Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Sources of energy came in different ways which are being used in generating

power in the world. These different sources of energy are used primarily to produce

electricity. There are nine chief areas of energy resources that falls in two categories:

non-renewable and renewable. Non-renewable energy resources are natural gas, oil,

nuclear, and coal which is available in limited supplies. The reason behind this is it is

usually due to the long time it takes to be refilled.  Renewable resources are replaced

naturally and over quite short periods of time. The five major renewable energy resources

are geothermal, biomass, water (hydro), wind and solar.                    

The cleanest and most abundant renewable energy source available is the solar

energy. Solar energy provides a variety of uses and one of these is to generate electricity.

There are numerous means to harness solar energy: solar heating & cooling,

photovoltaics, concentrating solar power, and passive solar. The first three are active

solar systems, which use electrical or mechanical devices that transform the sun's light to

another form of functional energy. However, even though sun energy is considered as

renewable energy, people doesn’t maximize its use.

Sun energy is considered as renewable energy but people tend to depreciate it.

People invest more to distributors of electricity that could power houses in exchange of

electrical bills. Nobody can exploit the sunlight and sun offers more energy than people

could ever use. Consumers doesn’t know the advantages of using solar energy because
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people tend to do what is common. Some of the people are not well-oriented about the

benefits of consuming solar energy while some oriented people chose not to invest in a

‘one-time bigtime’ investment due to the state of being afraid in releasing huge amount of

money. With the use of solar power system, consumers could start saving money from

the moment it is turned on, nevertheless, the benefits of solar power are best noticeable in

the long run. The more people appreciate the advantages of solar technology and care the

environment, the longer people have solar system.

Since sun shines across the planet, it can possibly make every country in the

world a solar power energy producer that can lead into a greater security and

independence in producing energy. Energy source like Solar Energy, however is one of

the underutilized renewable energy, according to Rockies et al. (2009) “About ten to the

18th kwh is received annually at the surface of the earth but only a tiny fraction of this

energy is tapped directly for human use”

In the Philippines, coal fired power plants are the dominant producers of

electricity because it is more convenient to produce electricity with the use of coal rather

than renewable energy sources. Solar power energy is also efficient; however, its bad side

is that photovoltaic cells are not capable of harvesting large amount of sunlight and heat

produced by the sun. It is however categorized by low production but high maintenance.

As sun is everywhere, and it is also predictable and dependable, however some

people don't tend to appreciate its benefits. However, this kind of energy source is not

efficient for some because its high cost maintenance but its energy production is low. So,

what will be the cause if people are depreciating the solar power energy? Of Course,

electricity demand rate will not be sustained and more non-renewable energy sources
 3

power plants will be built.  Somehow, nowadays solar technology is constantly

improving because it is now in demand e.g. China is now leading for solar power

producer.

The development of Automated Solar shades is tended to help to promote the use

of solar energy for the efficient and reliable alternative source of energy. The perceived

solution approach is to help the chosen beneficiary a non- government charity, that

shelters patients who are currently undergoing medical treatments in Philippine General

Hospital, the strategies to make with this non-NGO charity named Bahay Aruga is to

install this automated solar shade that can power lights and emergency light.  

Objectives of the Study

The objective of this study is to develop an automated window shades using solar

cells.

Specifically, it aims to (specific objectives):

1.    Design a project with the following features:

a. Automatic up and down feature.

b. Automatic switch using sensor.

c. It has a solar panel to generate electricity.                                

d. Charge controller that will monitor electricity being generated.

2.    Construct project as designed.

3.    Test the project.

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4.    Evaluate the performance of the prototype in   terms of functionally, workability,

durability, economy, safety and saleability.

Scope and Limitations

The study is focused on the development of a project that will produce electricity

by means of sun power energy. It has 1.) Automatic up and down of shade. 2.) Supply 4

7w DC light bulb. 3.) Photosensor connected to switch for automatic control.

However, the study is limited to the amount of current generated by the shade

through the help of light and heat being trapped by the solar panels.

Significance of the Study

The study intends to develop an automated solar shade that can help some rural

areas to store backup energy source by using sun power energy. This can also help to

budget the financial income of consumers.

In 1131 San Marcelino St, Ermita, Manila, 1007 Metro Manila Bahay Aruga, the

beneficiary, this is a facility that provides free accommodation to outpatient pediatric

cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and/or medical treatment at the Philippine

General Hospital. The benefactors consumed a lot of electricity because of numerous

patients.

In this situation the study intends to develop an automated solar shade that will be

used as a backup source of electricity to lessen the high amount of electricity bill being

consumed. The Bahay Aruga, a shelter for cancer patients located at San Marcelino

Street, Ermita Manila will be the beneficiary of the project. This will help the shelter to
 5

sustain a 24-hour supply of electricity to power up led lights. In this ca se, it can avoid

any unnecessary accidents especially during night time.

Chapter 2

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter represents the Review of Related Literature and studies underlying

the issues and problems and its solution. It is also composed of Conceptual Framework of

the Study and the Operational Definition of Terms.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Sources of Energy

Energy is a force or power that enable things to do work. Also, it is a conserve amount; in

the law of conservation of energy it states that energy is can neither be created nor

destroyed. Hence, the Earth provides different natural sources of energy which

categorized into two types; Non- renewable and Renewable.

        Renewable Energy

It is a type of energy resource that can be used over and over again. This includes

wind, geothermal, hydropower, biomass and solar energy. Generally, these following

renewable resources are able to generate electricity with less pollution.

Wind Power

Wind power is the ability to use air as a source of energy, by means of air that

flows through the wind turbines and spins the generator and create electricity. Thus, it is

an alternative source to burning fossil fuels, it is abundant, renewable, clean, and widely
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distributed, and don't produce any greenhouse gases emissions during its operation, it

also does not consume water, and it uses little space.

