91421, 218 PM How does Recier Diode operate? ~ Construction and Rectilydefnivon How does Rectifier Diode operate? — Construction and Rectify Defi @ Sttelectronic.comiectiferdiode Michal July 24, 2018 Rectifier diode tutorial Rectifier Diode Rectifier diode — semiconductor diode designed for rectifying alternating current (mostly with low power frequency - 50 Hz at high power emitted during load). To “rectify” the meaning of this component, its main task is the conversion of the alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC) through the application of rectifier bridges. The variant of rectifier diode with the Schottky barrier is particularly valued in digital electronics. Rectifier diode is capable of conducting current values varying from several miliamperes to few kiloamperes and voltages up to few kilovolts. — A Fig. 1. Rectifier Diode symbol po Rectifier Diode — Technical parameters ‘The most typical rectifier diodes are made from silicon (semiconductor crystal). They are able to conduct high values of electric current,and that can beclassified as its basic feature, There are also less popular, but still used semiconductor diodes made from germanium or gallium arsenide. Germanium diodes have much lower permissible reversed voltage and a smaller permissible junction temperature (T; = 75° C for germanium diodes and T; = 150° C for a silicon diode). The only advantage that germanium diode has over silicon diode is lower threshold voltage value during operating in a forward-bias (Vp(10) = 0.3 + 0.5V for germanium and 0.7 + 1.4V for silicon diodes). We distinguish two groups of technical parameters of the rectifier diode (they apply to other semiconductor diodes too): hitpsi9*telectronc comrectiier-ciodelMBtidge_F wnt91421, 218 PM How does Recier Diode operate? ~ Construction and Rectilydefnivon + permissible limit parameters, * characteristic parameters. Rectifier diode is characterized by following limiting parameters: + Vp— forward voltage with determined Ip forward current (usually with a maximum average rectified current, also known as rated current Ix), Ig reverse current at Vw peak reverse voltage operation. Ipw ~ rated current in the forward bias (also known as a maximum average current of the diode), Ipnm — peak, repeatable current diode conduction (for example, for the pulses with duration of less than 3.5 ms and a frequency of 50 Hz), + Ipsm — peak, non-repeatable current conduction (eg. for a single pulse with a duration of less than 10 ms), + Vawm — peak, reverse voltage operation (or average, reverse voltage during diode operation in wave rectifier with load), ‘Varn ~ peak, repetitive reverse voltage, * Vasa ~ peak, non-repetitive reverse voltage, Pryor — the total value of the power dissipated on that electronic component, + Jj — maximum temperature of diode’s junction Ruy— thermal resistance under operating conditions, + amaximum instantaneous current of the diode (it determines re overloads) Rectifier Diode — Tasks for students Ifyou are a student or simply want to learn how to solve Rectifier Diode tasks, please visit this section of our website where you can find a wide variety of electronic tasks High current rectifier diode An example of a high-performance diode is a double high current rectifier diode with a current of 2x 30A. STM offers a double high voltage rectifier diode called STPS60SM200C. The es and ‘The value of Varm breakdown voltage is 200V, conduction voltage 64omV, and its current memory is 2x30A. An additional safeguard is from a electrostatic discharge called ESD to 2kV. hitpsi9*telectronc comrectiierciodelMBridge_F ant91421, 218 PM hitpsi9*telectronc comrectiierciodelMBridge_F How does Recier Diode operate? ~ Construction and Rectilydefnivon ‘The operating temperature range is -40° C to 175° C. Such temperature values allow the diodes to be used under all conditions in the base stations. Fig. 2. High current rectifier diode STPS60SM200CW Ss Rectifier Diode — Current-voltage characteri Current-voltage characteristics of the rectifier diode are shown below (Fig. 3.). breakdown Reverse-blas voltage / Forward-bias vd Id cs of the Rectifier Diode Fig. 3. Current-Voltage characteristi How to test Rectifier Diode? ‘The simpliest multimeters can be used to determine the polarity of a rectifier diode (where is the anode and where is the cathode). There are at least three ways of doing this but I will show two easiest ways to do that: amtraat, 2.18PM How does Rectifier Dade operate? Construction and Rectlydefniton a) Using ohmmeter (2k®2 range): A “diode check” function will give the same result as using method mentioned above. b) Using VDC measurement function: Fig. 4. Forward-bias: Ohmmeter will indicate the approximate value of the forward voltage of the diode (near 0,79) Fig. 5. Reverse-bias: Ohmmeter indicates “1", which means its very high resistance (electric valve off) am91421, 218 PM How does Recier Diode operate? ~ Construction and Rectilydefnivon Fig. 6, Forward-bias: Multimeter should show voltage drop of about 0,7V for silicon diodes Fig. 7. Reverse-bias: Multimeter will indicate the approximate full voltage value of the supply (Note: Here diode is inserted in opposite way ‘compared to the example above. In reality, I would change the polarity of the Power Supply, because you can't unmount “with your hands" once soldered component, unless you desolder it, Of course, we don’t want to do that to the good operating component. Ijust wanted to show you an ‘example, that you should also pay attention to correct component placement at your PCB or Breadboard) Bridge Rectifiers Bridge rectifiers are divided into different types due to: * Structure and number of phases of supply voltage: single phase bridge rectifier, the multi phase bridge rectifier (three phase bridge rectifier, two phase bridge rectifier). htps9 1th tronic comirectfier-dodelMridge, Rectifiers sit91421, 218 PM htps91ttoctro How does Recier Diode operate? ~ Construction and Rectilydefnivon + Anumber of half-wave rectification voltage: single bridge (half-wave rectifier), double bridge (full-wave diode rectifier). We can create the combined circuit like single phase full-wave bridge rectifier or 3 phase full- ‘wave rectifier. You can combine the number of phases with full or half-wave rectifiers. * Load type: resistive, capacitive, inductive. Properties of Bridge Rectifiers: + V~supply voltage, * Vos; Ios - component constant output voltage, + Tosmax— maximum output current, + Nip energy efficiency, * Circuit ripple factor, + Vamax— Maximum reverse voltage. Half-Wave Bridge Rectifier Half-Wave Bridge Rectifier is the simpliest cireuit that can convert alternating current (both signs, + and -) to a current of one sign (+). After further filtering the obtained output current, it can be changed to the direct current. On the output of this circuit we will obtain a sine wave with only positive half of its period and this is why it is actually called a Half-Wave Rectifier. There will be no “negative part” of the sine wave, because rectifier diode conducts only when it is forward-biased (positive voltage). The current flows through the resistive load only in one direction in a pulsating manner. Example of simple half-wave bridge rectifier diode circuit is shown below: Characteristics of a Half-Wave Bridge Rectifier: Fig. 8. Half-wave rectifier diode cireuit nic comlrctfer-dodelMBrdge_ ent91421, 218 PM How does Recier Diode operate? ~ Construction and Rectilydefnivon Ye gt u | \ / \ gt Fig. 9. Time characteristies of the Half-Wave Bridge Rectifier Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier ‘The Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier circuit is shown below. It is often called the Graetz Bridge. Operation principle of the Full- Wave Bridge Rectifier is as follows. The picture below (red) shows the path of the current, two red diodes Fig. 10. Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier: are forward-biased (conducting current), while other two are reverse-biased (not conducting current). Current is flowing from the supply through first red diode. ‘Then from the first red diode through the load. After it passes the load it will flow through the second red diode and after that back to the power supply. uit (Graetz Bridge) hitpsi9*telectronc comrectiierciodelMBridge_F am91421, 218 PM How does Recier Diode operate? ~ Construction and Rectilydefnivon While the supply voltage changes its polarity, situation described above will be opposite (blue circuit below). Two blue diodes are forward- biased (Conducting pig. 11, Full: Wave Bridge Rectifier circuit (alternating current, forward- current), hao while other two are reverse-biased (not conducting current). Current is flowing from the supply through first blue diode. Then from the first blue diode through the load. After it passes the load it will flow through the second blue diode and after that back to the power supply. Fig. 12, Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier circuit (alternating current, reverse bias) Characteristics of the Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier are shown below: ‘Three Phase Bridge Rectifier hitpsi9*telectronc comrectiierciodelMBridge_F ant91421, 218 PM ‘The use of a three phase diode bridge rectifier (full-wave bridge rectifier) is possible in any of the three phase voltage circuits. In this case, the output voltage has aminimum ripple. Power sourees use the power of the circuit in its greatest extent. ‘Three phase bridge rectifiers often have the ability to control the output current. Below you can observe three phase rectifier circuit schematic which shows you how it can be built. Three Phase Bridge Rectifier Calculations Down below an example of three phase bridge rectifier calculations with equations and values for the given scheme. Results How does Rectifier Diode operate? - Construction and Reety definion u, Fig. 13. Time characteristies of the Half ‘Wave Bridge Rectifier Fig. 14. Three phase bridge rectifier schematic and characteristic are shown in the table below. Pa - Power output ‘Va— Average value of the rectified voltage Iq = Pa/Va— Average value of the rectified current R = Va/Ia - System resi hitpsi9*telectronc comrectiierciodelMBridge_F ant91421, 218 PM How does Rectifier Diode operate? - Construction and Reety definion Bn B13 As H 2 Fig. 15. Three phase linear bridge rectifier Formulas Three phase bridge Notes rectifier results Vals 2,34 \V;- transformer phase voltage VuVi2 1,35 V2 — phase-to-phase transformer voltage Va 0,82 | — effective value on the secondary side of the transformer VrrwVg 1,05 Var — Peak back voltage, repetitive Travlla 0,333 leiav — average conduction current lerws/ly 0,58 eras — effective value of conduction current Re Output power Processing power of the secondary winding of the transformer SyPa The computing power of the primary transformer winding SyPu 1,05 Typical transformer power Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier as the integrated circuit The full-wave bridge rectifier is commonly seen as a one-chip integrated circuit. It is built of four rectifier diodes in the Graetz bridge system. It can be used for a THT and SMD mounting. Using this solution is the most popular, economical and saves space on the Printed Circuit Board hitpsi9*telectronc comrectiierciodelMBridge_F sont91421, 218 PM How does Rectifier Diode operate? - Construction and Reety definion htps9 1th Picture above shows the connectors that are in each bridge rectifier circuit integrated circuits. The (+) sign corresponds to the + VDC output, the (©) sign corresponds to the — VDC output, the characters (~) correspond to the VAC connection. The proper voltage connection is made by connecting the VAC input to the + VDC output VAG input horizontally, and the VAC output to the = VDC output horizontally. VAC neutral ig. 16. Bridge rectifier as a integrated cireuit component tronic comirectfier-dodelMridge, Rectifiers wnt