‫ﺣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ ‪...‬‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ F ( x) = 0‬ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﻘﻭﻝ ﻋﻥ ‪ x0‬ﺍﻧﻪ ﺟﺫﺭ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺃﻥ‪F ( x 0 ) = 0 :‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ F ( x) = x − 1 = 0‬ﺟﺫﺭ ﻫﻭ ‪ x0 = 1‬ﻷﻥ ‪F (1) = 1 − 1 = 0‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻲ ‪...‬‬
‫ﻛﺛﻳﺭﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻭﺍﺟﻪ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺑﺳﻳﻁﺔ ﻭ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺻﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺫﻭﺭ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﺩﻗﺔ ﻣﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻧﺑﺣﺙ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺟﺫﻭﺭ ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ , F ( x) = 0‬ﻭ ﻗﻁﻊ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻊ )‪ y = F (x‬ﻣﺣﻭﺭ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺻﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ‪ x0‬ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﻘﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ‪ x 0‬ﻫﻭ ﺟﺫﺭ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪. F ( x) = 0‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻣﻭﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻲ ‪...‬‬

‫‪Y‬‬

‫)‪y = F (x‬‬
‫‪F ( x) = 0‬‬

‫‪X‬‬
‫‪xo‬‬ ‫‪xo′‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻲ ‪...‬‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻧﺳﺗﻁﻊ ﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﻭﺭ ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﺑﺣﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺟﺫﻭﺭ ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻳﺔ ﻭ ﻧﻘﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ‪x‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻫﻭ ﺟﺫﺭ ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ F ( x) = 0‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﻳﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪ x − x0 < ε -1‬ﺣﻳﺙ ‪ ε‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺻﻐﻳﺭ ﺑﻘﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻭ ﺣﻳﺙ ‪ x0‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪F (x ) < ε‬‬ ‫‪-2‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ‪ x‬ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺍﺫﺍ ﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁﻳﻥ ﻣﻌﺎ‪.‬‬

 ‫ﻋﺯﻝ ﺟﺫﻭﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺧﻁﻳﺔ‪...‬‬
‫ﻟﺗﻛﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ‪ F ( x) = 0‬ﻭ ﻟﻧﺭﺳﻡ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻊ )‪y = F (x‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻟﻧﻔﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻫﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Y‬‬

‫)‪y = F (x‬‬

‫‪x0‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
 ‫ﻋﺯﻝ ﺟﺫﻭﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺧﻁﻳﺔ‪...‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻅ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻊ )‪ y = F (x‬ﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ]‪ [ a, b‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﺣﻘﻕ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺍﺟﺣﺔ ‪ F (a ).F (b) < 0‬ﻳﺿﻣﻥ ﻟﻧﺎ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺟﺫﺭ ‪ x 0‬ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪F ( x) = 0‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ]‪.[a, b‬‬

‫ﻛﻣﺎ ﺫﻛﺭﻧﺎ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺟﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ ﻧﻭﺍﺟﻪ ﺻﻌﻭﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﻳﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻧﻠﺟﺄ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻳﺔ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺧﻁﺄ‬
‫ﻣﺳﻣﻭﺡ ﺑﻪ ‪. ε‬‬

‫ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻋﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻹﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ‪...‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﻳﺔ ﻹﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺔ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻧﺻﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻁﻊ‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻳﻭﺗﻥ ﺭﺍﻓﺳﻭﻥ )ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺳﺎﺕ(‬

‫‪ -4‬ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﺎﻟﻲ‬
 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻧﺻﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ‪...‬‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ F ( x) = 0‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺟﺫﺭ ﺣﻘﻳﻘﻲ ﻭﺣﻳﺩ ‪x0‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ]‪ [ a, b‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﺍﻥ ﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻊ )‪ y = F (x‬ﻣﻭﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛﻝ‬

‫‪Y‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫)‪y = F (x‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪x0‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻧﺻﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ‪...‬‬
‫ﻹﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻲ ‪ x‬ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ F ( x) = 0‬ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻧﺻﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻧﺗﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪a+b‬‬
‫= ‪ x‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ F ( x ) = 0‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﻧﻭﺟﺩ ‪ x‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ x‬ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﺗﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﻧﻧﺗﻘﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻧﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ F (a ).F ( x ) < 0‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺗﺣﻘﻘﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺍﺟﺣﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩ ﻳﺻﺑﺢ ] ‪ [a, b] = [a, x‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ] ‪ . x0 ∈ [a, x‬ﻭﻧﻧﺗﻘﻝ ﺑﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ‪ ,‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻳﺗﺣﻘﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁ ‪ F (a ).F ( x ) < 0‬ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﻧﺗﻘﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻧﺻﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ‪...‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ‪F ( x ).F (b) < 0 :‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ‪ x 0‬ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ]‪.[ x , b‬‬

‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﺻﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩ ]‪ [a, b] = [ x , b‬ﻭﻧﻧﺗﻘﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻥ ‪ a, b‬ﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﻧﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪a − b < ε‬‬
‫ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩ ﻭ ‪ ε‬ﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺻﻐﻳﺭ ﺑﻘﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻣﻔﺭﻭﺽ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺗﺣﻘﻘﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺍﺟﺣﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﻌﺗﺑﺭ ‪ x‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻳﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ F ( x) = 0‬ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ‬
‫ﺗﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺍﺟﺣﺔ ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭ ﻧﺣﺳﺏ ‪ x‬ﻟﻠﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩ‬
‫ﻭ ﻧﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺣﺗﻰ ﺗﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺍﺟﺣﺔ ‪ a − b < ε‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺑﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻧﺻﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ‪...‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻟﺗﻛﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪F ( x) = x − x − 1‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺗﻌﻳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ F ( x) = 0‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ‬

‫]‪ [1,2‬ﺣﻳﺙ ‪ ε = 0.3‬ﻭ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻧﺻﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻧﺻﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ‪...‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪a = 1 ⇒ F (a ) = −1‬‬ ‫ﻧﻼﺣﻅ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪b = 2 ⇒ F (b) = 5‬‬
‫‪⇒ F (a ).F (b) < 0‬‬

‫‪x = (1 + 2) / 2 = 3 / 2‬‬ ‫ﻧﺣﺳﺏ ‪ x‬ﻓﻧﺟﺩ‬

‫‪F ( x ) = F (3 / 2) = 7 / 8 ≠ 0‬‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ‪ x‬ﻟﻳﺱ ﺟﺫﺭ ﺣﻘﻳﻘﻲ‬
‫‪F (a) = F (1) = −1‬‬
‫]‪F (a).F ( x ) < 0 ⇒ [a, b] = [1,3 / 2‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻧﺻﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ‪...‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻧﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪b − a < ε‬‬

‫‪b − a = 3 / 2 − 1 = 0.5 > ε‬‬

‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﻌﻭﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭ ﻧﺣﺳﺏ ‪ x‬ﻣﻥ ﺟﺩﻳﺩ ﻓﻧﺟﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪x = (1 + 3 / 2) / 2 = 5 / 4 = 1.25‬‬
‫‪F ( x ) = F (1.25) = −0.296875‬‬
‫‪F (a) = F (1) = −1‬‬
‫‪⇒ F (a).F ( x ) > 0‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻧﺻﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ‪...‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍً ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ]‪ [ x , b‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻧﺄﺧﺫ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩ ]‪[1.25,1.5‬‬

‫ﻧﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‪b − a < ε :‬‬

‫‪b − a = 1.5 − 1.25 = 0.25 < ε‬‬

‫ﺍﺫﺍً ﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪F ( x) = 0‬‬
‫ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻣﻭﺡ ﺑﻪ ‪ ε = 0.3‬ﻫﻭ‪x = 1.25 :‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻁﻊ‪...‬‬
‫ﻟﻳﻛﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) ‪ y = F (x‬ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪,‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪Y‬‬ ‫))‪D (b, F (b‬‬

‫)‪y = F (x‬‬

‫‪x0‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪x 2 x1‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬

‫)) ‪C ( a, F ( a‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺗﻌﻳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﻭﺣﻳﺩ ‪ x 0‬ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ F ( x) = 0‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ]‪[ a, b‬‬

