MODULE 1

The Life and Works of Jose Rizal

 Overview of the Module

Purpose of the Module

This module is intended to you first year students enrolled in the Bachelor of
Science in Business Administration (BSBA) for both major in Financial
Management and Marketing Management. This module will help you to
understand the rationale behind having to take up Rizal course in college,
however, Rizal is a subject required of any course, in any college or university
in the Philippines.

Module Title and Description

This module is entitled The Life and Works of Jose Rizal. As mandated by
Republic ACT 1425, this course covers the life and works of the country’s
national hero, Jose Rizal. Among the topics covered are Rizal’s biography
and his writings, particularly the novel Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
some of his essays, and various correspondences. The Following Topics:

TOPICS WEEK
I. Rizal Law
1 week
A. Republic Act 1425
II. Philippine in the nineteenth century as Rizal’s
context
A. Economic: end of the galleon trade, opening of
the Suez Canal, opening of the ports to world trade, rise of
the export crop economy, and monopolies
B. Social: Education, rise of the Chinese mestizo, 2 weeks
rise of the inquilino.
C. Political Liberalism, impact of the Bourbon
reforms, Cadiz constitution
Subtopic: Seeing the life of an individual in society and
society in the life of an individual.
III. Rizal’s Life:
1 week
A. Family, Childhood and Early Education
IV. Rizal’s Life Higher Education and Life Abroad 2 weeks
V. Rizal’s Life:
2 weeks
A. Exile, Trial, and Death
VI. Annotation of Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las
2 weeks
Islas Filipinas
VII. Noli Me Tangere 2 weeks
VIII. El Filibusterismo 2 weeks
IX. The Philippines:
A. A Century Hence
2 weeks
B. Other Possible Topics: Letter to the Women of
Malolos on the indolence of the Filipino
X. Jose Rizal and Philippine Nationanlism-Bayani and
2 weeks
Kabayanihan
XI. Jose Rizal and Philippine Nationalism-National
2 weeks
Symbol

Module Guide

The key to successfully finish this module lies in your hands. This module
was prepared for you to learn diligently, intelligently, and independently. As
would be business administration professional, doing these will greatly help
and prepare you to become a great entrepreneur with knowledge in business
law. Aside from meeting the content and performance standards of this
course in accomplishing the given activities, you will be able to learn other
invaluable learning skills which you will be very proud of as a responsible
learner. The following guides and house rules will help you further to be on
tract and to say at the end of the module, “I did well.”

1. Schedule and manage your time to read and understand every part of
the module. Read it over and over until you understand the point.
2. Study how you can manage to do the activities of this module in
consideration of your other modules from other courses. Be very
conscious with the study schedule. Post it in a conspicuous place so
that you can always see. Do not ask about questions that are already
answered in the guide.
3. If you did not understand the meanings and other tasks, re-read, and
have focus. If this will not work, engage all possible resources. You
may ask other family members to help you. If this will not work again,
text me first so that I can call you or text you back for assistance.
4. Do not procrastinate. Remember, it is not others who will be short-
changed if you will not do your work on time, it will be you.
5. Before you start doing your task, read and understand the assessment
tools provided. Do not settle with the low standards, target the highest
standards in doing your assigned tasks. I know you can.
6. You are free to browse and read the different units of the module even
prior to doing the tasks in each unit. However, you need to ensure that
you will not miss any part of the module and you will not miss to
accomplish every activity in every unit as scheduled.
7. Before the end of the midterms, you will be tasked to send back
through correspondence the accomplished and scheduled modules for
midterms to me. Make sure you will follow it up with me through text or
any other media available for you.
8. While waiting for my feedback of your accomplished modules, continue
doing the task in the succeeding units of the module that are
scheduled for the finals.
9. If needed, do not hesitate to keep in touch with me through any
available means. Remember, if there is a will, there is a way.
 10. In answering all the assessment and evaluation activities, write legibly.
It will help if you will not write your answers in the module if you are not
yet sure of your answers. You must remember that all activities in the
module are academic activities which mean that the relevant academic
conventions apply. Think before you write.
a. Your answers should be composed of complete and grammatically
correct sentences. Do not use abbreviations and acronyms unless
these are introduced in the readings, and do not write in text-speak.
Avoid writing in all caps.
b. In the self-processed discussions, write appropriate and well-
thought arguments and judgments. Avoid merely approving or
disapproving with what is expressed in the material. You need to
support your inputs in the discussions from reliable information or
from empirical observations. Do not write uninformed opinions.
c. Do not write lengthy answers. Stick to the point. Be clear what
your main point is and express it as concisely as possible. Do not
let your discussion stray. Make use of the spaces in the module as
your guide.
d. Quote your sources if there are in answering all the activities.

