Refrigeration Cycle

A Trane Air Conditioning Clinic

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Refrigeration Cycle
period one
Heat and Refrigeration

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

What is Refrigeration?

Refrigeration is the
process of removing
heat from one
substance and
transferring it to
another substance.

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

What is Heat?

Heat is a form of energy

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Quantity and Intensity

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Quantity and Intensity

110°F 60°F
[43.3°C] [15.6°C]
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Measuring Heat Quantity

1 lb
water 1 Btu
60°F 61°F

1 kg
water 1 kcal
15°C 16°C
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Principles of Heat Transfer
 Heat energy cannot be destroyed
 Heat always flows from a higher temperature
substance to a lower temperature substance
 Heat can be transferred from one substance to
another

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Heat Energy Cannot Be Destroyed

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Heat Flows from Hot to Cold

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Methods of Heat Transfer

convection
warm air

radiation

hot cool air

conduction
water

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Rate of Heat Flow

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Ton of Refrigeration

12,000 Btu/hr
[3.517 kW]

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Refrigeration Cycle
period two
Refrigerants

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Ice as a Coolant

ice melts at
32°F
[0°C]

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Ice as a Coolant

ice melts at
32°F
[0°C]

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Dry Ice as a Coolant

dry ice
evaporates at
-109.4°F
[-78.6°C]

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Refrigerant-22

R-22 boils at
-41.4°F
[-40.8°C]

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Effect of Transferring Heat

1 lb 1 Btu
water 60°F 61°F

1 kg 1 kcal
water 15°C 16°C
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Effect of Transferring Heat

+ 152 Btu =

1 lb
water 60°F 212°F

+ 85 kcal =

1 kg
water 15°C 100°C
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Effect of Transferring Heat

+ 970.3 Btu =

1 lb 1 lb
water 212°F steam 212°F

+ 244.5 kcal =

1 kg 1 kg
water 100°C steam 100°C
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Effect of Transferring Heat

- 970.3 Btu =

1 lb 1 lb
steam 212°F water 212°F

- 244.5 kcal =

1 kg 1 kg
steam 100°C water 100°C
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Latent Heat

1 lb
steam
1 lb 970.3 Btu
water 212°F 212°F

1 kg
steam
1 kg 244.5 kcal
water 100°C 100°C
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Sensible Heat

1 lb 1 Btu
water 60°F 61°F

1 kg 1 kcal
water 15°C 16°C
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Specific Heat
140°F 200°F
[60°C] [93.3°C]

A B

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Modern Refrigerants

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Refrigeration Cycle
period three
Refrigeration Cycle

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

 Refrigeration System

airflow

liquid refrigerant
(R-22)

collects
refrigerant -41.4°F
vapor [-40.8°C]

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Refrigeration System
evaporator

liquid
refrigerant

refrigerant ?
vapor

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Refrigeration System

refrigerant - heat =
vapor liquid
refrigerant
-41.4°F
[-40.8°C]

substance
colder than
-41.4°F
[-40.8°C]

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Boiling Point of Water

212°F
[100°C]
temperature

14.7 psia pressure

© American Standard Inc. 1999 [0.10MPa] Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
 Boiling Point of Refrigerant-22

121.5°F
temperature

[49.7°C]

41.2°F
[5.1°C]

85 psia 280 psia

[0.59 MPa] [1.93 MPa]

pressure
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Vapor-Compression Cycle

expansion
evaporator device

condenser

© American Standard Inc. 1999

compressor Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Basic Refrigeration System

C
discharge
line
condenser
liquid
line expansion B compressor
device
A
suction
D line

evaporator
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
 Evaporator

mixture of
liquid and vapor
refrigerant B

refrigerant
vapor
air
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
 Compressor

B C

low-pressure high-pressure
refrigerant vapor refrigerant vapor
from evaporator to condenser