Biomass

Another type of energy source that used to produce energy by burning organic

materials that can be found on plants and animals. However, it is a kind of renewable

energy that can be used to produce heat by means of combustion. The raw materials like

animal manure and human sewage are used in this type of production. In addition,

burning biomass releases carbon emissions, but has been marked as a renewable

energy source around the world, because plant stocks can be replaced with a new

growth.

Hydro Power

Source of energy that uses the kinetic energy from the flowing water or the

potential energy of water at a height. Hydro power plants are converting potential energy

of falling water into electricity. Since there are few water-falls which are characterized as

a source of potential energy. Usually, hydro power plants are built with dams. Earlier in

the last century, a large number of dams were built all over the world to use as energy

source.

Geothermal Power

Geothermal energy comes from the heat beneath the earth. The transmission of

electricity is more efficient than transporting coal or petroleum over the same distance.

Therefore, many thermal power plants are set up near coal or oil fields. The term thermal

power plant is used since fuel is burnt to produce heat energy which is converted into

electrical energy.

Solar Power
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Energy source that uses the heat coming from the sun. However, the sun radiates

an enormous amount of heat energy at the present rate for nearly 5 billion years and

therefore continue radiating at the same rate for about 5 billion years more. Only a small

part of solar energy reaches the outer layer of the earth’s atmosphere. It is nearly half of it

is absorbed while passing through the atmosphere and the rest reaches the earth’s surface.

Solar Energy

Every day, the sun is radiating a massive amount of energy called solar energy. It

radiates more energy in one day than the world uses in one year. This energy source

comes from within the sun itself.

Solar Energy in Producing Electricity

Photovoltaics (PV) are usually transforms light energy into electricity.  For a

typical PV panel, it consists two or more thin layers of semi-conducting material, which

commonly are silicon. Photovoltaic cells are connected together and encapsulated to form

a module or panel. Then, solar rays are harvested by the use of solar panels. When the

light strikes the silicon, it produces electrons that are conducted away by a metallic grid

as direct current (DC). And then sent through an inverter and converted it into alternating

current (AC) electricity for use. However, cloudy weather will limit the amount of energy

collected.

Advantages of Solar Energy

Solar energy is a type of renewable energy resource that can do useful work

in many circumstances. The advantages of using solar energy as follows; obviously, the

more sunshine hours a place receives the more energy is generated. Photovoltaics (PV)

are one of the most environmental-friendly ways to generate power nowadays because
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they are silent, and it doesn’t produce any emissions while in use and require no fuel to

run them.

Problems Concerns in Solar Energy

The major disadvantage of both wafer-based and thin film solar energy is the

intermittency. Because if the sun does not shine at night, and is weakened by overcast

skies and storms the energy from solar cells are therefore cannot work at all times.

Therefore, this only means that decentralized energy from solar cells cannot supply what

the energy industry calls baseline power, which supplies a constant energy need. To

summarize this, getting to know with Solar energy is a step by step process. Using this as

an alternative energy source a person must need to know about the pros and cons of solar

energy. However, solar energy is somehow not efficient, but nowadays as technology go

further and further, it can be more innovative on how to collect or harvest this kind of

resource.

Different types of Window Shades

Roller Shades

As shown on figure 1 (Roller Shade). According to Home Stratosphere 2018, this

is a type of window shade that is made from synthetic fabrics that can be rolled up or

down that suit your desires. In addition, roller shades are available in any kind of patterns

that mounts into different windows. They are more fashionable alternatives than a typical

curtains. Like Roman shades, roller shades are to be had in a broad range of natural and
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synthetic fabric and regularly have extra functions together with thermal or blackout

linings.

Figure 1. Roller Shades

Source: Blinds.com

Tie-Up Shades

Tie-up shades (Figure 2) are like a go between a shade and a curtain. Tie-Up

shades are available in variety of materials, design and color.  It can raise the coloration

by way of rolling it up and then tying the color in vicinity. This style of shade gives a

casual or country appearance that blends seamlessly with many varieties of home décor.

(Home Stratosphere, 2018).

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Figure 2. Tie-Up Shade

Source: Bed Bath & Beyond

Outdoor Shades

Outdoor shades (Figure 3) are commonly made from heavy responsibility, climate

resistant materials. This are used on patios and decks to reduce the amount of solar

exposure and warmth that’s coming into the area. Outdoor solar shades are in particular

famous [ CITATION Hom18 \l 13321 ].

Figure 3. Outdoor Shade

Source: Wayfair

Skylight Shades
Skylight shades (Figure 4) are commonly characteristic in a large part, because it

has a detachable rod that’s used to elevate, decrease or alter the shade. Every now and
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then, skylight shades are raised or lowered with a handle instead of a rod. However,

automatic versions also are available[ CITATION Hou18 \l 13321 ].

Figure 4. Skylight Shade

Source: Home Depot

Solar Shades

Solar shades (Figure 5) are commonly look like sunglasses for home windows.

Solar shades are like roller shades. Their motive is to reduce the quantity of sunlight,

Ultra Violet (UV) rays and heat entering the room from out of doors even as retaining the

window’s view (Home Stratosphere, 2018).

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Figure 5. Solar shades

Source: Blinds.com

Different types of Solar Panel

Solar cell is an electronic device that converts sunlight into electricity directly.