11. Lastly, you are the learner, hence, you do the module on your own.
Your family members and friends at home will support you but the
activities must be done by you. As BiPSUnista, you always need to
demonstrate our core values of Brilliance, Innovation, Progress,
Service and Unity.

Module Outcomes

At the end of this module, you must recognize the importance of the Rizal’s
ideals and teachings in relation to present conditions and situations in the
society, the application of such ideals in current social and personal problems
and issues, develop and appreciation and deeper understanding of all the
Rizal fought and died for and foster the development of the Filipino youth in all
aspects of citizenship.

Module Requirements

You are required to submit your answers and be able to pass the required
assessment or evaluation activities provided in this module.
Course Pre-Test
Direction: Answer the following, questions in your own words or ideas.
The rubric below will serve as the general guide for scoring the answers.
In accordance to academic freedom, the teacher reserves the right to
change the scoring as he/she pleases.

1. Why is it important to study the life of our heroes?

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2. Discuss your ideas/opinions of Rizal’s works and the reason for

being considered a hero?
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3. What urged the protagonists of the Rizal Bill to file such motion?
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4. Are the issues on the R.A. 1425 still pertinent on the present
conditions of the Philippines?

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5. Heroes are not born, they are made.

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Rubric used in the Course Pre
Pre--Test
Criteria 1 Point 3 Points 6 Points 10 Points Earned
Points
Organization Writing lacks Writing is Writing is Writing
logical coherent and coherent shows high
organization. logically and degree of
organized. logically attention to
organized logic and
with reasoning
transitions of points.
used
between
ideas and
paragraphs
to create
coherence.

Module There is little There is some The The essay

Content information information information includes
about the about the includes detailed
module module. descriptions information
included. about the about the
module descriptions
and the about the
activities module
dine. and the
activities.
Level of Shows some Content Content Content
Content thinking and indicates indicates indicates
reasoning but thinking and original synthesis of
most ideas are reasoning thinking ideas, in-
underdeveloped applied with and depth
and unoriginal. original develops analysis
thought on a ideas with and
new ideas. sufficient evidences
and firm original
evidence. thought
and
support for
the topic.

Development Main points lack Main points Main points Main points
detailed are present are well are well
development. with limited developed developed
Ideas are vague detail and with quality with high
with little development. supporting quality and
evidence of details and quantity
critical thinking. quantity. support.
Spelling and Spelling and Some of the Most of the All spelling
Grammar grammar errors words are words and and
are frequent. spelled grammar grammar
correctly and are spelled are correct.
some correctly.
grammar is
correct.
TOTAL

Key Terms

Law-commonly refers to a system of rules created and enforced through

social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior,[2] with its precise
definition a matter of longstanding debate.
Ched- is a government agency attached to the Office of the President of the
Philippines for administrative purposes. It covers both public and private
higher education institutions as well as degree-granting programs in all post-
secondary educational institutions in the country.
Noli Me Tangere- "Touch me not", is an 1887 novel by José Rizal during
the colonization of the Philippines by Spain to describe perceived inequities of
the Spanish Catholic friars and the ruling government.

El Filibusterismo-is the second novel written by Philippine national hero José

Rizal. It is the sequel to Noli Me Tángere and, like the first book, was written
in Spanish. It was first published in 1891 in Ghent.

R. A. 1425 (Rizal Law). An act to include in the curricula of all public and
private schools, colleges and universities courses on the life, works and
writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, authorizing the printing and distribution thereof, and for other
purposes, effective June 12, 1956.

