CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

Laboratory No. 3

I. INTRODUCTION

One method of classifying matter is by its chemical composition. Matter can be classified into two main categories – pure
substance (elements, compounds) and mixtures. A mixture consists of two or more different substances that are physically
combined in a variable proportion. Its components retain their identities hence a mixture does not have unique properties but
rather, possesses the properties of its components. A mixture may be described as heterogenous if its components are
distinguishable and homogenous if its components are not distinguishable. Separation of its components can be done by
physical means – that is by making use of the physical properties of the component such as boiling point, melting point,
solubility, specific gravity, texture, physical state, etc. Hence physical means include filtration, decantation, distillation,
evaporation, sifting, picking and use of a magnet.

On the other hand, a compound consists of two or more elements chemically combined in a definite proportion. Its
constituent elements lose their identities; hence a compound has properties entirely different from the elements of which it is
made. A compound can be separated into its constituent elements only by use of its chemical properties.

II. OBJECTIVES

1. To demonstrate the differences in the properties of elements, compounds, and mixtures.

2. To demonstrate some methods of separating components of mixtures.

III. MATERIALS

Iron filings 100 ml beaker Test tube brush

Sulfur Alcohol lamp Tripod
Iodine Magnet Stirring rod
Magnesium metal Mortar and pestle Triple beam balance
Table salt 2 Evaporating dish Wire gauze
Distilled water Watch glass Tongs

IV. PROCEDURE

A. 1. Weight separately 0.5g of iron filings and sulfur. Note down any observable properties of each.
2. Apply a magnet on each and observe any effects.
3. Mix the two substances using a mortar and pestle. Note down any observable property of the material.
4. Test the effect of magnet.
5. Transfer the mixture in an evaporating dish and gradually heat to redness.
6. Cool and place in a watch glass. Note down any observable property of the material.
7. Test the effect of magnet.

B. 1. Weigh 2g of table salt into a 100 ml beaker.

2. Add 20 ml distilled water to the table salt and stir.
3. Pour the solution in an evaporating dish and evaporate to dryness. Record the physical properties of the residue.

Disposal

All solid material can be placed into a trash container. Liquids can be poured into the sink.
Name: ___________________________ Date Performed: ______________
Yr&Sec: _________ Date Submitted: ______________
Group no. ________ Score: __________

EXPERIMENT NO. ________

REPORT SHEET

DATA AND RESULTS

A. CLASSIFICATION

ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS, AND OBSERVATION

REAGENT MIXTURE
Iron filing Element Initial observation of iron filings: dark
gray particles; attracted to a magnet
Sulfur Element Initial observations of sulfur: yellow
solid powder; not attracted to magnet
Unheated mixture of Iron and Sulfur Compound dark – gray filings and yellow powder
still present
Iron filings can be removed with a
magnet
Heated mixture of Iron and Sulfur Compound Dark black solid (different than
reactants);
Final product is not magnetic; iron
cannot be separated with a magnet

B. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE RESIDUE

GUIDE QUESTIONS

1. What method can you suggest to separate the components of the following mixtures:

a. starch and rice - Ayurvedic method of cooking rice/ remove starch from rice. he ingenious way to
remove starch from rice in this video this method of cooking is followed by southern part of india even today but is one of
the old methods hence let's see how this method of rice is helpful soluble carbohydrates are removed from this method so
sugar loading is Decreased this also reduces the kapha content of the food resulting in better digestion of food decreased
sugar loading reduces the chance of getting obesity insulin resistance and also type 2 Diabetes stars metabolizes quickly to
increase the blood sugar increased blood sugar increases insulin resistance and also increases the fat Storage let us see
how it is cooked now. Foreign rinsing the rice results and removing the surface starts from the rice results in decreased
gumminess of the rice

b. oil and water - Decantation can be used to separate immiscible liquids that have different densities. For example,
when a mixture of water and oil is present in a beaker, a distinct layer between the two consistency is formed, with the oil
layer floating on top of the water layer.

c. sugar and sand - The mixture of sugar and sand can be separated by the dissolution in water.
Explanation: The sugar if you dissolve in water, the solution can be washed off and the sand will remain suspended. The
sugar can be complete removed by heating the water in the solution.

d. acetone, alcohol and water – A mixture of acetone and alcohol can be separated by fractional distillation. When
the temperature at the top of the fractionating column reaches 56 degree Celsius, acetone with boiling point 56 degree
Celsius (more volatile liquid) distils over first and alcohol with boiling point 78 degree Celsius (less volatile liquid) distils over
later when the flask is heated more strongly.

