A  C)
n(A) n(C) n(A  C) 6 10 2 14 7
       
n(S) n(S) n(S) 30 30 30 30 15
13. A, B, C are 3 news papers from a city. 20% of the population read A, 16%
read B, 14% read C, 8% both A and B, 5% both A and C, 4% both B and C
and 2% all the three. Find the percentage of the population who read atleast
one news paper.
Sol:- A  B  C : The event that read atleast one of A or B or C
20 16 14 8
Given P(A)  P(B)  P(C)  P(A  B) 
100 100 100 100
5 4 2
P(A  C)  P(B  C)  P(A  B  C) 
100 100 100
P(A  B  C)  P(A)  P(B)  P(C)  P(A  B)  P(B  C)  P(C  A)  P(A  B  C)
20 16 14 8 4 5 2 52  17
       
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
35

100
35% population read atleast one of A, B, C
14. The probability for a contractor to get a road contract is 2/3 and to get a
building contract is 5/9. The probability to get atleast one contract is 4/5.
Find the probability that he gets both the contracts.
Sol:- Let A be the event of getting road contract, B be the event of getting building con-
tract.
 P(A) = 2/3,P(B)  5 / 9,P(A  B) = 4/5
2 5 4 30  25  36 19
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B)      .
3 9 5 45 45
15. In a committee of 25 members each member in proficient either in Math-
ematics or in Statistics or in both. If 19 of these are proficient in Mathemat-
ics, 16 in Statistics. Find the probability that a person selected from the com-
mittee in proficient in both.
Sol:- When a person is chosen at random from the acadey consisting of 25 members, let
A be the event that the person is an expert in Mathematics, B be the event that the
person is an expert in Statistics and S be the sample sapce Since 19 members
are experts in Mathematics and 16 members are experts in Statics,
19 16
 P(A  B) = P(S)  P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B) = 1  +  P(A  B) = 1
25 25
19 16 19  16  25 10 2
 P (A  B ) = + 1   .
25 25 25 25 5
16. A, B, C are three horses in a race. The probability of A to win the race is
tweice of B, and the probability of B is twice that of C. What are the prob-
abilities of A, B, C to win the race?
Sol:- Let, A, B, C be the events that the horses A, B, C win the race repectively.
Given P(A) = 2P(B), P(B) = 2P(C).
 P(A) = 2P(B) = 2 x 2P(C) = 4P(C)
Since the horses A, B and C run the race, A  B  C  S and A, B, C mutually
disjoint.
P(A  B  C)  P(A)  P(B)  P(C)  4P(C)  2P(C)  P(C)  1
1
 7P(C)  1  P(C)  .
7
4 2
P(A)  4P(C)  ; P(B)  2P(C)  .
7 7
Conditional probability :-
Conditional Event :- Suppose A and B are two events of a random experiment. If the
event 'B' occurs after the occurance of the Event 'A' then the event : "happening of B
after the happening of A" is called Conditional Event and is denoted by B/A, Similarly A/B
stands for the event : "happening fo 'A' after the happening of B"
Conditional probability :- If 'A' and 'B' are two events of a sample space S and
PROBABILITY 93
P(A)=0, then the probability of B after the occurance of 'A', and is denoted by P(B A)
It is defined as
P(B  A)
P(B A) 
P(A)
 Where P(A)  0
P(A  B)
Similarly P(A B) 
P(B)
 where P(B)  0
Multiplication theorem of probability :-
State and prove multiplication theorem of probability
Statement :- If A and B are two events of a random experiment with P(A)  0 and
P(B)  0 then P(A  B)  P(A)P(B A)  P(B)P(A B)
Proof:-By the definition of conditional probability
P(B  A)
P(B A) 
P(A)
 P(B  A)  P(A).P(B A)............(1)
P(A  B)
Similarly P(A B) 
P(B)
 P(A  B)  P(B).P(A B)............(2)
From (1) and (2)
P(A  B)  P(A)P(B A)  P(B)P(A B)
Note : P(A  B  C)  P(A)P(B A)P(C A  B)
Def : Independent events :- Two events A and B of an experiment are called inde-
pendent if P(A  B)  P(A ).P(B)
Note :-
(i) If A and B are independent then P(B A)  P(B) . That is conditional probability of B given
A as same an probability of B (That is probability of B does not depend on A)
(ii) If A and B are independent P(A B)  P(A) (does not depend on B)
(iii) IF A, B and C are independent P(A  B  C)  P(A).P(B).P(C)
17. A pair of dice is thrown. Find the probability that either of the dice shows 2
when their sum is 6
Sol:- Experiment : Throwing a pair of dice
n = n(s) = 6x6 = 36
A : The event that the sum of the two number on the dice is 6
B : The event that 2 appears one either of the dice
Required event B A : The event that either of the dice shows 2 when their sum is 6
A = {(1, 5)(2, 4)(3, 3)(4, 2)(5, 1)}
B = {(2, 1)(2, 2)(2, 3)(2, 4)(2, 5)(2, 6)(1, 2)(2, 2)(3, 2)(4, 2)(5, 2)(6, 2)}
A  B  {(2, 4)(4, 2)}