Jose P. Laurel. In full José Paciano Laurel, (born March 9, 1891, Tanauan,
Luzon, Philippines—died November 6, 1959, Manila), Filipino lawyer,
politician, and jurist, who served as president of the Philippines (1943–45)
during the Japanese occupation during World War II.

Hacienda. These are homesteads set on rural and agricultural land in all
Spanish-speaking countries of colonial background. In South America, they
were initially set up during the so-called Age of Discovery, when Spain was
laborious in its conquering of the New World. Allocated large plots of land,
members of the Spanish nobility (called patrons) proceeded to build
enormous manor houses that were utterly grandiose and built to impress.
Guardia Civil. The national police force of Spain, organized along military
lines and engaged primarily in maintaining order in rural areas and in
patrolling the frontiers and the highways.

Cortes (Spanish Parliament). The two houses constituting the national

legislative body.

Indio. The Malayan, native born inhabitants of the Philippine islands.

Frailocracy. A government of friars or priests.

Polo y servicio. A compulsory labor imposed by the Spanish colonial

authorities on adult Filipino males in the construction of churches, schools,
hospitals, buildings and repair of roads, of ships in the shipyard and other
public works.

Falla. A sum of money paid to the government to be exempted from the polo.

Principalia. The group of leading citizens of the town.

Rizal. From the Spanish word “racial”, which means “the young green after
growth of fields” or simply “green field”.

Cavite Mutiny. The 1972 mutiny marked the beginning of a new stage in
escalating unrest against the Spaniards.

Gom-Bur-Za. The three condemned priests (namely: Mariano Gomez, Jose

Burgos and Jacinto Zamora) who were executed through a guillotine.
 Life and Works of Dr. Jose Rizal

Lesson 1: WHAT IS A HERO?

RIZAL LAW (R.A. 1425)

Introduction

Welcome to the first lesson on the course on the life and works
of Jose Rizal. If reading and discussing the txt about Rizal cannot be fun, then
it will just be like a cold stone without elaboration.
To discuss about a hero is taking him as a person with flesh and
blood not as a deity or a supernatural being that is an object of reverence
without understanding. To appreciate a hero like Rizal, we must be able to
learn about him-not his acts but the thoughts behind his acts, his reasons, his
experiences and his works that are relevant to our time and place. We should
study Rizal as a person – his intelligence, courage, compassion nationalism
and also his weakness like being a womanizer, violent, and short tempered
that complete him as a human being. When we realize that he is like us, we
can truly appreciate his human and his great and exemplary deeds are word
emulating. Studying the historical context of the Rizal Law allows us to better
understanding the contents, rationale, and importance of the law.

Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

1. Value the true meaning of heroism and the criteria set by the
National Heroes Committee (NHC)

2. Examine the policy of the selection and proclamation of national

heroes;

3. Understand the Rizal law and its implication to the current

educational system;

4. Realize that Rizal was an ordinary human being, and not a God or
God-like.
According to the dictionary:
 a hero is a man admired for his achievements and noble
qualities and regarded as an ideal or model
 the central figure in an event, period or movement, honored for
outstanding qualities
 he/she is someone who shows great courage in an important
event.

Activity 1.1
Direction. Read carefully the statement below.

1. Why Filipino students should have a school subject LWR?

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2. What is Rizal Law?
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Rubric
Rubric used in the Activity 1.1
Criteria 1 Point 3 Points 6 Points 10 Points Earned
Points
Organization Writing lacks Writing is Writing is Writing
logical coherent and coherent shows high
organization. logically and degree of
organized. logically attention to
organized logic and
with reasoning
transitions of points.
used
between
ideas and
paragraphs
to create
coherence.

Module There is little There is some The The essay

Content information information information includes
about the about the includes detailed
module module. descriptions information
included. about the about the
module descriptions
and the about the
activities module
dine. and the
activities.
Level of Shows some Content Content Content
Content thinking and indicates indicates indicates
reasoning but thinking and original synthesis of
most ideas are reasoning thinking ideas, in-
underdeveloped applied with and depth
and unoriginal. original develops analysis
thought on a ideas with and
new ideas. sufficient evidences
and firm original
evidence. thought
and
support for
the topic.

