EE 2325

Power System Analysis I

(Electrical Transmission Lines)

F. C. LEYNES
PEE, IIEE Fellow, APEC Engr., ACPE

1907
EE2325 SYLLABUS
WEEKLY CLASS EXPECTATION
Week / Target
Module: Topics Teaching and Learning Delivery Assessment Method
Date CILO
SO1 PI-1
SO1 PI-2
Basic Concepts in Power Blended Synchronous and
Week 1 – 2 SO1 PI-3
Systems Asynchronous online discussion SO3 PI-2
SO7 PI-3
SO1 PI-1
Series Impedance of SO1 PI-2
Blended Synchronous and Summative synchronous
Week 3 – 4 SO1 PI-3
Transmission Lines Asynchronous online discussion assessment (Quiz 1) SO3 PI-2
SO7 PI-3
SO1 PI-1
Capacitance of Transmission SO1 PI-2
Blended Synchronous and
Week 5 – 6 SO1 PI-3
Lines Asynchronous online discussion SO3 PI-2
SO7 PI-3
SO1 PI-1
Voltage, Current, and Power SO1 PI-2
Summative synchronous
Week 7 – 9 Relations in Short, Medium, SO1 PI-3
assessment (Quiz 2) SO3 PI-2
and Long Transmission Lines
SO7 PI-3
SO1 PI-1
Summative synchronous SO1 PI-2
Week 10 assessment (Prelim SO1 PI-3
Exam) SO3 PI-2
SO7 PI-3
EE2325 SYLLABUS
WEEKLY CLASS EXPECTATION
Target
Week / Date Module: Topics Teaching and Learning Delivery Assessment Method
CILO
SO1 PI-1
Equivalent Circuits and SO1 PI-2
Blended Synchronous and
Week 11 – 13 SO1 PI-3
Network Modelling Asynchronous online discussion SO3 PI-2
SO7 PI-3
SO1 PI-1
Generalized Circuit SO1 PI-2
Blended Synchronous and Summative synchronous
Week 14 – 16 SO1 PI-3
Constants Asynchronous online discussion assessment (Quiz 3) SO3 PI-2
SO7 PI-3
SO1 PI-1
SO1 PI-2
Blended Synchronous and
Week 17 HVDC Transmission SO1 PI-3
Asynchronous online discussion SO3 PI-2
SO7 PI-3
SO1 PI-1
Summative synchronous SO1 PI-2
Week 18 assessment (Final SO1 PI-3
Exam) SO3 PI-2
SO7 PI-3
 FINAL GRADE EVALUATION /
TRANSMUTATION SYSTEM

𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝑨𝟑 𝑨𝟒 𝑨𝟓
𝑸𝟏 𝑸𝟐 𝑸𝟑 𝟐𝑷𝑬 𝟐𝑭𝑬
𝑹𝑮 𝟓
𝟖
𝟔𝟎
EVOLUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER 5

SYSTEM
 Late 1870
Beginning of commercial use of electricity
 Arc Lamps for lighthouse illumination and
street lighting
 1882
 Water-wheel-driven generator was installed in
Appleton, Wisconsin
 First transmission line was built in Germany to
operate at 2,400 V DC over a distance of 37
miles
EVOLUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER 6

SYSTEM
 Sept 1882
Start of operation of first complete electric
power system
 Built by Thomas Edison
 Located at Pearl Street Station, New York City
EVOLUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER 7

SYSTEM
 First complete electric power system
 Comprise a generator, cable, fuse, meter and
loads
 DC system consisting of a steam engine driven
DC generator supplying power to 59 customers
within an area roughly 1.5km radius
 Load: 110V incandescent lamps
 Utilized underground cable system
EVOLUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER 8

SYSTEM
 End 1882
 Edison’s company was serving 500 customers using
more than 10,000 electric lamps
 Edison issued licenses to local businessmen in various
communities to organize and operate electric lighting
companies
 By 1884, 20 companies scattered in various communities in
Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Ohio
 In 1885 – 31, 1886 – 48, 1887 – 62, all provided energy for
lighting incandescent lamps and operating under Edison
patents

 1884
 Frank Sprague developed motors
EVOLUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER 9

SYSTEM
 1886
Limitations of DC systems become increasingly
apparent
 Could deliver power only to a short distance
from generators
 Voltage levels had to be high for long-distance
power transmission to keep i2R losses and
voltage drops within acceptable levels
L. Gaulard and J. D. Gibbs of Paris, France
developed transformers and AC transmission.
EVOLUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER 10

SYSTEM
George Westinghouse secured rights of
transformers and AC transmission for U.S.
William Stanley, Westinghouse’s associate,
developed and tested a commercially practical
transformer and AC distribution system.
 Comprised of 150 lamps
 Located at Great Barrington, Massachusetts