 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻁﻊ‪...‬‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ‪ C‬ﻫﻲ )) ‪ ( a, F ( a‬ﻭ ﺇﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ‪D‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻫﻲ ))‪ (b, F (b‬ﻧﺻﻝ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺗﻳﻥ ‪ D, C‬ﺑﻣﺳﺗﻘﻳﻡ ﻓﻳﻘﻁﻊ ﻣﺣﻭﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻹﺣﺩﺍﺛﻳﺎﺕ ‪) X‬ﻣﺣﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺻﻝ( ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ‪ , x‬ﻧﺣﺳﺏ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻁﻊ ‪ CD‬ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻘﻁﺗﻳﻥ)) ‪ ( a, F ( a‬ﻭ))‪ (b, F (b‬ﻓﻧﺟﺩ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪( y − F ( a )) /( x − a ) = ( F (b) − F ( a )) /(b − a‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ ‪ y = 0‬ﻭ ‪ x = x‬ﻧﺟﺩ‪:‬‬
‫)‪0 − F (a‬‬ ‫) ‪F (b ) − F (a‬‬
‫=‬ ‫⇒‬
‫‪x −a‬‬ ‫‪b−a‬‬
‫‪b−a‬‬
‫‪(x − a ) = −‬‬ ‫) ‪.F (a‬‬
‫) ‪F (b ) − F (a‬‬
‫‪b−a‬‬
‫‪x =a−‬‬ ‫) ‪.F (a‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻧﻪ ﻧﺟﺩ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪F (b ) − F (a‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻁﻊ‪...‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺻﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺳﺗﻭﺭ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ‪ x‬ﻧﺗﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ F (a ).F ( x ) < 0‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ] ‪ [a, x‬ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻳﺻﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩ ] ‪ [a, b] = [a, x‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﻳﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻕ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩ ﻳﺻﺑﺢ ]‪. [a, b] = [ x , b‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻧﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺍﺟﺣﺔ ‪ b − a < ε‬ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬

‫ﺗﺣﻘﻘﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺍﺟﺣﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ‪ x‬ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻲ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪ ,‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻟﻡ‬
‫ﺗﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﻧﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺣﺳﺎﺏ ‪ x‬ﺍﻟﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻭﻧﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺍﺕ ﺣﺗﻰ ﺗﺗﺣﻘﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺍﺟﺣﺔ ‪ b − a < ε‬ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ‪ x‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪F ( x) = 0‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻁﻊ‪...‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﺩ ﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

‫‪F ( x) = e − 3x = 0‬‬
‫‪x‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ]‪ ,[0,1‬ﺣﻳﺙ ‪. ε = 0.3‬‬

 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻁﻊ‪...‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻧﻭﺟﺩ ‪ x‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺳﺗﻭﺭ‬
‫‪b−a‬‬
‫‪x =a−‬‬ ‫) ‪.F (a‬‬
‫) ‪F (b ) − F (a‬‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ‪a = 0, b = 1:‬‬

‫‪F ( a ) = F (0) = e 0 − 0 = 1‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻌﻭﻳﺽ ﻧﺟﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪F (b) = F (1) = −0.280201‬‬
‫‪1− 0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪x = 0−‬‬ ‫= )‪.(1‬‬ ‫‪= 0.780201‬‬
‫‪( −0.28172) − 1‬‬ ‫‪1.28172‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻁﻊ‪...‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺑﺣﺳﺎﺏ ) ‪ F (x‬ﻧﺟﺩ ﺃﻥ‪F ( x ) = 0.480247 :‬‬

‫‪F (a ).F ( x ) > 0‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﻌﻧﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ‪[ x , b] = [0.78021,1] :‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺍﺟﺣﺔ ﻧﺟﺩ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪b − a = 1 − 0.780201 = 0.219799 < 0.3 = ε‬‬

‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻲ ﻫﻭ‪ x = 0.7802‬ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻣﻭﺡ ﺑﻪ ‪.ε = 0.3‬‬

‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻳﻭﺗﻥ ﺭﺍﻓﺳﻭﻥ )ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺳﺎﺕ(‬
‫ﻟﻳﻛﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) ‪ y = F (x‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪Y‬‬

‫)‪y = F (x‬‬

‫‪x0‬‬
‫‪x3 x 2 x1‬‬ ‫‪X‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪F ( x) = 0‬‬