Development Main points lack Main points Main points Main points
detailed are present are well are well
development. with limited developed developed
Ideas are vague detail and with quality with high
with little development. supporting quality and
evidence of details and quantity
critical thinking. quantity. support.

Spelling and Spelling and Some of the Most of the All spelling
Grammar grammar errors words are words and and
are frequent. spelled grammar grammar
correctly and are spelled are correct.
some correctly.
grammar is
correct.
TOTAL

Activity 2.1

Directions: Read the sentences below and answer the following

statement. Choose the answer below.

1. ______________________The main proponent of the Rizal Bill who

dubbed as communist and anti-Catholic by critics for proposing
the Rizal bill.
2. ______________________Rizal Law
3. ______________________The date when Rizal bill was enacted.
4. ______________________Former president who directed the
secretary of education, culture and sports and the chairman of
the commission on higher education to fully implemented the RA
1425
5. ______________________In this year, CHED memorandum no. 3 was
issued enforcing strict compliance to memorandum order no. 24

1995, Fidel V. Ramos

June 12
1956
Republic act no. 1425
Claro M. Recto

Lesson 2: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE 19TH CENTURY:

PHILIPPINES
 Rizal as a political philosopher
 Reform and the Revolution

Objectives:

Examine the historical background of the rise of nationalism and in the

context of Rizal’s ideas.
Activity 1.2

Direction. Read carefully the statement below.

Is the study of the life and works still relevant nowadays?

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Rubric used in the Activity 1.2

Criteria 1 Point 3 Points 6 Points 10 Points Earned
Points
Organization Writing lacks Writing is Writing is Writing
logical coherent and coherent shows high
organization. logically and degree of
organized. logically attention to
organized logic and
with reasoning
transitions of points.
used
between
ideas and
paragraphs
to create
coherence.

Module There is little There is some The The essay

Content information information information includes
about the about the includes detailed
module module. descriptions information
included. about the about the
module descriptions
and the about the
activities module
dine. and the
activities.
Level of Shows some Content Content Content
Content thinking and indicates indicates indicates
reasoning but thinking and original synthesis of
most ideas are reasoning thinking ideas, in-
underdeveloped applied with and depth
and unoriginal. original develops analysis
thought on a ideas with and
new ideas. sufficient evidences
and firm original
evidence. thought
and
support for
the topic.

Development Main points lack Main points Main points Main points
detailed are present are well are well
development. with limited developed developed
Ideas are vague detail and with quality with high
with little development. supporting quality and
evidence of details and quantity
critical thinking. quantity. support.

Spelling and Spelling and Some of the Most of the All spelling
Grammar grammar errors words are words and and
are frequent. spelled grammar grammar
correctly and are spelled are correct.
some correctly.
grammar is
correct.
TOTAL

Analysis
 Why do we need to study Rizal’s Life?
 Does the DNA of a person carry ancestral identity? Why?
 What are the Struggles of R.A 1425?
 What are the important changes in the 19th century?
 How to run the Government?

Abstraction
 As a Filipino, How are you going to deal with the different struggles
your country is facing?
 If you are living during Rizal’s time, how are you going to deal with the
Spanish people knowing that your writings gives courage to the
Filipinos?
  As a Filipino during the Nineteenth Century a period of major changes
which affected men and society, how are you going to deal the series of
series of changes in the industry?

Application
The Hero is an expression of people’s acceptance of his/her
contribution to the development to the nation. It is not just a popular believe
but the consistent recognition and acknowledgement not only of his
contemporaries but also the generation. Dr. Rizal is truly a hero exceptional in
his ideas, works and decisions.

In order to realize the learning outcome, you have to make a Reflective

paper based on the different writings of Dr. Jose Rizal on why the Spanish
people hated those writings especially the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo.

The development of Rizal’s ideas and nationalism is composed of

different factors.
…The reformist spirit of Rizal and the revolutionary fervor of Bonifacio
become the initial nourishment of the soul of the nation.