n(A) 5
P(A)  
n(S) 36
n(A  B) 2
P(A  B)  
n(S) 36
 B  P(A  B) 2 / 36
P     2/5
A P(A) 5 / 36
18. An urn contains 7 red and 3 black balls. Two balls are drawn without re-
placement. What is the probability that the second ball is red if it is known
that the first ball drawn is red.
Sol:- Total no. of balls in the urn = 10 (7R+3B)
E1 : The event that the first ball drawn is red
E2 : The event that the second ball drawn is red
The required event : E2 E1 the second ball drawn is red if first ball drawn in Red
n  E2 E1  6C1  6 (There are only 6 Red balls since the first ball drawn is red and it is
not replaced)
n(S)  9C1 (There are only 9 balls since one ball is already drawn)
n  E2 E1 6 2
P  E2 E1   
n(S) 9 3
Applications of Multiplication theorem:-
19. A box contains 4 defective and 6 good bulbs. Two bulbs are drawn at ran-
dom without replacement. Find the probability that both the bulbs drawn
are good.
Sol:- A : The event that the first bulb drawn is good
B : The event that the second bulb drawn is good.
n(A)  6C1  6
6 5
n(B A)  5C1  5 (One good bulb is alread drawn), P(A)  P B A  
10 9
Required event A  B : The event that both the bulbs drawn are good.
P(A  B)  P(A).P(B A)
6 5 1
 . 
10 9 3
20. A bag contains 10 identical balls of which 4 are blue and 6 are red three
balls are taken out at random from the bag one after other. Find the prob-
ability that all the three balls drawn are red.
PROBABILITY 95
Sol:- A : The event that the first ball drawn is red

B : The event that the second ball drawn is red
C : The event that the third ball drawn is red
Required event : A  B  C : the event that all the three balls drawn are red.
 B
n(A)  6C1  6 n    5C1  5 (One red ball is already drawn)
 A
n(C A  B)  4C1  4 (two red balls drawn already)
P  A  B  C  P(A).P(B A).P(C A  B)
6 5 4
 . .
10 9 8
1

6
21. Bag B1 contains 4 white and 2 black balls. Bag B2 contains 3 white and 4
black balls. A bag is drawn at random and a ball is chosen at random from it.
What is the probability that the ball drawn is white.
Sol:- Let E1 : event of choosing bag B1
E2 : event of choosing bag B2
1
Then P(E1 )  P(E2 ) 
2
Let W : event that the ball chosen from the selected bag is white
4 2 3
Then : P  W E1    , P  W E2  
6 3 7
Required event A:  W  E1    W  E2  (Selecting a bag and then selecting a white
ball from it. That is selecting first bag and a
white ball from it or selecting second ball
and a white ball from it)
P(A)  P E1  W   E2  W  
 P E1  W   P E2  W    W  E1    W  E2    
 P(E1 ).P  W E1   P(E2 ).P  W E2 
1 2 1 3
 .  .
2 3 2 7
1 3
 
3 14
23

42
22. There are 3 black and 4 white balls in one bag, 4 black and 3 white balls in
the second bag. A die is rolled and the first bag is selected if the die shows
up 1 or 3, and the second bag for the rest. Find the probability of drawing a
black ball from the bag thus selected.
Sol:- E1 : Event of selecting first bag
E2 : Event of selecting second bag
2 1
P(E1 )   (1 or 3 out of six outcomes)
6 3
4 2
P(E2 )   (Remaining 2,4,5,6 out of 6)
6 3
B : Event that the ball drawn is black from the selected bag.
3 4
P(B E1 )  P(B E2 ) 
7 7
Required event W  E1  B  E2  B
P(W )  P E1  B   E 2  B  
 P E1  B   P E2  B   E1  B   E2  B    
 P(E1 ).P(B E1 )  P(E2 ).P(B E2 )

