UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA CAWANGAN PERLIS

KAMPUS ARAU
PHY443 (LABORATORY REPORT)
EXPERIMENT 3: CONVERGING LENS

NAME MATRIC NUMBER

AMMAR BIN ABDUL WAHID 2020844068
MUHAMMAD DANIAL BIN MOHD 2020621208
ASRI
MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS BIN ABDUL 2020461968
HADI
NUR AZMI BIN NORKHIRIRI 2020869678

GROUP : RAS2031B

DATE : 8th JANUARY 2021

OBJECTIVE

1. To determine the focal length of converging lens.

2. To investigate the formation of images by converging lens in different object position

APPARATUS

1. Optical bench

2. Converging lens

3. Illminated object

4. Screen

THEORY

A lens is a piece of transparent material bounded by two curved surface or a curved surface
and a plane surface. Most lenses are made of glass and the curved surfaces are section of a
sphere. Some special lenses may have cylindrical surface. The lenses used in this experiment
will all be spherical lenses

If a beam of parallel light the surface of a lens it will be bent or reflected as shown in Figure
1. If the rays converge to a point as in Figure 1(a) the lens is called a converging lens. If the
diverge as in Figure1(b) the lens called a either case the point through which the rays pass
(Figure1(a)) or from which they appear to come (figure 1(b)) is called the principle focus of
the lens ,F, and the distance from this point to the lens is the local length,

f.

If an object is placed in front of a converging lens an image will be formed. For a lens the
light passes through and the image, if real, will be formed on the side of the lens opposite
from the object, as shown 1 figure 2. Certain rays can be drawn to locate the image. One is
the ray OAFI

Since OA is parallel to the axis ,O’C is called o the image distance, CI is called I, it can be
proved for a thin lens (such will be used in this experiment) that

1 1 1
(1)……………� = 0 + �

Where f is the local length. According to figure 2, o is considered positive on the left of the
lens and negative on the right of the lens and i is positive in the right of the lens and negative
on the left

The magnification of lens, m, is equal to the ratio image size, II’ to the object distance, OO’

��'
(2)……………….� = ��'

Which is also equal to the ratio of negative the image distance, I to the object distance, o

�
(3)………………..� = �

The object size OO’ is considered positive when upright or erect and negative when inverted
and likewise for the image II’. When the magnification, m, for single lens is negative, the
image is inverted and real and when positive, the image erect and virtual.
PROCEDURE

PART I: To estimate the focal length of converging lens using distant object

1. Place the converging lens close to one end of the screen on the optical bench.

2. Point the bench at a distant object and concentrate on the screen with the image of a distant
object.

3. Measure the distance from the screen to the middle of the lens. Take this as the limit, lens
focal length, lens f.

4. Justify the consideration of the focal length equal to the distance of the image by equation
(1).

PART II: To determine the focal length of a converging lens using lens formula

1. Near one end of the bench, place the illuminated object and the screen on the other end.

2. Put the converging lens between the screen and the object.

3. Shift the lens until the screen creates a sharp image.

4. Record the distance between the object and the lens (o), and the distance between the
screen and the lens (i).

5. Use the equation to determine the focal length, f, of the lens (1). Compute the percentage
difference between part I and part II focal lengths.

PART III: Image formation by converging lens at different position (far object, F1, 2F1, F2,
2F2 and O)

1. Set the illuminated lens near one end of the bench and the other end of the screen.

2. Place the object very far from the lens and shift the screen until the screen forms a sharp
image on-screen. For other positions in F1, 2F1, F2, 2F2 and O, repeat the same process.
Record your documents in a table observation.

3. Draw the ray diagrams for each study case on the basis of the experiment to demonstrate
how the pictures are made. Calculation of magnifications by equation (3).
RESULT

PART I: To estimate the focal length of converging lens using distant object

Distance object method;

F = Of1 = Of2

Focal length of the convex lens, F is =10.5cm

PART II: To determine the focal length of a converging lens using lens formula

U.V method;

 Object distance, o = 14cm

 Image distance, i = 35.5cm

1 1 1
= +
� 0 �

f = 10.04cm

Differences; 10.5cm – 10.04cm = 0.46cm

Average; (10.5cm + 10.04cm) / 2 = 10.27cm

Percentage difference = (0.46cm / 10.27cm) x 100 = 4.48%

PART III: Image formation by converging lens at different position (far object, F1, 2F1, F2,
2F2 and O)

Table observation

Case Position Size Magnification Nature

1st(when - Image - Highly m=i/o - Real and
object is obtained at diminished. m= +20cm/- inverted.
very far F2 100cm
= -0.2
2nd( object - Image - Diminished m = +30cm/ - - Real and
beyond 2F1) obtain 60cm inverted.
between F2 m= - 0.5
and 2f2.
3rd( Object - Image - Same size m = +40cm/- - Real and
at 2F1) obtained at 40cm inverted.
2F2. m = -1
4th( Object - Beyond 2F2 - Enlarged. m = +60cm/ - - Real and
between F2 30cm inverted.
and 2F2) m = -2
5th( Object Very - Highly m = +100cm/ - Real and
at F1) enlarged. -20cm enlarged.
- far(infinity)
m = -5
6th(Object - Same side - Enlarged m = +10cm/ - Virtual
between F1 as the +10cm and
and lens) object. m=1 erect.

Diagram rays of each case

case diagram

1st(when object is very far

 2nd( object beyond 2F1)

3rd( Object at 2F1)

4th( Object between F2 and 2F2)

 5th( Object at F1)

6th(Object between F1 and lens)

DISCUSSION

Precautions

• Find the approximate focal length of the lens before making measurements to ensure that
only real images are formed.

• Measure distances from the centre of the lens.

Sources of Error

• Determining the exact position when the image is in sharpest focus is difficult.

• Parallax error associated with measuring the object and image distances using the metre
stick.

Improvements

• Perform the experiment using different objects.

• Perform the experiment with an LED array instead of a ray box and cross-thread
combination.

CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, in this experiment, we could study the to determine the focal length of
converging lens and to investigate the formation of images by converging lens in different
object position

The relationship between u and v and the focal length f for a convex lens is given by . Where
f is the focal length, u is the distance between the object and the lens v is the distance
between the image and the lens. Real and Virtual Images: Lenses produce images by
refraction that are said to be either real or virtual.

Real images are created by the convergence of rays and can be projected onto a screen; real
images form on the side of the lens that is opposite to the object and by convention have a
positive image distance value;

Virtual images are formed by the apparent extrapolation of diverging rays and cannot be
formed on a screen, whereas virtual images form on the same side of the lens as the object
and have a negative image distance value
REFERENCES

1) School of Physics and Materials Studies, Laboratory Manual PHY431/441/443, Faculty of

Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA. 2010. [Print].

2) Edunovus. (2017, Sep 14). 13 Focal Length of a Convex Lens SSC [Video]. Youtube.

3) Learn n hv fun. (2018, Nov 5). Image Formation by Convex Lens [Video]. Youtube.