The Spain and her policies in the Philippines paved the way for nationalism to
develop. Spain can no longer prolong her administration since reforms were
far from her agenda.

Assigned Readings

To learn more about Rizal’s life, read the following books:

1. Gregoriio F. Zaide & Sonia M. Zaide.2014, JOSE RIZAL, Second Edition

2. Ambeth R. Ocampo.2008, RIZAL WITHOUT THE OVERCOAT
3. Tomas C. Ongoco. 2007. GABAY SA PAG-AARAL SA EL
FILIBUSTERISMO
4. Carlito C. Garcia, Augusto V. De Viana, Cynthia B. Cruz. RIZAL AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM, Revised Edition
Course Assessment 1.1
Direction. Read carefully the statement below.

1. What makes a person a hero then?

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2. Why Jose Rizal had chosen as a National hero?

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3. What do you think the reason, why Rizal treat him like a God?
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4. How important the Rizal law or R.A. 1425 and its implication to
the current educational system?
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5. Make a reaction paper of Rizal Law (Republic Act 1425)

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Rubric used in the Assessment 1.1

Criteria 1 Point 3 Points 6 Points 10 Points Earned
Points
Organizat Writing lacks Writing is Writing is Writing shows
ion logical coherent coherent and high degree
organization. and logically logically of attention
organized. organized to logic and
with transitions reasoning of
used between points.
ideas and
paragraphs to
create
coherence.

Module There is little There is some The The essay

Content information information information includes
about the about the includes detailed
module module. descriptions information
included. about the about the
module and descriptions
the activities about the
dine. module and
the activities.
Level of Shows some Content Content Content
Content thinking and indicates indicates indicates
reasoning but thinking and original synthesis of
most ideas are reasoning thinking and ideas, in-
underdevelope applied with develops depth analysis
d and original ideas with and
unoriginal. thought on a sufficient and evidences
new ideas. firm evidence. original
thought and
support for
the topic.

Develop Main points lack Main points Main points Main points
ment detailed are present are well are well
development. with limited developed developed
Ideas are detail and with quality with high
vague with little developmen supporting quality and
evidence of t. details and quantity
 critical thinking. quantity. support.

Spelling Spelling and Some of the Most of the All spelling

and grammar errors words are words and and grammar
Grammar are frequent. spelled grammar are are correct.
correctly and spelled
some correctly.
grammar is
correct.
TOTAL

Course Assessment 1.2

IDENTIFICATION

1. What year the evolution of export economy start from the

British and American merchants.

2. It is an artificial sea-level waterway, it is often consideration to

define the border between Africa and Asia.

3. The Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period

in the late 19th century.

4. The title of the government executed during the colonial

period of the Philippines and the chief executive and widest of
powers.

5. It is a set of ideas, values and attitudes about government and

the political process held by a community or nation.

6. Disassociation or separation from religious or spiritual concern.

7. The idea of oneness by the people who possess common

traditions, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interest
of other nations.

8. A system of government in which all powers is shared by

citizens.

9. The Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish

colonialism Filipinos in Manila in 1892.

10. Who drafted the testament “Kartilla” embodied the articles of

faith of the Katipunan.
Summary
Who will set the Criteria for the recognition of the national hero?

No law, executive order or proclamation has

been enacted or issued officially
proclaiming any Filipino historical figure as
a national hero. However, because of their
significant roles in the process of nation
building and contributions to history, there
were laws enacted and proclamations
issued honoring these heroes.
But according to historians, heroes, should
not be legislated. Their appreciation should
be better left to academics. Acclamation for
heroes, they felt, would be recognition
enough.

EXECUTIVE Order No. 75 “National Heroes Committee”

Issued by the President Fidel V. Ramos on March 28, 1993 creating

the National Heroes Committee under the Office of the President.
The Principal duty of the Committee is to study, evaluate and
recommend Filipino national personage/heroes in due recognition of their
sterling character and remarkable achievement for the country.

The Technical Committee of the National Heroes Committee had a

meeting on June 3, 193 in Manila and adopted the following criteria:

1. Heroes are those who have a concept of nation and thereafter aspire
and struggle for the nation’s freedom.
2. Heroes are those who define and contribute to a system or life of
freedom and order for a nation.
2. Heroes are those who contribute to the quality of life and destiny of a
nation.