1 3 2 4

.  .
3 7 3 7
3  8 11
 
21 21
Applications of Independent events :-
23. A and B are independent events and P(A) = 0.2, P(B)=0.5 Then Find the val-
ues of (i) P  A B (ii) P B A  (iii) P  A  B (iv) P  A  B
Sol:- (i) P  A B  P(A) ( A, B are independent)
= 0.2
(ii) P  B A   P(B) ( A, B are independent)
= 0.5
(iii) P  A  B   P(A).P(B) ( A, B are independent)
 (0.2)(0.5)
 0.1
(iv) P  A  B  P(A)  P(B)  P(A  B)
 0.2  0.5  0.1
 0.6
PROBABILITY 97
24. A speaks truth in 75% of the cases and B in 80% cases. What is the prob-
ability that their statements about an incident do not match.
Sol:- Let E1 : The event that A speaks truth about an incident
E2 : The event that B speaks truth about an incident
75 3 80 4
Then P(E1 )   ; P(E2 )  
100 4 100 5
3 1 4 1
 P(E1C )  1   ; P(EC2 )  1  
4 4 5 5
Required event E : The event that their statement do not match about the incident
  
E  E1  EC2  E1C  E 2 

P(E)  P  E1  E C
2   E C
1 
 E2 

 P E1  EC2   P E E    
 E1  EC2  E1C  E2   
C

1 2  
P(E)  P(E1 ).P(E2 )  P(E1 ).P(E2 )  E1,E2 areindependent 
C C
 3   1  1   4 
     
 4  5  4  5 
34 7
 
20 20
25. A problem in calculus is given to two students A and B whose chances of solving
it are 1/3 and 1/4 respectively. Find the probability of the problem being solved if
both of them try independently.
Sol:- Let E1 : The event that the problem is solved by A
E2 : The event that the problem is solved by B
1 1
Given P(E1 )  P(E2 ) 
3 4
Required Event : E1  E2 : The event that the problem being solved (that is the problem
is solved by either A or B or by both)
P E1  E2   P(E1 )  P(E2 )  P(E1  E2 )
1 1
   P(E1 ).P(E2 )
3 4
1 1  1  1 
     . 
3 4  3  4
4  3 1 6 1
  
12 12 2
26. If A and B are independent events with P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.7 then find
(i) P(A  B) (ii) P(A  B) (iii) P(B A) (iv) P(A C  BC )
Sol:- i) P(A  B) = P(A) P(B) = 0.6 x 0.7 = 0.42

ii) P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B)  P(A  B) = 0.6 + 0.7  0.42 = 0.88

iii) P(B A) = P(B) = 0.7.
iv) P(A C  BC ) = P(AC) . P(BC) = [1  P(A)] [1  P(B)] = 0.4 x 0.3 = 0.12.
27. If A, B, C are three independent events such that P(A  Bc  Cc )  1/ 4,
P(A c  B  Cc )  1/ 8,P(A c  Bc  Cc )  1/ 4, then find P(A), P(B), P(C).
Sol:- Let P(A)  x,P(B)  y,P(C)  z
P(A  Bc  Cc )  1/ 4  P(A)P(Bc )P(CC )  1/ 4  x(1  y)(1  z)  1/ 4  (1)
P(A c  B  Cc )  1/ 8  P(A c )P(B)P(CC )  1/ 8  (1  x) y(1  z)  1/ 8  (2)
P(A c  Bc  Cc )  1/ 4  P(A c )P(Bc )P(Cc )  1/ 4  (1  x)(1  y)(1  z)  1/ 4  (3)
(1) x(1  y)(1  z) 1/ 4 x 1
    1  x  1  x  2x  1  x  .
(3) (1  x)(1  y)(1  z) 1/ 4 1 x 2
1
(1  y)(1  z)
(1) 2 1/ 4 1 y 1
    2  1  y  2y  3y  1  y  .
(2) 1
(1  )y(1  z) 1/ 8 y 3
2
1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1
(1)   1   (1  z)    (1  z)   1  z   z  .
2 3 4 2 3 4 4 4
1 1 1
 P(A)  ,P(B)  ,P(C)  .
2 3 4
28. If A, B, C are three events with P(A B) = 0.65, P(A B) = 0.15, then the find
th e v alu e o f P(A c) + P(Bc),
Sol:- P(Ac) + P(Bc) = 1  P(A) + 1  P(B) = 2  [P(A) + P(B)]