Shining of light on the solar cell produces voltage and current to come up with electrical

power. This method requires first in a material in which light absorption makes an

electron raise its energy into higher state. Secondly, the electron’s movement with higher

energy into an external circuit from the solar cell. The electron returns to the solar cell

after it then scatters its energy in the external circuit. Satisfying the requirements for

conversion of photovoltaic conversion requires a variety of materials and processes, but a

semiconductor materials in the form of a p-n junction mainly used for all photovoltaic

energy conversion practices.

First Generation Solar Panels

Monocrystalline Solar Panels (Mono-SI)

Monocrystalline silicon (or "single-crystal silicon", "single-crystal Si", "mono c-

Si", or just mono-Si) used in almost all electronic equipment today for the base material

of silicon chips. Mono-Si also works as, light- absorbing photovoltaic material for solar

cells production. It is composed of continuous solid crystal frame silicon, constant to its

edges, and any grain-free of any boundaries. Mono-Si can be intrinsic equipped,

containing only of extremely pure silicon, or doped, comprising tiny amounts of other

elements added to change its semiconducting properties. Most silicon mono crystals are

grown into ingots of up to 2 meters in length and weighing several hundred kilograms by

the process of Czochralski. (Greenmatch,2016).

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Figure 6. Monocrystalline Silicon

Source: greenmatch.co.types-of-solar-panels

Polycrystalline Solar Panels (p-Si)

Polycrystalline silicon, so-called polysilicon or poly-Si, is industry as a raw

material. Polysilicon is produced by means Siemens process- a chemical purification

process from metallurgical grade silicon. This process includes breakdown of silicon at

high temperatures and concentration of volatile silicon compounds. An alternative

process of refinement uses a fluidized bed reactor (Greenmatch,2016).

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Figure 7.Polycrystalline silicon

Source: greenmatch.co.uktypes-of-solar-panels

First Generation Solar Panels are composed of Monocrystalline Solar Panels

(Mono-SI) and Polycrystalline Solar Panels (p-Si). First generation can be also called as

conventional, traditional, wafer-based cells. The two has made of crystalline silicon, the

commercially predominant PV technology, that includes materials such as polysilicon

and monocrystalline silicon.

Second Generation Solar Panels

Thin-Film: Amorphous Silicon Solar Panels (A-SI)

A thin-film photovoltaic cell (TFPV) also called as a thin-film solar cell (TFSC),

which is made by depositing one or more shrill layers, or thin film (TF) of photovoltaic

material on a substrate, for instance metal, glass or plastic is under the second generation

solar cell. Thin-film solar panels, involving amorphous and other thin-film silicon (a-Si,

TF-Si), copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS), and cadmium telluride (CdTe) are

commercially used in numerous technologies.

Amorphous silicon (a-Si) can be classified as non-crystalline form of silicon. It

has been on the market for more than 15 years and considered as the well-built of the thin

film technologies. It powers remote facilities and some private homes and buildings but it

also extensively used in pocket calculators. Amorphous-silicon solar cells remains a

major maker today, was founded by United Solar Systems Corp. (UniSolar) as does

Sharp and Sanyo (Greenmatch,2016).

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Figure 8.Amorphous Silicon

Source: greenmatch.co.uk/ types-of-solar-panels

The table below shows the different types of solar cells; Monocrystalline Solar

Panels (Moni-Si), Polycrystalline Solar Panels (p-Si), Thin-Film Amorphous Silicon

Solar Panels (A-Si) and Concentrated PV Cell (CVP). Efficiency rate, advantages and

disadvantages are indicated in each type of solar panel.

Table 1.Solar Cells

Source: www.greenmatch.co.uk/blog/2015/09/types-of-solar-panels
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Hardware Requirements

Listed below are the different hardware used in the project such as: Photoelectric

sensors,

Materials and Specification

Photoelectric sensors

Photo Electric sensors use light to sense the presence, absence, or distance of

target objects.  They consist of an emitter light source, a photodiode or phototransistor

receiver, and supporting electronics.

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Figure 9. Photoelectric sensor

Source: www.amazon.com

Linear Actuator

Typically known as “activators”, as the name implies; it actuates or move in a

straight direction. According to Firgelli Automaiom Team (2014 )The simple operation

of the motor is commonly to extend and retract the rod of the actuator. It is usually used

in industrial machinery or drop down lifts. Actuators are available in different speed,

force and stroke.

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Figure 10. Linear Actuator

Source: www.amazon.com
Solar Panels

Devices that convert light into electricity. They are called "solar" panels because

most of the time, the most powerful source of light available is the Sun, called Sol by

astronomers. Some scientists call them photovoltaics which means, basically, "light-

electricity."

A solar panel is a collection of solar cells. Lots of small solar cells spread over a

large area can work together to provide enough power to be useful. The more light that

hits a cell, the more electricity it produces.

According to Bennet, Coleman 2018, Solar panels are used to convert solar

energy into electrical energy. Whenever the sunlight falls upon the solar panels, it

generates electricity which fills the batteries. In addition, solar panels are actually a

collection of solar (or photovoltaic) cells, which can be used to generate electricity by the

process of photovoltaic effect. Also, these cells are arranged in a grid-like pattern on the

surface of solar panels. Thus, solar panel may also be described as a set of photovoltaic

modules that mounts on a structure supporting it. A photovoltaic (PV) module is basically

packaged and connected assembly of 6×10 solar cells.

When it comes to wear-and-tear, the panels are very hard. Solar panels wear out

extremely slow. In a year, the effectiveness of solar panels decreases only about one to

two per cent (at times, even lesser). However, installation of solar panels in homes helps

in combating the harmful emissions of greenhouse gases and thus helps reduce the effect

of global warming. Because solar panels do not produce any form of pollution and it is

clean. It also decrease the reliance on fossil fuels (which are limited) and traditional
 19

power sources. However, solar panels these days are used in wide-ranging electronic

equipment like calculators, which work as long as sunlight is available.