In another round-table discussion held on November 15, 1995, the

NHC Technical Committee further adopted the criteria submitted by Dr.
Alfredo Lagmay, as follws:

1. A hero is part of the people’s expression, but that process of a

people’s internalization of a hero’s life and works takes time, with the
youth forming part of that internalization.
2. A hero thinks of the future, especially the future generations.
 On November 15, 1995, the Technical Committee after deliberation
and careful study based on Dr. Onofre D. Corpuz’ and Dr. Alfredo Lagmay’s
selected the following nine Filipino historical figures to be recommended as
National Heroes:

a. Jose Rizal b. Andres Bonifacio

c. Emilio Aguinaldo d. Apolinario Mabini
e. Melchora Aquino f. Marcelo H. del Pilar
g. Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat h. Juan Luna
i. Gabriela Silang

To study Rizal, do not treat him like a God, as he becomes

unattainable and his accomplishments inhuman, but study Rizal deeper. You
see him as he truly was-compassionate, nationalistic, intelligent, courageous,
short-tempered, womanizer, and gambler, violent and sometimes rash.
When we realize that he is like us, that his deeds are not impossible to
imitate, we will realize his humanity and that we will be truly inspired by his
heroism.

Laws Honoring/ Commemorating Filipino Historical Figures- for Dr. Rizal

A. Decree of December 20, 1898, issued by General Emilio
Aguinaldo, declared December 30 of every year a day national
mourning in honor of Dr. Jose Rizal and other victims of the
Philippine Revolution.
B. Act No. 137, which organized the politico-military district of
Morong into the Province of Rizal, was the first official step
taken by the Taft Commission to honor our greatest hero and
martyr.

Rizal Law or R. A. 1425:

 Jose P. Laurel – Father of Rizal Law

 Senate Bill 448 hopes to give people knowledge about the
oppression suffered by the Filipino during the Spanish era.
 for the Filipino to understand themselves and their
country better and realize the greatness of Rizal
 Sen. Decoroso Rosales
 Sen. Mariano Cuenco
 Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo
 argued that it will be a violation of religious freedom
 R.A. 1425 is an act to include in the Curricula of all public and
private schools, colleges and universities courses on life, works
and writings of Dr. Jose Rizal
 There is a need to give utmost importance to the ideals of
freedom, nationalism and patriotism through an understanding
of the works and life of Rizal
What The Law imposes?

 Inclusion in the curricula studies on the life and works of Rizal

 Reading of the unexpurgated versions of Noli Me Tangere and
El Filibusterismo
 School should have adequate copies of Rizal’s works
 The law authorizes the translation of Noli and Fili
 While the teaching of Rizal as subject is required, the doctrine of
separation of the church and state is upheld.

Philippines in the 19th Century: Economic Development

 Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade

 Reforms made by Gov. Jose Basco y Vargas
 1830-growth of export economy from British and American
merchants
 Philippines exported agriculture products resulting to the growth
and profit of Filipino hacienderos and inquilinos of the friar
haciendas
 Economic Development as a whole is a non-Spanish initiative
Opening of the Suez Canal in 1869
 The Philippine Society
 The Native Population
PRINCIPALIA they are rich landowners; local gov’t
official
ILLUSTRADO educated middle-class
Common People they are the majority of or masses the
class; workers

Political Development

 Spain has no consistent policy for the overseas colonies

 Philippines was used as a dumping ground to reward Spanish
officials
 Rampant corruption in the Government
 Governor-general was the chief executive with the widest of
powers

Cultural Development

 1860 spread of education-rise of illustrados

 1859-Ateneo Municipal run by the Jesuits
 1865-Escuela Normal de Maestro
 Humanistic Education in literature, science and philosophy
 Experience if Filipino students in Spain
Religious Development