= 2  [P(A BP(A B)] = 2  [0.65 + 0.15] = 1.2
29. A fair die is rolled. Consider the events A = {1, 3, 5} , B = {2, 3} and
C = {2, 3, 4, 5}. Find i) P(A B), P(A B ii) P(A/B), P(B/A) iii) P(A/C), P(C/A).
iv) P(B/C), P(C/B).
Sol:- Let S be the sample space. Then S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
Given A = {1, 3, 5}, B = {2, 3}, C = {2, 3, 4, 5}
(A B) = {3}, (A B) = {1, 2, 3, 5}, A C = {3, 5}, B C = {2, 3}
i) P(A B) = 1/6, P(A B) = 4/6 = 2/3.
n(A  B) 1 n(A  B) 1
ii) P(A/B) =  , P(B / A)  
n(B) 2 n(A) 3
UNIT RANDOM VARIABLES &

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS
10 
SOME IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER
 Random Variable :- Suppose 'S' is a sample space of random experiment, then any
function X : S  R is called a 'Random Variable.'
 Probability Distribution Function :- Let 'S' be a Sample Space and X : S  R be a
random variable. The function F : R  R defined by F ( x )  P ( X  x ) , is called "Prob-
ability distribution function" of the random variable 'x'.
 Countable set :- A set 'p' is said to be a countable set, if there exists a bijective function
from 'P' onto a subset of Natural numbers set 'N'.
 Discrete Random variable :- A random variable X whose range is either finite or count-
able infinite is called a discrete random variable. If the range of X is
X   x1 , x2 ,...........xn  or  x1 , x2 ,.......... ,
then X is called "Discrete Random Variable".
If X : S  R is a discrete random variable with range  x1 , x2 , x3 ...........

then  PX  X  1
r 1
r
 Mean :-
Let X : S  R be a discrete random variable with range  x1 , x2 , x3 .................. ,
If  x P  X  x  exists, then it is called 'mean' of random variable X. Mean is denoted

i i
by '  ' or x
 Variance :-
Variance  
2
  x r    P  X  xr  is called variance of the random variable X.
2
 Standard Deviation :-
The positive square root of the variance is called standard deviation of the random vari-
able X.
Standard Deviation      x   . P  X  xi 
2
i
BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION
Binomial Distribution :-
If 'P' is the probability of success, 'q' be the probability of a failure such that p+q=1 and 'n'
is the number of Bernouli trials, then P  X  K   nCk pk qnk , k  0,1,2..................n and
q = 1 - p, iscalled the "Binomial Distribution".
(i) 'n' and 'p' are called 'parameters' of binomial distribution.

(ii) Mean of Binomial Distribution (  )  np
(iii) Variance of Binomial Distribution ( 2 )  npq
(iv) Standard deviation of Binomial Distribution ( )  npq
POISSON DISTRIBUTION
The Probability distribution of a discrete random variable X (Called the poisson variable)
e  k
where P  X  k   , k  0,1, 2,......... and   0 , is called Poisson distribution.
k!
(i) '  ' is called the parameter of X.
(ii) The number of trails must be large i.e., n 
(iii) 'p' the probability of success in each trial is very small i.e., p  0
(iv) np   is a finite positive real number..
(v) mean =  and variance = 
VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

1. If the mean and variance of a binomial variable X are 2.4 and 1.44 respectively,
find P 1  X  4
Sol:- Mean  np  2.4 ..................(i)
Variance  npq  1.44 ..........(ii)
Dividing (2) by (1)
npq 1.44

np 2.4
144 3
q   0.6
240 5
But p+ q = 1
P + 0 . 6 = 1  P = 1 - 0. 6 = 0 . 4
Substituting P=0 . 4 in (1)
n( 0 . 4) = 2 . 4
2.4 24
n  6
0.4 4
P 1  X  4  P  X  2  P  X  3  P  X  4
 6 C 2 q 4 p 2  6 C3 q 3 p 3  6 C 4 q 2 p 4
4 2 3 3 2 4
 3  2   3  2   3  2 
 C2      6C3      6C4    
6
 5  5   5  5   5  5 
32.32 22 32.31 22.21 32 22.22
 15. .  20. .  15. .
54 52 53 53 52 54
 62   62   62 
 15.9  6    20.6  6   15.4  6 
5  5  5 
6 
2
  6  135  120  60 
5 
36  315 2268
 