Figure 11. Solar Panel

Source: www.amazon.com

Charge Controller

Charge controller is used to determine the amount of current needed by the

battery for its best performance. It is a critical component because it determines the

efficiency of the entire solar system and also the operating life of the battery. The charge

controller also guards the battery bank from overcharging. From the solar array, the

power going to the battery bank was being managed by a solar charge controller.

Deep cycle batteries are ensured from not being overcharged during the day by

the charge controller and also prevents the draining of batteries due to running of power

back to the solar panels during the night. Additional capabilities like lighting and load
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control are available to some charge controllers but the primary job of it is to manage the

power. (Alternative Energy Store Inc., 1999-2016).

Figure 12. Charge controller

Source: www.lazada.com.ph

Battery

Evening, nights, and cloudy days are instances which is beyond control, these

period happens when there is no sunlight. Battery banks are used to store power loads or

excess energy during the day whenever required to provide electricity during the said

period.

Solar battery is a great way to keep the devices powered. . It avoids the power to

send straight away from solar panel to loads or devices. The energy is being directed to

the battery bank to allow for storage and use. To fit the specific needs of the end user,

energy systems and solar battery should be customized. Each part of the battery bank
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system is dependent to each other and dependent on the application of the loads. The

operation time of the load depends on the amount of power stored inside the battery bank

(Rico, 2016).

Figure 13. Battery

Source: optimusenergy.ph

Types of Batteries

Nickel Cadmium Batteries

If the NiCd rechargeable is in charged state, the positive electrode active

component is Nickel Hydroxide while Cadmium in the negative electrode. NiCd batteries

are the type of batteries that are known for its good current conducting properties, in

addition this type of batteries are can be used to supply extremely high currents and it can

also be recharged faster, because these cells are made to sustain temperature under -20 C.
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Nicd battery are generally offering long service life thereby ensuring a high degree of

economy.

Nickel Metal Hydroxide Batteries

In this type of battery however, the active components of a typical NiMh Battery

in the charged state consist of Nickel Hydroxide in positive electrode and Hydrogen

storing metal alloy in its negative electrode. However, by comparing Nicd batteries and

NiMh batteries, is that this both cells have a high energy density per volume and weight.

Lithium Ion Batteries

Lithium Ion Battery refer to a type of rechargeable battery where the negative

electrode (anode) and positive electrode (cathode) materials serve as a host for the

Lithium ion.

Small Sealed LEAD Acid Batteries or URLA Batteries

SSLA batteries are also rechargeable cells that are valve- regulated acid batteries

that does not require regular addition of water to the cells, and release less gas than wet

lead-acid batteries.

Evaluation System

        The evaluation process will be conducted through a survey using qualitative

method in determining the performance of the project. The survey is based on the TUP

evaluation system provided with a set of criteria as follows;

        Functionality pertains to ease of operation, provision of comfort and convenience.

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        Aesthetics of the project refers to color appeal, attractiveness and appropriateness

of the design.

        Workability pertains to the availability of materials, availability of technical

expertise, and availability of tools.

        Durability of the project refers to quality of materials, quality of workmanship,

and quality of design.

        Economy is evaluated in terms of material needed, time labor spent, and machine

required.

        Safety pertains to absence of toxics and hazardous materials, absence of sharp

edges and provisions of protective devices.

        Salability/Marketability concerns the consumer’s demand, accessibility of the

finished product and price affordability.

Conceptual Framework

Based on the gathered or collected concepts, theories, and findings of related

literature, investigations, studies presented, and insights taken, a conceptual model was

established as shown below.

Input Process Output

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 KNOWLEDGE
REQUIREMENT
 Sources of
 Design
energy
 Solar energy  Fabricate
 Shades  Test and  Automated
 Different Improve Solar Shades
types of solar
panel
 HARDWARE
REQUIREMENT
 Tools And
Equipment
 Solar Panel
 Battery
 Rain Sensor
 Photo EVALUATION
Sensor  Functionality
 Safety

Figure 14. The Conceptual Model of the Study

The conceptual Model of the Study shows the input, process and output of the

project. Under the input section are the knowledge and hardware requirements. The

knowledge requirements include related concepts, theories, and studies to the subject

matter. The knowledge requirements, are sources of energy, solar energy, shades, and the

different types of solar panel. In addition to knowledge requirements are hardware

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requirements, under these requirements are tools and equipment, solar panel, battery, rain

sensor, and photo sensor.

After collecting the inputs, the process will take place which includes the design,

fabrication, and Testing procedures. In this stage, it requires numerous testing to test

whether the project is functioning well according to the designed operations.

Next is having the input and process which results to an output which is the solar

shades. Lastly, the output will proceed to evaluation procedure that has the functionality

and safety testing and evaluation.

Operational Definition of Terms

To have a comprehensive understanding of the study, the following terms are

defined as to how they were used in the study.

Solar Shade is a kind of window blind which purpose is to block the sun

radiation.
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Photovoltaics (PV) are inserted or encapsulated within the solar panels.

Gear Motor is used to control the solar shade either up or down.

Photo sensor is used as the control for the solar shade to turn on or off the

solar shade.

Rain sensor is applied so that when a sudden rainfall will occur the solar

shade will roll up or will stop the harvesting of solar energy.

Charge Controller is used to control the load connected in the battery. It also

controls the power harvesting or collecting in the solar shade. It also shows what

specific load needed in the battery to work on its best.

DC load Center is used to maintain the Direct current and voltage in a current

load.

Battery this battery serves as the storage for the energy harvested in the solar

shade. Also, it is attached into a inverter that converts Direct Current into Alternating

Current.