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Condenser

refrigerant
vapor

liquid
refrigerant
outdoor
air
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Expansion Device

mixture of
liquid and vapor
refrigerant

liquid D
© American Standard Inc. 1999
refrigerant Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Basic Refrigeration System
high-pressure C
side discharge
line
condenser
liquid
line B compressor
A evaporator
D
suction
expansion line
device low-pressure
side
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Refrigeration Cycle
period four
Pressure–Enthalpy Chart

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

 Pressure–Enthalpy (P–h) Chart
envelope
subcooled
liquid
saturated
mixture of vapor line
liquid and
pressure

vapor
superheated
vapor
line of constant
temperature saturated
liquid line

© American Standard Inc. 1999

enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
P–h Chart for Water
180°F 212°F
[82.2°C] [100°C]
pressure

240°F
[115.6°C]

14.7 psia
[0.10 MPa] A B C D

Water
© American Standard Inc. 1999
enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Heat of Vaporization for Water

subcooled
liquid
mixture of
liquid and
pressure

vapor
heat of superheated
vaporization vapor
14.7 psia
[0.10 MPa] B C

Water
180.2 Btu/lb enthalpy 1150.2 Btu/lb
© American Standard Inc. 1999
[419.1 kJ/kg] [2675.4 kJ/kg] Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Evaporator

refrigeration
effect
pressure

41.2°F
[5.1°C]
85 psia
[0.59 MPa] A evaporator B C

Refrigerant-22
© American Standard Inc. 1999
enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Superheat
pressure

41.2°F 51.2°F
[5.1°C] [10.7°C]
85 psia
A B C

{
[0.59 MPa]

superheat

© American Standard Inc. 1999

enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Compressor

D
pressure

compressor

A B C

© American Standard Inc. 1999

enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
 Heat of Compression

D
280 psia 191.5°F
[88.6°C]
pressure

[1.93 MPa] 121.5°F

[49.7°C]

85 psia
[0.59 MPa] A B C
heat of
compression

© American Standard Inc. 1999

enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
 Condenser

subcooling

G condenser E D
280 psia
{ F
pressure

[1.93 MPa] 110°F 121.5°F

[43.3°C] [49.7°C]

A B C

© American Standard Inc. 1999

enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Expansion Device

G E D
F
pressure

expansion
device

A B C

© American Standard Inc. 1999

enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
 Expansion Device

110°F
[43.3°C]
G E D
280 psia
F
pressure

[1.93 MPa]

85 psia
[0.59 MPa] A B C

21.8 Btu/lb 42.4 Btu/lb 108.2 Btu/lb

[50.7 kJ/kg] [98.6 kJ/kg] [251.7 kJ/kg]
© American Standard Inc. 1999
enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
 Refrigeration Cycle

110°F
[43.3°C]
G condenser E D
280 psia 191.5°F
F [88.6°C]
pressure

[1.93 MPa] 121.5°F

expansion
device [49.7°C] compressor

85 psia
[0.59 MPa] A evaporator B C 51.2°F
41.2°F [10.7°C]
[5.1°C]

© American Standard Inc. 1999

enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Refrigeration Cycle
period five
Review

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Review—Period One
 Heat is a form of energy
 Heat can vary in quantity and intensity
 Heat energy cannot be destroyed
 Heat can be transferred from one substance to
another
 Heat always flows from a higher temperature
substance to a lower temperature substance
 Refrigeration is a method of removing heat

© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN

Review—Period Two

sensible + 180 Btu/lb =

heat water water
[100 kcal/kg]

32°F 212°F
[0°C] [100°C]

latent + 970.3 Btu/lb = steam

heat water [244.5 kcal/kg]

212°F 212°F
© American Standard Inc. 1999 [100°C] [100°C] Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Review—Period Three

condenser

expansion
device compressor

evaporator
© American Standard Inc. 1999 Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN
Review—Period Four

condenser
pressure

expansion
device compressor

evaporator

© American Standard Inc. 1999

enthalpy Air Conditioning Clinic TRG-TRC003-EN