 Religious Orders played a dominant part in Philippine life

 Government relied heavily on the friars to maintain Spanish
power
 Secularization issue between the regular and secular clergy
(Filipino parish vs. Dominicans, Augustinians, Recollects and
etc.)
 Cavite Mutiny that led to the execution of GOMBURZA (Jose
Burgos, Marino Gomez and Jacinto Zamora) in Bagumbayan
Rizal’s as an “illustrado”

 He criticized the Spanish Government officials for failing

to provide adequate services.
“Illustrado” Philosophy
FOCUS: to promote self-government
 Rizal – waged a relentless campaign to ameliorate the lot
of his people through his political writings and ideas

Rizal’s political views:

 To seek self-reliant, self-respecting government, and a

“people’s government, made for the people, by the
people and answered to the people.”
 Advance practical solutions to domestic as well
international problems
 Reforms must come from above to be more effective

BASIC POLITICAL REFORMS

1. The restoration of Filipino representation to the

Spanish Cortes and freedom of the press
2. Reorganization of the administrative machinery
3. Adoption of a comprehensive examination and the
publication of its results and allowing Filipino to have
same opportunity with the Spaniards to hold government
office
4. Justice is the foundation of society and the government

Rizal concept of Government and Policies

“In order to govern people he does not now or understand he

ought to possess the talent of a genius and extraordinary
knowledge.”

Rizal’s Definition of Basic Political Terms

 1. Political Cultural – is a set of ideas, values and attitudes about
government and the political process held by a community or
nation “without education and liberty…no reform is possible”
2. Political Socialization – the process by which people, at
various stages in their lives, acquire views and orientations
about politics.
Rizal…emphasize the importance of being a Filipino. His
goal was to promote the political aspirations of the
Filipino people for life, democracy and happiness.
3. Political Ideology – comprehensive and logically ordered set
of beliefs about the nature of people and about the institutions
and of the government.
Rizal…to overcome strife and achieve triumph at the end
4. Nationalism – the idea of oneness by a group of people who
possess common traditions, a shared history, a set of goals, and
a belief in the specific future.
Rizal… “He is the father of his country”
5. Representative Government – the nation that the people have
an inherent right to sit in a chamber that determines their future.
Rizal… Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes was
essential to the governing process
6. Democracy – a government in which all power is shared by
citizens.
Rizal…best government was a mixture of representative
democracy and responsible model of democracy
- Filipinos to actively participate in local government
- National government officials to make and bring
results to the local level

Rizal would Criticize Today’s Society

 Unstable economic and political situation of the country

 confusion brought about the allegation of electoral
fraud and cheating
 filibustering (long speeches consuming and
wasting precious time)
 How the priest spend the money of the church
today
 More vigilant on the maladministration of justice for
the people
 Criticize the prevailing graft and corruption in the
bureau
 Criticize the “gambling lords”, those receiving
“jueteng payola”

Rizal…

His moral, political, spiritual and economic legacies

would apply to this day.
 The Revolution

RIZAL vs BONIFACIO
RIZAL – a reformist
BONIFACIO – a revolutionary

The LIGA – a crusade for national unity and

prosperity

The Katipunan
- pursued liberty, equality, and brotherhood
- it assumed after the LIGA
- a secret society intended to march for freedom

Its membership was meant to be act of self-surrender for

the sake of the greater good of the country.

Kartilla – embodied the articles of faith of the katipunan

- a testament drafted by Emilio Jacinto that emphasized
on: purposeful life, equality, charity, good character,
integrity, honor. Trustworthiness, concern for the
defense of the oppressed, respect for women, golden
rule, love of country and commitment.

The patriotic ideals of the LIGA and of nationalistic

courage of the KATIPUNAN were the essential
ingredients that ignited that flame of the first nationalist
revolution in Asia against a colonial rule

References
1. Agoncillo, T. A(1956). The revolt of the masses: The study of Bonifacio and
Katipunan. Quezon City:UP Press.
2. Pasigui, R.E and Cabalu. D.H. (2006). Jose Rizal: The man the hero (An
anthology of legacies and controversies). Quezon City:C.&E Publishing, Inc.
3. Capin, D. et al. (2005). Rizal's life, works and writings: Their impact on our
national Identity. Quezon City: Bookman, Inc.