Chapter 1: Introduction to Globalization

Concepts of Globalization

Learning outcomes:
1. examines the various conceptions of globalization.
2. distinguish the different definitions of globalization from experts; and
3. adopt a working definition of Globalization

Notes:

Global Economic Imperialism is a situation in which one nation assumes economic power or influence over the
others. Clearly, this is the age of “Westernization” and/or “Americanization. Of contemporary Filipinos, that is, Filipino
adopts ideas and behavior that are characteristics of the West and of the North America while relegating the ideas and
behavior traditional in their culture.

Insights:
Yohann is a college student. He drinks Milo with his usual corned beef, egg and rice for breakfast every school day.
While eating, he watches Cartoon Network on cable TV to make his morning light. Afterwards, he rushes to brush his
teeth using Colgate. Then, he is good to go. Once inside the university campus, he sends an I-am-at-school message
to hi mom using his new iPhone X. Likewise, he sends his “Hi” message to his special friend via his Samsung Galaxy
S9. More so, Yohann and his friends loves to wear Vans shoes and use Vans schoolbags. They love to hangout in
their favorite fast food store, Mc Donalds, and happily eat their favorite burger, chicken nuggets, and Coke Float. He
talks to his dad who works in Dubai via Skype on Monday, Thursday and Saturday night.
What did you observe with this trend? _______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________.

What is Globalism?

According to Simon Reich (1998): globalization is something that is difficult to understand: the meaning is obscure.
Read the whole article (https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=146972 ).

According to Jan Aart Scholte (1995): globalization stands for a quite large public spread across the world as one of
the defining terms of the 20th century social consciousness. Read the whole article
(http://www.clmeconomia.jccm.es/pdfclm/scholte.pdf).
According to James Rosenau (1996): globalization is often distinguished more by what it is not rather than what it is.
Read the whole article (http://aura.u-pec.fr/regimen/_fich/_pdf/pub_002.pdf).

According to McGrew (1990) globalization is described as something that is comprised of multiple sameness and
interconnectedness that go beyond the nation-states.

According to Cerny (1997) globalization is defined as a cluster of economic and political frameworks and procedures
deriving from the changing marks of the interest and assets that comprised the foundation of international political
economy – specifically, the expanding structural differences of those interests and assets.

According to Freeden (2003) globalization denotes a range of processes nesting under one rather unwieldy epithet.
In part, its conceptual difficulty to handle or control arises from the fact that global flows occur in different and
physical dimensions.

Globality (Steger 2005) denotes future social condition characterized by thick economic, political and cultural
interconnections and global flows that make currently existing political borders and economic barriers irrelevant.

Ideology (Steger 2005) defines as a system of widely shared ideas, patterned beliefs, guiding norms and values,
and ideals accepted as truth by some groups.

Globalization
Globalization is an ongoing process driven by a combination of political, economic, technological, and sociocultural
forces. The process of globalization since World War II has been driven by the planning of politicians to break down
borders hampering trade so as to increase prosperity and interdependence and to decrease the chance of future war.
The process of globalization has been further accelerated by the global expansion of multinational corporations and
the worldwide exchange of new developments in science, technology and in product manufacturing and design. Hence,
the term “globalization” is often used to refer to economic globalization, that is, the integration of national economies
into the international economy through trade, direct foreign investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of
technology. However, sometimes the term “globalization” is also used to refer to cultural globalization because many
people believe that globalization is driven by the worldwide export of western culture through the new mass media:
film, radio, television and recorded music. The development of international transport and telecommunication is another
driving force which speeds up the process of globalization.

[More information about globalization can be found at [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization]

Globalization has various aspects which affect the world in several different ways. These aspects include:
• Industrial globalization – development of worldwide production markets and broader access to a range of foreign
products for consumers and companies involving particularly movement of material and goods between and within
national boundaries.
• Financial globalization – development of worldwide financial markets and better access to external financing for
borrowers.
• Economic globalization – establishment of a global common market, based on the freedom of exchange of goods
and capital.
• Political globalization - creation of international organizations to regulate the relationships among governments
and to guarantee the rights arising from social and economic globalization.
• Informational globalization – increase in information flows between geographically remote locations. (This can
also be seen as a technological change related to the advent of fibre optic communications, satellites, and
increased availability of telephone and Internet.)
• Cultural globalization - sharing of ideas, attitudes and values across national borders. This sharing generally
leads to an interconnectedness and interaction between peoples of diverse cultures and ways of life. Mass media
and communication technologies are the primary instruments for cultural globalization.