Nikola Tesla developed polyphase systems

making AC system more attractive.
EVOLUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER 11

SYSTEM
 1888
Tesla held several patents on AC motors,
generators, transformers, and transmission
systems. Westinghouse bought the patents.
 1889
Operation of first AC transmission line in North
America
 Situated between Willamete Falls and Portland
 21 km single-phase line, 4,000V
EVOLUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER 12

SYSTEM
 1890’s
Considerable controversy over whether electric
utility industry should be standardized on DC or
AC
 Edison advocates DC
 Westinghouse favors AC
EVOLUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER 13

SYSTEM
 1891
 First transmission of three-phase alternating
current using high voltage took place in
Frankfurt, Germany during the International
Electricity Exhibition
 A 15 kV transmission line connected Lauffen on
the Neckar and Frankfurt am Main, on a 175
km long distance
 As a result of this successful field trial, three-
phase current became established for
electrical transmission networks throughout
the world
Source: Wikipedia
EVOLUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER 14

SYSTEM
 1893
 Operation of first three-phase line in North America
 2,300V line
 12-km line in Southern California

 1895
 AC transmission was chosen at Niagara Falls’ first large
scale hydroelectric generators because DC was not
practical for transmitting power to Buffalo, New York
which is about 30 km away.
This decision ended the AC versus DC controversy
and established victory for AC system.
EVOLUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER 15

SYSTEM
Reasons AC system won over DC system
 Voltage levels can be easily transformed, providing
flexibility for use of different voltages for
generation, transmission, and consumption
 AC generators are much simpler than DC
generators
 AC motors are much simpler and cheaper than DC
motors
 The choice of Frequency (1)
50 Hz and 60 Hz

• Between 1885 and 1890 in the U.S.A.:

• 140, 133⅓, 125, 83 ⅓, 66 ⅔, 50, 40, 33 ⅓, 30, 25
and 16⅔ Hz

• Nowadays:
• 60 Hz in North America, Brazil and Japan (has also
50 Hz!)
• 50 Hz in most other countries
• 25 Hz Railways (Amtrak)
• 16⅔ Hz Railways
• 400 Hz Oil rigs, ships and airplanes
Source:
Introduction to Power System Analysis
Prof. Lou van der Sluis
Delft University of Technology
 The choice of Frequency (2)
50 Hz and 60 Hz

• A too low frequency, like 10 or 20 Hz causes flicker

• A too high frequency

• Increases the hysteresis losses:
 . .
ℎ𝑦𝑠
• Increases the eddy current losses:
𝑒𝑑𝑑𝑦 
• Increases the cable and line impedance

𝐿
Source:
Introduction to Power System Analysis
Prof. Lou van der Sluis
Delft University of Technology
EVOLUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER 18

SYSTEM
Progression of highest transmission voltage and
maximum generator size:
EVOLUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER 19

SYSTEM
Early AC System Voltages:
 12kV, 44kV, 60kV rms (L-L)
 165kV in 1922
 220kV in 1923
 287kV in 1935
 330kV in 1953
 500kV in 1965
 735kV in 1966 (Hydro Quebec)
 765kV in 1969 (United States)
EVOLUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER 20

SYSTEM
Standardized AC transmission voltages
 HV - 115kV, 138kV, 230kV
 EHV - 345kV, 500kV, 765kV

Standardized AC transmission voltages in the

Philippines
 HV - 69kV, 115kV, 138kV, 230kV
 EHV - 500kV
EVOLUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER 21

SYSTEM
Over time, power system stability problems were
encountered for power systems interconnected via long
AC transmission lines. The solution was to interconnect
these large power systems via High Voltage Direct Current
(HVDC). The voltage level varies on the expected power
to be transmitted between the interconnected systems.
 Gotland HVDC link (Sweden) - world's first commercial
HVDC transmission system
 built in 1954
 20 MW, 100 kV
 1970 - voltage was raised to 150 kV and the transmission
capacity to 30 MW using thyristor valves which were
connected in series with the mercury-arc valves
 has over time been replaced with a 260 MW bipole
transmission system
 Why AC and not DC ?
Break-even distance for HVDC

Source:
Introduction to Power System Analysis
Prof. Lou van der Sluis
Delft University of Technology
Evolution of Electric Power 23

System
Five synchronous systems of North America
 Power System Structure

Source:
Introduction to Power System Analysis
Prof. Lou van der Sluis
Delft University of Technology
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM SYMBOLS (ANSI)
REFERENCE TEXTBOOKS

Electric Power System by Nasar

Principles of Power Systems by Mehta
Power System Analysis by Grainger and Stevenson/
Elements of Power System Analysis by Stevenson
Power System Analysis by Saadat
Basic Electrical Power Distribution by Pansinni
Electrical Engineering Technology by Theraja