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the Development of Automated Solar Shades on how the

project is done, from the project design, fabrication procedure, operational procedure, test

and evaluation procedure.

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Project Design

The development of the Automated Solar Shades is designed to convert a

renewable energy to an alternative power source that will help the user. The main

material of the project is the solar panel that collects sun energy. It was designed as shade

that can be attached to windows. The project also has a charge controller that enables the

user to monitor the amount of electricity being generated by the project. The collected

energy is used to recharge a battery that can power 12 DC LED panel light. An inverter is

being connected to a battery so that AC loads will also be powered. It also has a photo

sensor that is being connected to the gear motor which serves as switch that detects

sunlight and can operate the project automatically. In addition, it also has a rain sensor

that can automatically roll up the shade when being exposed to water.

Isometric Diagram
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Figure 15. Isometric View of Automated Solar Shade

Figure 15 shows the isometric view of the automated solar shades which includes

the following parts; Gear motor that is being connected to two sensors named photo

sensor and rain sensor that control and enables the solar shade to roll up and down.

Casing and hanging bracket that maintain the stability of the solar shade. Lastly, the solar

panel that collects renewable energy that soon will be converted into useful electricity.

Block Diagram
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Figure 16. Block diagram of automated solar shades

Figure 16. Block diagram expressed the simple operation of the project.

Photovoltaic module stands for solar panel that collects light from the sun. Solar panel is

connected to solar charge controller that converts the collected energy into electricity.

Converted energy is being stored in a solar battery that will power the DC loads. In

addition to this, inverter is being connected to battery to power AC loads.

Project Development

The following are the main sections of the Automated Solar Shade
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I. Body section

a. Casing and Hanger Bracket

b. Solar shade

II. Control system

a. Photo sensor

b. Charge controller

c. Solar Battery

III. Load

a. LED Light Bulb

Fabrication Procedure
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1. Body Section

Hanger Bracket

Figure 17. Hanger Bracket

1. Solar Panel

a. Prepare monocrystalline solar panel with the following specifications 100w.

2. Support of the Solar

Panel

a. Cut 3 pcs. of angle bars and

1 pc of the flat bar for the
making of the support.
b. And then attach it by the
use of a welding machine.
c. When the frame and the
support frame are done,
attach the hinge.

Solar shades
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Figure 18. Solar Shades

1 Attaching the Linear Actuator

 When the case are done, place a 12V, 6” stroke, and 180 lbs., linear
actuator into the right side and behind the solar panel.
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Motor
 34

Figure 19. Case Assembly

2. Case for the Solar Panel

a. Prepare Galvanized Iron Flat bar

b. Cut two (2) 120.5 cm for its length and cut two (2) 54.5 cm for its width.
c. After cutting the flat bars, attach each flat bars by the use of a welding machine.
d. Then furnish the case with the use of spray paints.

2. Control System

Photo sensor
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Figure 20. Photo Sensor

1 Attaching the sensor to the Panel

 Attach the photo sensor near the solar panel to trigger the operation.

Charge controller

Figure 21. Charge Controller

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1 Connecting Solar panel to the Charge Controller to the Battery

 Connect the solar panel to a PWM Solar Charge Controller then to the
battery to the loads which consists of 4 pcs. 7w lightbulbs.

Solar battery

Figure 22. Solar Battery

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1 Connecting Solar panel to the Charge Controller to the Battery

 Connect the solar panel to a PWM Solar Charge Controller then to the
battery to the loads which consists of 4 pcs. 7w lightbulbs.

3. Loads

LED Light Bulb

Figure 23. Floor Plan (Lighting Layout)

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Project Computation

Flexible solar panel specifications:

P = 100w

V = 12v

Length = 1.2m

Width = 0.54m

Loads:

100 x .45 = 45w

Battery required:

V = 12v

I = 65AH

Operational and testing procedure

1. Plug the socket of the charge controller connecting to the solar panel.

2. When the photo sensor starts to detect the light coming from the sun, it will

trigger the motor to run. Hence, it will stop when darkness occurs.
 39

3. The solar panel now will start to absorb light that will charge the battery

controlled by the Charge Controller. The charge of battery will vary to the amount

of light captivated by the solar panel.

4. By the time that the sunsets occur, the battery will stop charging. The battery now

will supply the DC LED Lights that will be used as source of light during night

time.

5. The procedure will repeat by the next day.

Testing procedure:

To guarantee that the automatic solar shades is functioning in the following

testing is conducted: Capacity and Battery testing. In process there is some instruments

that needed during the test: Multitester to measure the value of output load and timer to

check the exactly time needed in the testing.

Capacity test

The purpose of this test is to determine the performance of the project during the

process of collecting power energy. The result will prove the efficiency of the project.

To check the voltage output this is the following procedure:

1. Make sure that the solar shades is direct to the sunlight

2. Touch the multi-meter's (red) positive lead to your solar panel's positive wire.

3. Then touch, the multi-meter's (black) negative lead to your solar panel's negative

wire.

To check the current output this is following procedure:

 40

1. Touch the multi-meter's (red) positive lead to your solar panel's positive wire.

2. Then touch, the multi-meter's (black) negative lead to your solar panel's negative

wire.

The voltage and current reading on your multi-meter should have a result. If it's not,

there is a problem with your solar panel output. Go back and check all the connections of

your solar cells and all your stringers or check for cracks in the solar cells themselves.