15625 3125
2. A poisson variable satisfies P(X=1)=P(X=2), Find P(X=5) ?

e   r
Sol:- P  X  r  , (  0)
r!
Given that P( X =1 )= P(X = 2)
e  1 e  2
  Cross multiplyingly
1! 2!
 2   2   2  2  0
     2  0
e 2 25
   2    0  P  X  5 
5!
3. In a book of 450 pages, there are 400 typographical errors. Assuming that the
number of errors per page follow the poisson law, find the probability that a ran-
dom sample of 5 pages will contain no typographical error ?
400 8
Sol:- The average number of errors per page in the book is   
450 9 8 r
 8
e  
9
The probability that these are 'r' errors in a page  P  X  r   e  

 2
 9
8 r! r!
 No errors then put r = 0  P  X  0  e 9
 Required probability that a random

5
 98 
Sample of 5 pages will contain no errors is  P  X  0    e 
5
 
4. Find the minimum number of times a fair coin must be tossed so that the probabil-
ity of getting atleast one head is atleast 0.8
Sol:- Let 'n' be the number of times a fair coin tossed.
X denotes the number of heads getting.
1
X follows binomial distribution with parameters n and p 
2
Put P  X  1  0.8 (Given)
  
 1  P  X  0  0.8   P ( X )  1
 k 0 
  P  X  0  0.8  1
  P  X  0  0.2
 P  X  0  0.2
n
 1
 nC0    0.2
 2
n
 1 2
  
2 10
1 1

2n 5
 2n  5 , It is true for n  3
 Minimum value of 'n' is 3.
5. 8 Coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting atleast 6 heads.
1
Sol:- The probability of getting a head 
2
1
The probability of getting a tail 
2
Probability of getting 'r' heads in a random throw of '8' coins
r 8 r 8
 1  1  1
P  X  r   Cr    
8
 Cr   , r  0,1, 2................8
8
 2  2  2
Probability of getting 6 heads is
P  X  6  P  X  6  P  X  7  P  X  8
8 8 8
 1  1  1
 C6    8C7    8C8  
8
 2  2  2
8
 1
    8 C6  8C7  8C8 
 2
1
  8 C2  8C1  1
16  16
1  87  1 37
   8  1   37 
256  2  256 256
6. One in 9 ships is likely to be wrecked, when they are set on sail, when 6 ships are
on sail, find the probability for
(a) At least one will arrive safely.
(b) Exactly, 3 will arrive safely.
Sol:- Given, one in 9 ships is to be wrecked
1
Probability of ship to be wrecked ( p) 
9
1
Put p+q=1, Put P 
9
1
 q 1
9
1 8
q  1 
9 9
Number of ships are (n)=6
60 0 6
 1  8  1
P  X  0  C0  
6
    
 9 9 9
a) Probability of atleast one will arive safely
 P  X  0  1  P  X  0
6
 1 1
 1    1 6
 9 9
b) Exactly, 3 will arrive safely
6 3 3
 1  8
 P  X  3  C3  
6
 
 9 9
 6  5  4 1 8
3
 83 
   20
 3  2  93 93  96 
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (7 MARKS)

1. A cubical die is thrown . Find the mean and variance of X, giving the number on
the face that shows up.
Sol.: Let S be tha sample space and X be the random variable associated with S, where P(X),
is given by the following table.
X=xi 1 2 3 4 5 6
P(X=x) 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6 1/6
6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1  6 7  7
Mean of X =    x P( X  x )  1. 6  2. 6  3. 6  4. 6  5. 6  6. 6  6 
i 1
i i 
2  2
6
Variance of X = X     xi P( X  xi )  
2 2 2
i 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1  6  7 13  49 35
 12.  2 2.  32.  42.  52.  6 2.    
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6  4 12
2. The probability distribution of a random variable of X is given below.
X=x 1 2 3 4 5
P(X=x) k 2k 3k 4k 5k
Find the values of k, mean and variance of X.