 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻳﻭﺗﻥ ﺭﺍﻓﺳﻭﻥ )ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺳﺎﺕ(‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ ﺇﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪F ( x) = 0‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻧﺄﺧﺫ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﺑﺗﺩﺍﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ‪ x1‬ﻗﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﻲ ‪ x0‬ﺛﻡ ﻧﺭﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺱ ‪T1‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺣﻧﻲ ) ‪ y = F (x‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ )) ‪ ( x1 , F ( x1‬ﻓﻳﻘﻁﻊ ﻣﺣﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺻﻝ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ‪ x 2‬ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻧﻭﺟﺩ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ‪ x 2‬ﻣﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺱ ‪ T1‬ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ )) ‪ ( x1 , F ( x1‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺱ ﺗﻌﻁﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪y − F ( x1 ) = F ′( x1 )( x − x1‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻳﻭﺗﻥ ﺭﺍﻓﺳﻭﻥ )ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺳﺎﺕ(‬
‫ﻧﻌﻭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺱ ‪ x = x 2‬ﻭ ‪ y = 0‬ﻓﻧﺟﺩ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬
‫⇒ ) ‪0 − F ( x1 ) = F ′( x1 )( x 2 − x1‬‬
‫⇒ ]) ‪x 2 − x1 = −[ F ( x1 )] /[ F ′( x1‬‬
‫]) ‪x 2 = x1 − [ F ( x1 )] /[ F ′( x1‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﺣﺳﺏ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ‪ x n+1 ,..., x 4 , x3‬ﺣﻳﺙ ‪ x3‬ﻫﻲ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺱ ‪ T2‬ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ )) ‪ ( x 2 , F ( x 2‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺣﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺻﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ‪ x n +1‬ﻫﻲ ﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺱ ‪ Tn‬ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ )) ‪ ( x n , F ( x n‬ﻣﻊ‬

‫ﻣﺣﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺻﻝ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭﺓ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﺗﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻛﻝ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪F (xn‬‬
‫‪x n +1‬‬ ‫‪= xn −‬‬ ‫‪; n = 1,2,...‬‬
‫) ‪F ′( x n‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻳﻭﺗﻥ ﺭﺍﻓﺳﻭﻥ )ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺳﺎﺕ(‬
‫) ‪F (xn‬‬
‫‪x n +1‬‬ ‫‪= xn −‬‬ ‫‪; n = 1,2,...‬‬
‫) ‪F ′( x n‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩﺳﺗﻭﺭ ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺩﺳﺗﻭﺭ ﻧﻳﻭﺗﻥ ﺭﺍﻓﺳﻭﻥ ﻹﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‬

‫‪ , F ( x) = 0‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻧﺗﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ‪ xi‬ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬

‫‪ xi +1 − xi < ε‬ﺣﻳﺙ ‪ ε‬ﻫﻭ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺻﻐﻳﺭ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻣﻭﺡ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻲ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻳﻭﺗﻥ ﺭﺍﻓﺳﻭﻥ )ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺳﺎﺕ(‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻟﺗﻛﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪F ( x) = x 3 − 4 x + 1 = 0‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﺟﺫ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ]‪ [1,2‬ﻣﺗﺧﺫﺍ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ‪ x1 = 2‬ﻭ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻻ ﻳﺗﺟﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺄ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﻛﺏ ‪. ε = 0.005‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻳﻭﺗﻥ ﺭﺍﻓﺳﻭﻥ )ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺳﺎﺕ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻧﺣﺳﺏ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ )‪ F ′(x‬ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ‪: x1 = 2‬‬

‫‪F ′( x) = 3 x 2 − 4‬‬
‫‪F ( 2) = 1, F ′( 2) = 8‬‬
‫ﻧﻌﻭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺳﺗﻭﺭ ﻧﻳﻭﺗﻥ ﺭﺍﻓﺳﻭﻥ ﻓﻧﺟﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪x 2 = x1 − [ F ( x1 )] /[ F ′( x1 )] = 2 − 1 / 8 = 1.875‬‬
‫‪x 2 − x1 = 1.875 − 2 = 0.125 > ε‬‬
‫‪x3 = x 2 − [ F ( x 2 )] /[ F ′( x 2 )] = 1.86059‬‬
‫‪x3 − x 2 = 1.861 − 1.875 = 0.01402 > ε‬‬
‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻳﻭﺗﻥ ﺭﺍﻓﺳﻭﻥ )ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺎﺳﺎﺕ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻣﻥ ﺟﺩﻳﺩ ﻧﺟﺩ‬

‫‪x 4 = x3 − [ F ( x3 )] /[ F ′( x3 )] = 1.8608059‬‬
‫‪x 4 − x3 = 0.0001726 < ε‬‬