To get the wattage this is the formula:

Voltage X the current = wattage

Table 2. Trial 1

Time Voltage Current Wattage

8:00am-10:00am
10:00am-12:00pm
12:00pm-2:00pm
2:00pm-4:00pm
4:00pm-6:00pm

Table 3. Trial 2

Time Voltage Current Wattage

8:00am-10:00am
10:00am-12:00pm
12:00pm-2:00pm
2:00pm-4:00pm
 41

4:00pm-6:00pm

Table 4. Trial 3

Time Voltage Current Wattage

8:00am-10:00am
10:00am-12:00pm
12:00pm-2:00pm
2:00pm-4:00pm
4:00pm-6:00pm

Battery testing

The purpose of this test is to check the performance of collecting electricity from

the solar shades.

Table 5. Trial 1

Time Battery level

8:00am-10:00am
10:00am-12:00pm
12:00pm-2:00pm
2:00pm-4:00pm
4:00pm-6:00pm

Table 6. Trial 2

Time Battery level

8:00am-10:00am
10:00am-12:00pm
12:00pm-2:00pm
 42

2:00pm-4:00pm
4:00pm-6:00pm

Table 7. Trial 3

Time Battery level

8:00am-10:00am
10:00am-12:00pm
12:00pm-2:00pm
2:00pm-4:00pm
4:00pm-6:00pm

Evaluation Procedure

Evaluation procedure will be conducted into 2 phases; project demonstration and

final evaluation.

Project demonstration

To determine the performance of the prototype, a survey will be conducted to

evaluate the functionality. The prototype will be evaluated by (10) residential consumer,

(4) engineers, (10) college professors and (6) window seller for a total of thirty (30)

evaluators. These people were chosen because of their level of expertise, experience, and

knowledge of systems.

Suggestions, recommendations, and feedback will be noted by the proponents for

further improvement of the system. The mean will be computed from each criterion and
 43

the grand mean will be calculated to determine the overall acceptability performance of

the project.

Final Evaluation

In final evaluation, the evaluation instrument will be distributed to the evaluators.

Appendix D shows a sample of the evaluation the instrument. The criteria in project

evaluation composed of functionality, aesthetics, safety, economy, workability, and

salability. Each participant can rate from 5 to 1, 5 being the highest with equivalent to

excellent, while 1 is the lowest grade which is equal to poor. The overall rating was

interpreted using the numerical range equivalent descriptive interpretations as shown in

Table 4.

Table 4

Likert Scale

Numerical Rating Descriptive Rating

 44

4.51 – 5.00 Excellent

3.51 – 4.50 Very Good
2.51 – 3.50 Good
1.51 – 2.50 Fair
1.00 – 1.50 Poor

Chapter 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the process of the machine, machine capabilities and

limitation, and output test result and evaluation result.

Product Description

The Automated Solar Shade show on Figure was designed to harvest solar energy

that will help Bahay Aruga, (a non-government organization) to lessen the expenses of
 45

electrical bills. Hence, use the allotted money as an additional budget for medicines,

foods and other necessary expenditures.

Solar Panel

Battery

Linear
Actuator

DC Light Bulbs

Charge
Controller

Figure 24. Automated Solar Shade

 44

Figure illustrates the Automated Solar Shade, It has a solar panel used to collect

solar energy as an input to generate electricity. A charge controller connected to

solar panel that monitors the battery. A battery that is used to store the collected

renewable energy. A 12v, 10A photo sensor which is located beside the solar panel and

will trigger to start and end the operation of the project. Lastly, it has a 4 12v, 7w DC

light bulbs that will serve as an output.

Project Structure

Figure shows the Solar panel that will harvest renewable energy and generate

electricity to supply 4 DC loads. Solar panel used to collect solar energy as an input to

generate electricity. First generation monocrystalline 12v, 100 watts solar panel works as,

the mean for collecting solar energy because of its light- absorbing photovoltaic material

for solar cells production.

 45

Figure 25. Solar Panel

Figure 46 shows the charge controller. A charge controller, Solar Charge

Controller or Charge Regulator is attached into the battery, it basically regulates the flow

of voltage and current that prevent the battery from overcharging.

Figure 26. Charge Controller

Figure shown shows the 12v, 85AH lead acid battery . FUNCTION NG BATTERY. 3

SENTENCES MINIMUM SANA.

 46

Figure 27. Battery

Figure 48 shows a 12v, 10A photo sensor which is located beside the solar panel and

will trigger to start and end the operation of the project. It will serves as a switch that will be

responsible for the project’s operation.

Figure 28.Photosensor
 47

Figure 48 shows four 12v, 7w DC light bulbs that will serve as the project’s

output. It has a parallel connection and it is directly connected to the battery and charge

controller. Light bulbs serves as an output of the project.

Figure 29. DC Light Bulbs

 48

Capabilities and Limitation of the Project

The project is designed and constructed aim to help pediatric cancer patients to

buy additional medicines in Bahay Aruga using the researcher’s filed of course. An

automated solar shade will benefit the environment and the pediatric cancer patients to

utilize the budget for electric bills in other necessary expenses.

However, it only focuses on generating four 12v, 7w DC light bulbs . Furthermore, the

developed project is not capable of generating more than 50watts motor. In addition, the

project needs manual work in switching on/off and controlling the light bulbs.

Furthermore, the capacity of generating loads is only limited up to eighty watts. The

machine, also needs maintenance to prevent damage and malfunctioning of the battery.

Project Testing and Evaluation Results

The prototype was subjected under testing and evaluation procedures that will

help determine the performance, capabilities and limitation of the project.

 49

Test Results

Table 8

Solar Panel testing for generating loads

Time Voltage Current Wattage

8:00am-10:00am
10:00am-12:00pm
12:00pm-2:00pm
2:00pm-4:00pm
4:00pm-6:00pm
 50

Table

Battery Testing

Time Battery level

8:00am-10:00am
10:00am-12:00pm
12:00pm-2:00pm
2:00pm-4:00pm
4:00pm-6:00pm

Evaluation Results

The evaluation on the performance of the development prototype aimed to

quantitatively assess the six (6) criteria included in the Technological University of The

Philippines evaluation instrument, namely: functionality, aesthetic, workability,

durability, economy, and safety.

