CHAPTER-3 : WATER

HYDRATED AND ANHYDROUS SUBSTANCES.

HYDRATED SUBSTANCE. Substance that contain water molecules along with with
the salts are called hydrated substance.
CuSO4.5H2O
Na2CO3.10H2O
ANHYDROUS SUBSTANCE. Substance that does contain water molecules along with
with the salts are called anhydrous substance.
NaCl, KNO3
WATER OF CRYSTALLISATION. The fixed number of water molecules that is
chemically combined with a compound forming crystals is called water of
crystallization. Eg- CuSO4.5H2O, Na2CO3.10H2O
Some salts containing water of crystllisation This water of crysallisation is in
loose chemical combination
Common name Formula
and can be driven off as steam
Washing soda Na2CO3. 10H2O by heating the crystals
Epsom salt MgSO4.7H2O
Glauber’s salt Na2SO4.10H2O
Blue vitriol CuSO4.5H2O
Green vitriol FeSO4.7H2O
White vitriol ZnSO4.7H2O
Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O
When blue copper sulphate crystals are heated in a test tube, they turn into white
powder, which turn back into a blue solid when few drops of water are added.
CuSO4.5H2O CuSO4 + 5H2O
(BLUE) (WHITE)
EFFLORESCENCE:
A phenomenon where a compound loses its water of crystllisation on
exposure to dry air is called efflorescence.

Substances showing efflorescence are called efflorescent substances.

Eg- Na2CO3.10H2O (Washing soda)

Na2SO4.10H2O (Glauber’s salt)

Note : Higher the temperature of the air, the higher the efflorescence.

Higher the humidity of the air, the lower the efflorescence.

DELIQUESCENCE:
Certain substance when exposed in air absorb moisture form the
atmosphere, and turns into liquid state. Such substance are called
deliquescent substance and the phenomenon is called deliquescence

Eg- MgCl2, CaCl2, FeCl3,NaOH,KOH

Note : Table salt turns moist especially during rainy season because
it contains impurities like magnesium chloride and calcium chloride
which are deliquescent substances. Hence it absorbs moisture from the
atmosphere and table salt turns moist.
HYGROSCOPY:
Certain substance when exposed in air absorb moisture form the
atmosphere with out change of state. Such substance are called
hygroscopic substance and the phenomenon is called hygroscopy
Eg-Conc.H2SO4, P2O5, CaO
DRYING AGENTS:
Substance that can readily absorb moisture from other substance with
out chemically reacting with them are called drying agents
Eg-Anhydrous CaCl2, anhydrous P2O5
These substance are also called desiccants or desiccating agents.
Almost all hygroscopic substances are desiccating agents
DEHYDRATING AGENTS:
Substance that can remove moisture from other substance by chemically
reacting with them are called dehydrating agents
Eg- Conc. H2SO4, Al2O3
CuSO4. 5H2O Conc. H2SO4 CuSO4 + 5H2O
C12H22O11 Conc. H2SO4 12C +11H2O

Gases are dried by:

i)Passing them through Conc. H2SO4 (normally acidic gases)
Quick lime (CaO) being basic in nature is suitable for
drying NH3 gas

ii) Passing them through a drying tower or U-tube contain CaO or CaSO4
iii) A drying bulb contain anhydrous CaCl2
Liquids are dried by:
Keeping them overnight over anhydrous Na2SO4 or MgSO4 or
CaCl2 at room temperature. The solid is then removed by
filtration
Solids are dried by:
Spreading them on a watch glass or a dish and keeping
it in a dessicator for some days

A dessicator is an air tight glass vessel with a

suitable drying agent. This apparatus is used
for drying solids
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER

1. Nature: Pure water is colourless, odourless and tasteless.

The taste in water is due to the gases and solids dissolved in it. ie impurities
present in it.
2. Boiling point: Pure water boils at 1000C

Greater is the pressure higher is the boiling point. This is the principle by which
pressure cooker works.

In Mountains water boils at a temperature lower than 1000C, because atmospheric

pressure is low and food is not cooked properly there. Therefor pressure cookers
are useful in the hills.

The boiling point of water also increases due to the presence of dissolved
impurities present in it.
3. Freezing Point :Pure water freezes at 00C

Freezing point water decreases with increase in pressure

Freezing point of water also decreases due to the presence of dissolved impurities
it.
4. Density : At 40C water has maximum density and minimum volume
5. Anomalous expansion of water : Water
has an unusual physical property, when
cooled it first contracts in volume, as do
other liquids, but below 40C, it starts
expanding.
6. SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY: The fixed amount of heat energy required to increase the
temperature of 1g of water through 10C is called specific heat capacity.

Water has high specific heat capacity, hence it is commonly used as a coolant in
car radiators and desert coolers etc.
7. Latent heat of fusion of ice: The amount of heat energy required by 1g of ice
at 0oC to change into 1g of water at 0oC at its melting point.
The same amount of heat is liberated when 1g of water soldifies
It is on account of high specific latent heat of solidification lakes and rivers do not
freeze suddenly.
7. Latent heat of vaporisation: The amount of heat energy required by 1 g of
water at 1000C to change into 1g of vapour at 1000C at its boiling point point.
It is on account of high specific latent heat of vaporization steam causes far more
serious burns than water at 1000C.
WATER AS A UNIVERSAL SOLVENT:
Water is called as a universal solvent because it dissolves
many substances like solids, liquids and gases.
EXPERIMENT TO SHOW THAT ORDINARY TAP WATER CONTAINS DISSOLVED SOLIDS

Put some tap water on a clean watch glass, and place it over a beaker containing
water as shown in figure. Boil the water in the beaker. When all the water has
evaporated form the watch glass number of concentric rings of solid matter are
seen. These are the solids left behind after evaporation of water.

Rain water and distilled

water do not contain
dissolved solids, and so
concentric rings are not
formed in their case.
IMPORTANCE OF DISSOLVED SALTS IN WATER

1. Salts and minerals are essential for growth and development of plants.
2. They add taste to water.
3. They supply the essential minerals needed by our bodies

AIR DISSOLVED IN WATER

The two main components of air dissolved in water are oxygen (33%), nitrogen
(66%) and carbondioxide (1%).

Since oxygen is more soluble in water compared to nitrogen, composition of the

air dissolved in water differ from ordinary air
Distilled water and boiled water have
no taste. The pleasant taste of drinking
water is due to the presence of
dissolved matter, like air, carbon
dioxide and minerals
IMPORTANCE OF AIR DISSOLVED WATER

1. Marine life, like fish, use the oxygen of the air dissolved in water for
respiration, and thus aquatic life sustained.

2. Aquatic plants make use of dissolved carbon dioxide for photosynthesis

3. Marine organisms such as snails, oysters etc. use carbon dioxide to build their
shells
SOLUTIONS: It is a homogenous mixture of two or more components whose
composition may change by changing the amounts of the components
SOLUTION = SOLUTE + SOLVENT
SOLVENT: The medium in which substance dissolves to form solution. (eg. Water)
SOLUTE: The substance that dissolves in a solvent to form solution. (eg. Sugar)

BINARY SOLUTION: A solution which is made up of two components.

TERNERAY SOLUTION: A solution which is made up of three components

SOLID SOLUTION: A homogenous solution of a solid into another

solid is called a solid solution. Eg: (Gold & Copper), (Brass= Cu &
Zn)