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Rock & Rock-Fluid Properties: Permeability & Relative Permeability
Rock & Rock-Fluid Properties: Permeability & Relative Permeability
Rock & Rock-Fluid Properties: Permeability & Relative Permeability
Properties:
Permeability &
Relative
Permeability
RESR 412 – Module2
Learning Outcome and Objectives
2
Objective One
Darcy’s Law
for
Single Phase Flow
in
Porous Medium
3
Objective One
Horizontal Flow
No gravity effect.
Laminar Flow
Fluid layers move parallely and slowly enough without any turbulence or vortices.
Darcy’s Experiment
He found a proportionality relationship between fluid flow rate (Q), fluid
property, and sand filter (porous medium) property.
5
Objective One
Darcy’s Experiment
He found a proportionality relationship between fluid flow rate (Q), fluid
property, and sand filter (porous medium) property.
Volumetric Flow
Rate (Q)
6
Objective One
1 cp = 1 mPa.s
7
Objective One
Darcy’s Experiment
Proportionality
Relationship
k unit is Darcy
(It was in cm2 in
Original Darcy Eqn) Darcy’s Equation
Darcy’s Equation
Darcy’s Equation
9
Objective One
Darcy’s Equation
Darcy’s Equation
Darcy’s Equation
Darcy’s Equation
Permeability can be calculated from
Absolute Permeability Single Phase Fluid
(kabs or k) Flow in Porous Medium
Physically, k is ability of rock to allow fluid flow through pores under a certain 𝑷
11
Objective Two
Calculate
Absolute Permeability
using
Darcy’s Law
12
Objective Two
Darcy’s Equation
k is Absolute Permeability when only single phase fluid flows in porous medium.
Any physical changes affecting actual shape and porosity in rock sample (e.g.
overburden, acid (solvent) washing) will change k.
14
Objective Two
Directional Permeabilities
in
Reservoir Core Sample
16
Objective Three
18
Objective Three
Porosity
Porosity in a well can be measured from Acoustic Log or Neutron Density
Log.
Permeability
Permeability in the field is not as easy to measure as porosity.
19
Objective Three
Rock Wettability
and
Fluid Distribution
21
Wettability
• Wettability is the affinity of a fluid to adhere
(adsorb) on the surface of a solid (rock)
22
Contact Angle
• Contact angle (θ) is the angle between the
surface of the solid (rock) and the tangent
on the droplet through the more dense
phase
23
Water-wet & Oil-wet
• Water-wet: contact angle (θ) is less than 90
degrees
24
Water-wet Rocks
• In a water-wet rock system water droplets
“stick” to the rock. The oil droplets are
suspended by the water phase.
• When the water moves, it displaces the oil and
a low Sor is expected after flood out.
25
Oil-wet Rocks
• In an oil-wet rock system oil droplets “stick” to
the rock and water droplets form small
channels through the rock system.
• Oil displacement by water is not very efficient
and high Sor can be expected after flood out in
oil-wet reservoir rocks.
26
Objective Five
Absolute Permeability
and
Effective & Relative Permeability
27
Types of Permeability
There are three types of permeability that
may be calculated:
28
1. “Absolute” Permeability (k)
The permeability of a rock determined at 100%
saturation with a “single” fluid (oil, gas, or water).
Sfluid = 100 % with a “single fluid”
100% Saturation
of “Pore Space”
(single fluid only)
“Sand” Grains
29
Darcy's Law for Single Phase Flow
• For single phase oil: k o AP
q o Bo
o L
ko = is the absolute permeability to oil phase
Gas
Sg = 10% (“Free” Gas
Saturation)
“Sand” Grains
So = 70% (Oil Saturation)
ko = Effective Permeability to Oil Each “Effective
kg = Effective Permeability to Gas Permeability” is Sw = 20% (Water
kw = Effective Permeability to Water calculated Saturation)
separately using
each fluids “outlet”
flow rate through
the sample.
34
“Effective Permeabilities” are usually calculated with
only two of the fluids flowing at the same time
(i.e.: oil and water or oil and gas).
Very rarely do we calculate effective permeabilities
with all three fluids (oil, gas & water) flowing at
the same time.
A. Possible causes of Oil & Water flowing B. Possible causes of Gas & Oil flowing at
at same time in the reservoir: same time in the reservoir:
1 Waterflooding ( Secondary Recovery ) 1 Reservoir pressure below “Bubble Point”
2 Aquifer flow into reservoir during and “Free Gas” saturation exceeds the
production. “Critical Gas Saturation” (Sgc).
3 Water Coning from below oil zone. 2 Gas Coning from above oil zone in and
4 Water channeling through fractures. “Associated Gas-Cap” Reservoir.
5 Etc. 3 Gas channeling through fractures.
6 Etc.
35
Darcy’s Law: Multi-Phase Flow
and Effective Permeability
• If the core is saturated with both water and oil
0.001127 k w AP
qw
Bw w L
0.001127 k o AP
qo
Bo o L
kw = is the effective permeability to water phase, md
ko = is the effective permeability to oil phase, md
38
3. “Relative” Permeability (kro, krg, krw)
Relative Permeability is simply the “ratio” of the Effective Permeability of each fluid phase
to the Abslolute Permeability of the rock.
ko
kro … for Oil
k
kw
and krw … for water
k
kg
krg … for gas
k
NOTE: Relative Permeabilities may be expressed as decimal fractions or % of the
Absolute Permeability.
39
Important!
• It is important to understand that due to
interference effects:
k w + k o≠ k or krw+ kro ≠ 1
0.8
0.6
Kro
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
So 41
krw as a function of Sw
1
0.8
0.6
Krw
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Sw 42
Kro and krw as functions of Sw
1
0.8
kro
Kro or K rw
0.6 Crossover
point
0.4 krw
Oil Saturation - So ( % )
100 80 60 40 20 0
OIL-WATER‘RELATIVE
1.0
PERMEABILITY’
ko CURVES
kro = 10-10-52-11 W5M
k
0.8
Relative Permeability ( kro & krw )
FIGURE 1
krw = kw
0.6 k
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Water Saturation - Sw ( % )
44
… similarly for “Oil – Gas” Relative Permeabilities as follows:
Gas Saturation - Sg ( % )
0 20 40 60 80 100
1.0
GAS - OIL ‘RELATIVE
PERMEABILITY’
CURVES
ko
kro = k 10-10-52-11 W5M
0.8
Relative Permeability ( kro & krg )
FIGURE 2
0.6 kg
krg = k
0.4
0.2
0.0
100 80 60 40 20 0
Oil Saturation - So ( % )
46