‫‪x 4 = 1.8608059‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻲ ﻫﻭ‪:‬‬

 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻟﺗﻛﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ F ( x) = 0‬ﻓﺣﺳﺏ ﻣﻧﺷﻭﺭ ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻭﺭ ﻟﻠﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) ‪ F (x‬ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺟﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ‪ x n‬ﻧﺟﺩ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪F ′′(xn‬‬
‫‪F ( x ) = F ( xn ) + F ( xn )( x − xn ) +‬‬
‫‪′‬‬ ‫‪(x − xn ) + ...‬‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫!‪2‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﻛﺗﻔﻳﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﻣﻧﺷﻭﺭ ﺗﺎﻳﻠﻭﺭ ﻟﻠﺗﺎﺑﻊ ) ‪ F (x‬ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻋﺗﺑﺭﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ‪ x = x n +1‬ﺟﺫﺭﺍ ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ F ( x) = 0‬ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ ﻧﺟﺩ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪F ′′(x n‬‬
‫‪0 = F ( x n ) + F ′( x n )( x n +1 − x n ) +‬‬ ‫‪(xn+1 − xn )2 + ...‬‬
‫!‪2‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﺑﺈﺧﺭﺍﺝ ) ‪ ( x n +1 − x n‬ﻋﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﺷﺗﺭﻙ ﻧﺟﺩ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫) ‪F ′′(x n‬‬
‫‪(xn+1 − xn )( F ′(xn ) +‬‬ ‫)‪(xn+1 − xn )) = − F (xn ).......(1‬‬
‫!‪2‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻟﻛﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻧﻳﻭﺗﻥ ﺭﺍﻓﺳﻭﻥ‬
‫) ‪F (xn‬‬
‫‪x n +1‬‬ ‫‪= xn −‬‬ ‫)‪,.........( 2‬‬
‫) ‪F ′( x n‬‬
‫ﻧﻌﻭﺽ )‪ (2‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻑ ﺍﻷﻳﺳﺭ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪ (1‬ﻓﻧﺟﺩ‪:‬‬

‫‪F ′′(xn )  F (xn ) ‬‬

‫‪(xn+1 − xn )( F ′(xn ) +‬‬ ‫‪ −‬‬ ‫) ‪ = − F (xn‬‬
‫‪2!  F ′(xn ) ‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺈﺻﻼﺡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻧﺟﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫) ‪F ( xn‬‬
‫‪xn +1 − xn = −‬‬
‫) ‪F ′′( xn‬‬
‫‪F ( xn ) −‬‬
‫‪′‬‬ ‫) ‪.F ( xn‬‬
‫) ‪2 F ′( xn‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻧﻪ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪F ( xn‬‬
‫‪xn +1 = xn −‬‬
‫) ‪F ′′( xn‬‬
‫‪F ′( xn ) −‬‬ ‫) ‪.F ( xn‬‬
‫) ‪2 F ′( xn‬‬
‫ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺩﺳﺗﻭﺭ ﺑﺩﺳﺗﻭﺭ ﻫﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻋﻧﺩ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻲ ﺑﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﺎﻟﻲ ﻧﺄﺧﺫ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﺑﺗﺩﺍﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ‪ x1‬ﺛﻡ‬
‫ﻧﺣﺳﺏ ﻗﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ‪ xi+1 , xi ,...., x 2‬ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺩﺳﺗﻭﺭ ﻫﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺗﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺭﺍﺟﺣﺔ‪xi +1 − xi < ε :‬‬
‫ﺣﻳﺙ ‪ ε‬ﻋﺩﺩ ﺻﻐﻳﺭ ﺑﻘﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻭ ﻧﻌﺗﺑﺭ ﻋﻧﺩﻫﺎ ‪ xi +1‬ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪F ( x) = 0‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻭﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪F ( x) = x 3 − x − 10 = 0‬‬
‫ﻣﺗﺧﺫﺍ ‪ x1 = 4‬ﻭ ‪ε = 0.00001‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪F ( x) = x 3 − x − 10‬‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪F ′( x) = 3 x 2 − 1‬‬
‫‪F ′′( x) = 6 x‬‬

‫ﻧﻌﻭﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺳﺗﻭﺭ ﻫﺎﻟﻲ ‪x1 = 4‬‬

‫‪x 2 = 2.5394656‬‬ ‫ﻓﻧﺟﺩ ﺃﻥ‪:‬‬

‫‪x 3 = 2.3104300‬‬
‫‪x 4 = 2.3089074‬‬
‫‪x 5 = 2.3089073‬‬
 ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻧﻼﺣﻅ ﺃﻥ‪x5 − x 4 < ε :‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ‪ x5 = 2.3089073‬ﻫﻭ ﺟﺫﺭ ﺗﻘﺭﻳﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺿﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺄ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻣﻭﺡ ﺑﻪ‪.‬‬