5
Sol:- We have  P( X  x )  1  k  2k .  3k  4k  5k  1  15k  1  k  1/15

i 1
i
Mean =    xi P ( X  xi )
i 1
1 11
 1.(k )  2.(2k )  3.(3k )  4.(4k )  5.(5k )  55k  55  
15 3
6
Variance of X  ( ) 
2
 x P( X  x )  
i 1
2
i i
2
 12.(k )  22.(2k )  32.(3k )  42.(4k )  52.(5k )   2

2
 11  121 1 121
 k  8k  27 k  64k  125k     225k   225  
3 9 15 9
135  121 14
  .
9 9
3. A p.d.f. of discrete random variable is zero except at the points x=0, 1,2 At these
points it has the value P(0) = 3C3 , P(1) = 4C - 10C2 , P(2) = 5C - 1 for some C>0.
Find the value of 'C' ?
Sol:- Given that P (3)  P (4)  P (5)  .................  0
P(0)  3C 3 , P(1)  4C  10C 2 , P(2)  5C  1
But P (0)  P (1)  P (2)   P (3)  P (4)  ..........   1
 
3C 3  4C  10C 2   5C  1   0  1
 3C 3  10C 2  9C  1  1  0
 3C 3  10C 2  9C  2  0
Horner's div. Method
C=1 3 -10 9 -2
0 3 -7 2
3 -7 2 0
3C 2  7C  2  0
3C 2  6C  C  2  0
3C  C  2  1 C  2  0
 C  2 3C  1  0
C  2  0, 3C  1  0
1  1
C  2, C  C  1, 2, 
3  3
x
 2
4. Find the constant 'c' so that F(x) = c   , x = 1, 2, 3............ is the p.d.f. ofa dis-
 3
crete random variable 'x' ?
x
 2
Sol:- Given F ( x )   
 3
1
 2
Put x = 1, F (1)   
 3
2
 2
Put x = 2, F (2)   
 3
3
 2
Put x = 3, F (3)   
 3
x
 2
 F ( x)  c  3   1
c  F (1)  F (2)  F (3)  .......................   1
 2  1  2  2  2  3 
c          ....................   1
 3   3   3  
2
It is an infinite G.P. with r   1
3
a 2 2
S  a ,r
1 r 3 3
 23 
 c  1
1  2 3 
1
 c 
23
 1 3  1  c  2
1
5. Let X be a random variable such that P  X = -2 = P  X = -1 = P  X = 2 = P  X = 1 =
6
1
and P  X = 0 = , Find the mean and variance of X.
3
2
Sol:- Mean ( )   x P( X  k )
k 2
i
 1 1  1  1   1
 ( 2)    ( 1)  (0)    1   2  
 6 6  3   6   6
Mean = 0
2
Variance  
2
    k   P  X  k  2
k 2
2  1  1  1  1  1
  2  0    ( 1  0) 2    (0  0) 2    (1  0) 2    (2  0) 2  
 6  6  3  6  6
 1  1  1  1  4  1  1  4 10 5
 (4)    (1)    0  (1)    4     
 6  6  6  6 6 6 3
6. A random variable X has the following probability distribution.
X=x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(X=x) 0 k 2k 3k 2k k2 2k2 7k2+k
Find (i)k (ii) the mean and (iii) P(0<X<5)
Sol:- Sum of all probabilities  PX  x  1i
 P  X  0  P  X  1  P  X  2  P  X  3  P  X  4  P  X  5  P  X  6  P  X  7  1
 0  k  2k  2k  3k  k 2  2k 2  7 k 2  k  1
 10k 2  9k  1  0
 10k 2  10k  k  1  0
 10k  k  1  1 k  1  0
 10k  1 k  1  0
 10k  1  0 k  1  k  0
1
k 
10
n
(ii) Mean ( )   xi P  X  xi 
i 1
 Mean (  )  0  0  1(k )  2(2k )  3(2 k )  4(3k )  5(k 2 )  6(2k 2 )  7(7 k 2  k )

 0  k  4k  6k  12k  5k 2  12k 2  49k 2  7 k
1
 66k 2  30k ; Put k 
10
2
 1  1  66 3 366
 66    30     
 10   10  100 1 100
  3.66
(iii) P ( 0 < X <5 ) = P( X =1) +P (X = 2)+ P( X =3 ) +P (X = 4)
= k + 2k + 2k + 3k
= 8k
 1
 8 
 10 
4

5
7. The range of a random variable X = {0, 1, 2} Given that P(X = 0) = 3c 3 , P (X= 1)= 4c-
10 c 2 , P (X =2 ) =5c -1 then (i) Find the value of 'c'
(ii) P(X<1)
(iii) P(1<X  2) and
(iv) P(0<X  3)
Sol:- Given X = {0, 1, 2}
n
We know that  P X  x  1
i 1
i
 P  X  0  P  X  1  P  X  2  1
   