After the proponents demonstrated the operation of the project and explained the

advantage and limitations of it, and evaluation instrument was provided to the evaluators

to rate the project.

The average of evaluation results was tabulated and presented on table 10.

The project got “Very Good” evaluation with an overall rating of 4.40 for

functionality. This shows that the project is easy to operate, provided comfort and

convenience and is also user-friendly.

Table 10
 51

Evaluation Result for Functionality

CRITERIA MEAN DESCRIPTIVE RATING

FUNCTIONALITY
1.Ease of operation Very Good
2.Provision for comfort and Very Good
convenience
3.User-friendliness Very Good
MEAN Very Good

Table 11 shown the project received a mean rating of 4.14 for Aesthetics with a

Descriptive rating of “Very Good”. This means that the project has an exemplary overall

design that shows portability and completeness in system.

Table 11

Evaluation Result of Aesthetics

CRITERIA MEAN DESCRIPTIVE RATING

AESTHETIC
1.Color appeal Very Good
2.Attractiveness of design Very Good
3.Appropriateness of Very Good
design
MEAN Very Good

Table 12 shown the project received a total rating of 4.20 for workability with

descriptive rating of “Very Good”. This proved that the project was made using locally

available material and technical expertise was available.

Table 12
 52

Evaluation Results for Workability

CRITERIA MEAN DESCRIPTIVE RATING

WORKABILITY
1.Availability of materials Very Good
2.Availability of technical Excellent
expertise
3.Availability of tools and Very Good
machine
MEAN Very Good

Illustrated in Table 13 is the Durability of the project, having a “Very Good”

rating with a total mean of 4.13. It proved that the project is high quality. The

workmanship and the quality of the design were very good.

Table 13

Evaluation Results for Durability

CRITERIA MEAN DESCRIPTIVE RATING

DURABILITY
1.Quality of materials Very Good
2.Quality of workmanship Very Good
3.Quality of design Very Good
MEAN Very Good

The price of the materials of the project were just reasonable enough and spent a

little less in labour and time. Economical aspect of this project got a mean of 3.99 with a

descriptive rating of “Very Good”.

Table 14

Evaluation Results for Economy

CRITERIA MEAN DESCRIPTIVE RATING

ECONOMY
1.Economy in terms of Very Good
materials needed
2.Economy in terms of Very Good
time/labour in
3.Economy spent
terms of Very Good
machine/s required
MEAN Very Good
 53

Provisions on safety were followed according on the preceding table. The

evaluators gave a rating 4.09 with a descriptive rating “Very Good”.

Table 15

Evaluation Result for Safety

CRITERIA MEAN DESCRIPTIVE RATING

SAFETY
1.Absence of Very Good
toxic/hazardous
2.Absence materials
of sharp edges Very Good
3.Provision for protection Very Good
devices
MEAN Very Good

Table 16 shown the summary of evaluation conducted on 30 respondents. The

overall mean for this project, according to Table 13 is 4.16 which means that the project

gained a “Very Good” rating. The criteria on functionality gained the highest mean while

the criteria on economy received the lowest.

Table 16

Summary of Evaluation Result per Criterion

CRITERIA MEAN DESCRIPTIVE RATING

FUNCTIONALITY Very Good
AESTHETIC Very Good
WORKABILITY Very Good
DURABILITY Very Good
ECONOMY Very Good
SAFETY Very Good
OVERALL MEAN Very Good
 54

Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendations

Based from the result of the all evaluation, comment of all evaluators and suggestion.

Summary of Findings

The purpose of this study is to develop a prototype that will turn solar energy into

electricity. The generated electricity will power four (4) light bulbs for more convenient

use of the prototype. The importance of the prototype design is to be able to harvest solar

energy efficiently, to achieve the desired operation, it is automatically controlled by a

sensor to trigger the operation. The prototype is use to promote the use of renewable

energy as a source of electricity because this is more efficient and it will benefit the

environment.

Testing procedure were conducted and prove that all the device is working and

functioning and able to accomplish its objectives. Testing procedures were conducted and

Proved that all the devices are working well and was able to accomplish its objectives.

The project was evaluated according to its functionality, aesthetics, workability,

durability, economy, safety and salability. The respondents gave an “Excellent”

descriptive rating with regards to the functionality, workability, durability economy,

safety and salability, while Aesthetics received a “Very Good” descriptive rating.
 55

Conclusions

The following conclusions of the related study are derived in the objective of the

Study and the all result, testing and evaluation undertaken by this study.

1. Able to design Automated Solar Shade that is use for harvesting solar energy

for the users.

2. Able to design an Automated Solar Shade inspired by the design of Window

Awning. The prototype will do the process to generate electricity by means of

solar energy.

3. The prototype was successfully tested and verified and it also test the

functionality.

4. The prototype garnered an overall numerical rating of 4.12 having a “Very

Good” descriptive rating.