2. How would you classify the following substances?

 Substance Classification (Element, Compound, Mixture)
NaCl + Water Mixture
Air Mixture
Wine Mixture
Water Compound
Magnesium ribbon Element

TRANSFORMATION OF MATTER
Laboratory No. 4

I. INTRODUCTION

Matter undergoes change. The change may be physical, chemical or nuclear. No new substance is formed in a physical
change. There is just a change in size, shape, or physical state. Either the molecules are separated from one another as in
the liquid to gas (evaporation) transformation, or the molecules are brought closer to each as in freezing (liquid to solid).
Intermolecular bonds or physical bonds like Vander Waals attractive forces or Hydrogen bonds are thus weakened as
strengthened.

A chemical change is characterized by the formation of a new substance. This is brought about by the rearrangement of
atoms within a molecule. Thus, when electric current is passed through H2O, the atoms of hydrogen and oxygen are
rearrange to form H2 and O2. Chemical bonds are either broken or formed in a chemical change.

II. OBJECTIVES

1. To distinguish between physical change and chemical change

2. To analyze and classify observed changes

III. MATERIALS

Ethanol Ice Beaker 2 Test tubes

Magnesium ribbon 0.1 M HCl Thermometer Test tube rack
Mossy Zinc 0.1 Sodium chloride solution Watch glass Test tube brush
0.1 Silver nitrate solution Crucible tong Alcohol lamp

IV. PROCEDURE

Identify any observable properties before and during the experiments.

1. Place a piece of ice in a beaker. Allow it to stay at room temperature for 10 minutes
2. Allow a few drops of alcohol to stand in a watch glass for five minutes.
3. Get a piece of magnesium ribbon using a pair of tongs and ignite it in an alcohol lamp.
4. Mix 3 ml of silver nitrate solution with 5ml of dilute HCl.
5. Place a small piece of mossy zinc in a test tube. Add 5 ml of dilute HCl.

Disposal

All solid materials can be placed into a trash container. All solutions can be returned at the central laboratory.

Name: ___________________________ Date Performed: ______________

Yr&Sec: _________ Date Submitted: ______________
Group no. ________
DATA AND RESULTS
PROCESS
Melting of Ice
Alcohol allowed to
evaporate
Burning of Magnesium
Silver Nitrate and
Hydrochloric acid
Zinc and Dilute Hydrochloric
acid
EXPERIMENT NO. ________
REPORT SHEET
OBSERVATIONS
BEFORE
It is classified as solid
The drops of alcohol spread After 5 minutes have
out in a watch glass and
slowly evaporating
When magnesium is in its
metal form it will burn very
easily in air. However, in
order to start the reaction
(the burning) the
magnesium metal needs a
source of energy. The flame
provides a source of heat so
that the magnesium metal
atoms can overcome their
activation energy. Activation
energy is the minimum
energy required in order for
a chemical reaction to
proceed.
At first the solution will
become milky white and
clouded
When concentrated HCl
was added into zinc
granules, the bubbles have
started to come
out and there is a pop
sound and very light
blue flame which is hardly
visible.
Score: __________
PROPERTY
AFTER
It melts and turns into liquid Melting Point
passed, the alcohol was
completely evaporated and
It diffuse away as a gas.
Magnesium burns in oxygen Flammability, Alloys and
by producing dazzling white Oxidation
flames and changes into
white powder.
The final result will be a
white precipitate settling
down as a distinctive solid:
AgCl(s). In the mean time
the H+ and NO3- ions will
remain in the state of
dissolved particles as H+
(aq) and NO3-(aq), since
their mutual attraction is
less than the attraction
between the individual ions
and the surrounding water
molecules.
If you provide enough Cl-
ions, practically all the Ag+
ions will partake in the
precipitation reaction.
Thus, by weighing the
precipitate, you would be
able to calculate the amount
of silver nitrate that was
dissolved in the original
solution.
When zinc reacts with
hydrochloric acid it
produces zinc chloride and
hydrogen gas.
What kind of change is involved in the following?
1. Ripening of fruits - Chemical Change
2. Burning of fuels – Chemical Change
3. Freezing – Physical Change
4 .Oxidation of food in the body- Chemical Change
5. Strongly heating a mixture of iron and sulfur- Chemical Change
6 Lighting a match- Chemical Change
7. Dissolving salt in water -physical change
8. Burning of paper - chemical change
9. Cutting a piece of paper - physical change
10.Rusting of iron - chemical change