 3c 3  4c  10c 2   5c  1  1
 3c 3  10c 2  9c  1  1  0
 3c 3  10c 2  9c  2  0
c=1 3 -10 9 -2
0 3 -7 2
3 -7 2 0
 3c 2  7c  2  0
 3c 2  6c  c  2  0
 3c  c  2  1 c  2  0
  3c  1 c  2  0
1
c
3 c2
1
 c  1, 2,
3
(ii) P(X<1)
P(X<1) = P(X=0)
= 3c3
If C= 1  3c3=3(1)3=3>1 (not possible)
If C=2  3c3=3(2)3=24>1 (not possible)
3
1  1 1 1
If C   3C  3    3  1
3
3  3 27 9
1 1
 C  and  P ( X  1) 
3 9
(iii) P ( 1 < X <2 ) = P(X = 2)
= 5 C- 1
1  1 5 2
Put C    5  1  1 
3  3 3 3
(iv) P(0<x  3) = P (X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X=3)
= ( 4C- 1 0C 2 )+ ( 5C- 1 ) + 0
= - 1 0C 2 +9 C- 1
2
1  1  1
Put C    10    9    1
3  3  3
10
  3 1
9
10 2 10  18 8
   
9 1 9 9
(i) If X is a random variable with probability distribution
P X  k 
 k  1 c , k  0,1, 2........
then find 'c' ?
2k
(Hint : Refer Example 3 from text book page No. 353)
1
Ans:- C
4
Ck
8. The range of a random variable X is {1, 2, 3....} and P  X  k   ;  k  1, 2, 3..........
k!
Find the value of (i) 'c' and (ii) P( 0< X<3)
Sol:- Sum of the probabilities = 1

i.e.,  P X  x  1
i 1
i
 P  X  1  P  X  2  P  X  3  ..........  1
C1 C 2 C 3
    ...............  1
1! 2! 3!
Adding '1' on both sides
C C2 C3
1    .......  2
1 2! 3!
 ec  2
 C  log e2 ...................(i )
(ii) P(0<X<3) = P(X=1)+P(X=2)
C2
C
2
 log 
2  log 2 2
e
...............(ii )
e
2
9. Two dice are rolled at random. Find the probability distribution of the sum of the
numbers on them. Find the mean of the random variable.
Sol:- Dice has 6 faces and 1 to 6 numbers are written on each face of the dice.
If two dice are rolled, sample space s consists (Total number of outcomes)=62=36 points
They are S = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 1)..........(2, 6),......(6, 6)}
Let X denote the sum of numbers on the two dice
i.e., 1+1=2, 1+2=3, .........6+6=12
 Range of X is X = {2, 3, 4, 5...........12}
Probability distribution for X is given below.
X=Xi 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1
P(X=Xi)
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
12
Mean of X     x P X  x 
i2
i i
 1  2  3  4  5
 2   3   4   5   6 
 36   36   36   36   36 
 6  5  4  3  2  1
7    8    9    10    11   12  
 36   36   36   36   36   36 
1
  2  6  12  20  30  42  40  36  30  22  12
36
252
 7
36
10. X=x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
P(X=x)
9 9 9 3 9 9 9
is the probability distribution of a random variable 'X'. Find the variance of X.
3
Sol:- Mean      x P X  x 
i 3
i i
 1  1  1  1  1  1  1
  3     2     1     0    1    (2)    (3)  
 9  9  9  3  9  9  9
1
  3  2  1  0  1  2  3
9
1
   0  0
9
3
Variance       x   P  X  x 
2
i
2
i
i 3
3
   xi  0 P  X  xi 
2
   0
i 3
2  1 2  1 2  1 2  1 2  1  1  1
  3     2     1     0    1    (2) 2    (3)2  
 9  9  9  3  9  9  9
 1  1  1  1  1  1
  9    4       0     4    9  
 9  9  9  9  9  9
4 1 1 4
 1    1
9 9 9 9
4 11 4 10 28
2  2  2 
9 9 9
11. X=x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
P(X=x) 0.1 k 0.2 2k 0.3 k
is the probability distribution of a random variable X. Find the value of 'k' and the
variance of X ?
Sol:- Sum of all probabilities = 1
0. 1+ k +0 . 2+ 2 k+ 0. 3 +k =1
4k + 0. 6 = 1
4k = 1-0. 6
4k = 0. 4
0.4
k  0.1
4
Mean      xi .P  X  xi 
  2 0.1   1 k    0 0.2  1 2k   2  0.3  3  k 