Recommendation

Based on the study, the following are recommended to improve the developed

project.
 56

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MAJOR ACTIVITIES IMPLEMENTING SCHEDULE

JUN. JUL. AUG. SEPT. OCT.
1. Seeking for beneficiary
2. Identifying the problem
3. Planning
4. Project construction
5. Rationale construction
6. Title defense
7. Collecting RRL&S
8. Construction of chapter 1
9. Construction of chapter 2
10. Construction of chapter 3
11. Mock – up
12. Proposal defense
Appendix A

GANTT CHART
 61

Appendix B

BILL OF MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES

No. Qty. Unit Description Unit Price Total Price

1 1 pc/s Solar Battery P 3,319.00 P 3,319.00
1 1 pc/s Charge controller P 348.00 P 348.00
1 1 pc/s Gear motor P 138.00 P 138.00
1 1 pc/s Rain Sensor P 100.00 P 100.00
5 1 pc/s Photo sensor P 120.00 P 120.00
6 3 Pc/s DC panel light P 900.00 P 2700
6 1 pc/s Red wire P 150.00 P 150.00
7 1 pc/s Black wire P 150.00 P 150.00
8 1 pc/s Flexible solar panel P 18,700 P 18,700

TOTAL P 25,725
 62

Appendix C

TOTAL BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS

PARTICULARS AMOUNT
1. Personal Services (PS)
1.1 Contractual Labor
1.1.1 Machining
1.1.2 Fabrication
1.1.3 Programming
Total Personal Services

2. Maintenance & Other Operating

Expenses
2.1 Travel Expenses 1,000
2.2 Materials 25,725
Total Maintenance & Other Operating Php 26,725
Expenses

Total Budget Php 26,725

 63

EVALUATION SHEET
Instruction: Please evaluate the prototype by using the given scale and placing a
checkmark () under the corresponding numerical rating.
Numerical Rating Equivalent
5 Excellent
4 Very Good
3 Good
2 Fair
INDICATORS 5 4 3 2 1
A. Functionality          
1.     Ease of Operation          
2.     Provision for Comfort and Convenience          
3.     User-friendliness          
B. Aesthetics          
1.     Color appeal          
2.     Attractiveness of design          
3. Appropriateness of size          
C. Workability          
1.    Availability of materials          
2.     Availability of technical expertise          
3.     Availability of tools and machines          
D. Durability          
1. Quality of materials          
2. Quality of workmanship          
3. Quality of Design          
E. Economy          
1. Economy in terms of materials needed          
2. Economy in terms of time/labor spent          
3. Economy in terms of machine          
F. Safety          
1. Absence of toxic/hazardous materials          
2. Absence of sharp edges          
3. Provision for protection devices          
G. Salability / Marketability          
1. Presence of market demand          
2. Accessibility to finished products          
3. Competitiveness to price          
1 Poor
 64

Summary:
a. Functionality ……………….. ___ e. Economy …………….. ___
b. Aesthetics ……………….. ___ f. Safety …………….. ___
c. Workability ……………….. ___ g. Salability ……………… ___
d. Durability ……………….. ___

RESEARCHER’S PROFILE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : Detosil, Enathea K.

Date of Birth : December 23, 1998
Age : 20 years old
Gender : Female
Height : 5’5
Weight : 120 lbs.
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Father’s Name : Ernesto G. Detosil
Mother’s Name: Teresa K. Detosil

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY : TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE

PHILIPPINES
Bachelor of Technology Major in Electrical
Ayala Blvd. Ermita, Manila
SY: 2015-Present

SECONDARY : SAINT FRANCIS OF ASSISI COLLEGE

Holy Family Village Bagumbayan, Taguig City
SY: 2011-2015
 65

RESEARCHER’S PROFILE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : Cortez, Glen A.

Date of Birth : November 26, 1996
Age : 21 years old
Gender : Male
Height : 5’7”
Weight : 84 kg.
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Father’s Name : Eduardo C. Cortez
Mother’s Name: Grace A. Cortez

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY : TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE

PHILIPPINES
Bachelor of Technology Major in Electrical
Ayala Blvd. Ermita, Manila
SY: 2015-Present

SECONDARY : JUSTINO SEVILLA HIGH SCHOOL

Manga Cacutud, Arayat, Pampanga
SY: 2009-2013
 66

RESEARCHER’S PROFILE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : Matias, Kyle Christopher Y.

Date of Birth : December 20, 1998
Age : 20 years old
Gender : Male
Height : 5’6”
Weight : 80 kg.
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Father’s Name : Christopher C. Matias
Mother’s Name: Girllie Y. Matias

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY : TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE

PHILIPPINES
Bachelor of Technology Major in Electrical
Ayala Blvd. Ermita, Manila
SY: 2015-Present

SECONDARY : ST. JOSEPH COLLEGE OF BULACAN (SJCB)

San Jose Patag, 3022 Sta. Maria, Bulacan
SY 2011-2015
 67

RESEARCHER’S PROFILE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : Marquez, Joshua C.

Date of Birth : November 20, 1999
Age : 19 years old
Gender : Male
Height : 5’7”
Weight : 53 kg.
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Father’s Name : Ferdinand T. Marquez
Mother’s Name: Maria Fe C. Marquez

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY : TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE

PHILIPPINES
Bachelor of Technology Major in Electrical
Ayala Blvd. Ermita, Manila
SY: 2015-Present

SECONDARY : ST. AUGUSTINE ACADEMY OF PAMPANGA

Poblacion, Florida Blanca
SY 2011-2015
 68

RESEARCHER’S PROFILE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name : Banan. Efren Jr. M.

Date of Birth : December 5, 1992
Age : 25 years old
Gender : Male
Height : 5’6”
Weight : 60kg.
Religion : Roman Catholic
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Father’s Name : Efren T. Banan
Mother’s Name : Dalisay M. Banan

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

TERTIARY : TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY OF THE

PHILIPPINES
Bachelor of Technology Major in Electrical
Ayala Blvd. Ermita, Manila
SY: 2015-Present

SECONDARY : HOLY REDEEMER SCHOOL

Paliparan, Dasmariñas, Cavite
SY: 2006-2010
69