GROUP MEMBERS : THAM MUN HOU

(BS08110286)
LILIAN CHONG ZEE WEAN
(BS08110020)
SAI PING HENG
(BS08110265)
SOON ZHI YANG
(BS08110273)
CHEONG POW LING
(BSO8110257)
TITLE : ANIMAL TISSUE
DEMO : Ms. ASILAH AL-HAS And
Mr.
KHAIRUL
LECTURER : DR. KARTINI SAIBEH
DATE/DAY : 22nd SEPTEMBER 2008
SUBJECT : BASIC BIOLOGY (ST00402)
COURSE : ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
SCHOOL : SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
TIME : 2.00pm – 5.00pm
Title : ANIMAL TISSUE

Introduction:
Tissues are groups of cells of similar appearance and a common function. Groups of
cells that form the tissue are combined together to perform as an organ. Animal tissues can be
categorized into four different types, which are nervous tissue, epithelial tissue, connective
tissue and muscle tissue.
For epithelial tissue, the tissue covers the outside of the body and lines and cavities
within the body. Epithelial tissue functions as a barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens
and fluid loss. These functions are enabled by the close packing of epithelial cells and often
involve in tight junctions. The cells of an epithelial tissue or epithelium also form active
interfaces with the environment. All epithelial have two different sides, which also known as
polarized. There are a few examples of epithelial tissue, which are transitional epithelium,
simple columnar epithelium and cuboidal epithelium.
For the connective tissue, it consists of a sparse population of cells scattered through
an extracellular matrix. This matrix generally consists of web of fibers embedded in a
uniform foundation that may be liquid, jellylike or solid. The connective tissues are function
as binding and supporting other tissues in the body. The connective tissue fibers, which are
made of protein, are consists of three kinds, includes collagenous, elastic and reticular. There
are a few types of connective tissue in vertebrates, which are adipose tissue, elastic cartilage,
blood film and bone.
For all the muscle cells, they consist of filaments containing the proteins actin and
myosin, which together enable muscle to contract. The muscle tissue is responsible for nearly
all types of body movement. However, the muscle is the most abundant tissue in many
animals and muscle activity accounts for much of the energy consuming cellular work in an
active animal. In this experiment, it includes only the smooth muscle and heart muscle.
For the nervous tissue, it contains neurons or also known as nerve cells, which have
extensions called axons that are uniquely specialized to transmit nerve impulses. The nervous
tissue also includes different forms of glial cells or glia, which help nourish, insulate and
replenish neurons. The function of nervous tissue is to sense stimuli and transmit signals in
the form of nerve impulses from one part of the animal to another. The nervous tissue in this
experiment includes the nerve celss, nervous system and spinal ganglion nerve roots.

Objectives : The objectives of this experiment is to study the diversity of animal tissue
and to learn the function of every tissue.
Materials : Different slides of tissue, include adipose tissue, fibrous tissue, bone
decalcified, sympathetic ganglion,chicken blood, adrenal human, kidney
entive, mouth smear squam epith and striated musclem, microscopes.

Methods:
The prepared slide is studied under the compound microscope. Each tissue is
observed and drew down. The drawing is labeled. The tissues included nerve tissue, epithelial
tissue, connective tissue and muscle tissue.