 0.2  k  0  2k  0.6  3k
 4k  0.4
 4  0.1  0.4
 0.4  0.4
  0.8
Variance  
2
   x .P  X  x   
2
i i
2
  2  0.1   1  k    0  0.2  1  2k    2  0.3   3  k    0.8

2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 4  0.1  k  0  1 2 k   4  0.3  9k  0.64

 0.4  k  2k  1.2  9k  0.64
 12k  0.96
 12  0.1  0.96
 1.2  0.96
 
Variance   2.16
2

Mathematics IIA - EM Final

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Mathematics IIA - EM Final

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TELANGANA STATE BOARD OF

BASIC LEARNING MATERIAL

FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR

Unit - 1 Physical World 04 - 04

Unit - 2 Units and Measuremnts 05 - 10

Unit - 3 Motion in a Straight Line 11 - 18

Unit - 4 Motion in a Plane 19 - 27

Unit - 5 Laws of Motion 28 - 32

Unit - 6 Work, Energy and Power 33 - 43

Unit - 7 Systems of Particles and Rotational Motion 44 - 54

Unit - 10 Mechanical Properties of Solids 72 - 76

Unit - 11 Mechanical Properties of Fluids 77 - 82

Unit - 12 Thermal Properties of Matter 83 - 89

Unit - 14 Kinetic Theory 97 - 102

x) (1, 0) is multiplicative identity in set of complex no's C

then (i)        , ii)  .    .  , iii)    , iv) If   0, then       

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

2. Write the additive inverse of ( 6, 5) + (10,  4)

6. If Z1 = (3, 5) and Z2 = (2, 6) find Z1 . Z2.

7. If Z 1=(6, 3), Z 2=(2, -1) then find Z1 Z 2

Problem for Practice

8. Write the complex number (2  3i) (3 + 4i) in the form A + iB.

13. Write the conjugate of the Complex number (3 + 4i)

Sol:- Conjugate of the Complex number (3 + 4i) is (3  4i).

5i 5i(7  i) 35i  5i 2 35i  5 7i  1 1  7i

15. Write the conjugate of the Complex number (2 + 5i)(-4 + 6i)

PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE

16. Simplify i 2 + i 4 + i 6 + .......(2n + 1) terms

 i 2  i 4  i 6  .....  (2n  1) terms = -1

18. Write the multiplicative inverse of i -35

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

2. Find the square root of -47 + i.8 3

Sol:- Let 47  i.8 3  a  ib  a  47, b  8 3  0

 2209  192  2401  49

7. If z = 3  5i, then show that z3  10z2 + 58z  136 = 0.

Sol:-  z  3 = -5i  (z  3) = ( 5i)

z3  10z2 + 58z  136 = z(z2  6z + 34)  4(z2  6z + 34) = z(0)  4(0) = 0.

3  2i sin θ (3  2i sin θ)(1 + 2i sinθ) 3  4i sin θ + 8i sinθ

'n',  Cos   i Sin    Cos  n   i Sin  n 

2)  Cos   i Sin   is also written as ' Cis  '

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

Sol:- (1     2 )3  (1   2   )3  (   )3  (2 )3  8 3  8

4. If 1,  ,  2 are the cube roots of unity, then fine the value of (1   )3  (1   2 )3

Sol:- (1   )3  (1   2 )3  ( 2 )3  ( )3  ( 3 ) 2   3  1  1  2 .

5. Find the cube roots of '8' ?

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

i  Cos   i Sin   

  Cos   i Sin   Cos   i Sin   8 i

  Cos 4  i Sin 4  Cos 8  i Sin 8 

 a  1, b  1, a 2  b 2  (1) 2  ( 1) 2  2

 24 Cos  8  45  i Sin  8  45   16 Cos (3600 )  i Sin (3600 )   16 1  i(0)   16

PROBLEM FOR PRACTICE

4. If 1, ω, ω 2 are the cube roots of unity, then find the value of

Sol:- If 1,  ,  2 are the cube roots of unity, then 1     2  0 and  3  1

  2  5  10 

5. If 1,  ,  2 are the cube roots of unity, then prove that

 [5  2( 2   )]2  [5  2(1)]2  (5  2) 2  49

6. If 1,  ,  2 are the cube roots of unity, then find the value of

(1   )(1   2 )(1   4 )(1   8 )

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (7 MARKS)

2 i Sin n   Cos n   i Sin n  

 i Tan( n  )  R.H .S . Hence Proved.

5. If 'n' is an integer than show that