NOTAS 2

DIFFERENTIABLE MANIFOLD

lfte-o.itissaidthatmisatopologi.ca/manifo1d&
Definition
"
manifold of dimension n is
"
: A C -
a set M with C atlas if K ? 1 it is said
; ,

that M is differentiable manifold

a ( for a 0 atlas is a smooth manifold ) .

EXAMPLES
"
" "
"
Pi :

f f
p=(a^ a? an ) %) :-( ? ,aY
'
a ,
a . . .

,
. . .

We ( a' an)
"

* supposing the coordinate system

are covers all 112 R
"
is an set of Pi
open
. .
.

, , ,
.

* Then ¢ maps all 112h to all IR D= i. d-

"
is an homeomorphism
d)
,
( IR
.

The forms
"

* coordinate chart ,
i. a co sub atlas -

* The infinite collection of all coordinate systems co related with

-
this chart form a
coatIas
with which R "
is a C
•
manifold of dimension n .

2
⑦ In :$ -

{ ( 0,0 ,
D} → 1122

In lp ) =

(¥ '
÷z )
I É? Its :$
'
-

{ (o ,
o
,
-1 )} → 1122
.
=
(¥ -1-1 ,

Idp ) =

(¥z %-) '

1¥ ,
o ) -

10,0 1)-

,
= i /( ✗ is , 2- ) -

(o ,
o -17
, )
I =
✗ ✗ ¥ = ✗

¥
¥ =

ay ¥=÷*
1- I
=
✗ lzt e) A =
,¥
 §
I. -

ii. ¥ ,
/
- - - -
-

•
Curt
/
,
'

I
'

i
a
:
-

y
- - - - -
-
- -

i
•
( ÷v'÷+v)tT '

c- . - -
÷
- - - :

"

II
For a given ( niv )

( U V. ,
0 ) -

10,0 1) ,
= i /( ✗ is ,Z ) -

lo 0,17 )
,
"

u=a× ✗ =

I
=

¥2m
v =
✗y
Y =

¥ =
¥É+ ,
am,

a) z
-

I ✗(z
=
-
= -

I
?¥2 ¥
u't it U2 + v2
☒+ y'+2-2--2 =
+ =L =) +
IZ -

za + I =

I I

ut
= a

⇐ =
:÷÷i

Film "
) 1%41=1
=(÷E÷ . , '
÷)
.

.=i÷t=(÷÷÷÷i÷÷÷÷
its .it :c " "
-1¥

=Gu¥É?¥)=(÷+vi÷w ) " ' ¥0

 { 10,013 { ( 0,0 ) }
'

1122
"
ltsoltn :
R - → -

ITN and Its are a smooth subatlas smooth atlas

$2 smooth manifold

$2 with another atlas

:* ,
:V, → IRS
lu.vli-sfu.ir/Vi-ui-vT )

×
Ui

for unitaryspherethis
a

°" corresponds to the upper

V6
¢,=¥÷ hemisphere

Us V. =/ Cair) / vitriol }
" ,

%¥⇐iµÉ .¥:
,

, ur

V. =
{ In ,vHñ+ñ< } i

Vs V-s-ku.in/u4-rici} vs

Vertical projection : The coordinate chart is

given by ,
É :}
"
I -1,9 , 2- )
"

u, •

p-tu.v.FM#yY:EEn-L-Lf--Vz
hemisphere V2
Upper
=

"

to ¢ , :O ,
→ V2
V1 ••( vi. V1
" ( vi. 4 ,
)
lx.is )
"

2
✗
try 2+2-2=1

V5
"

ily ,z)
V3
↳ Us →
← → • lair )
y
% • ✓ •

( un )
•

p=(u /i-ui-T.ir )
✗
,
" p=(✓i-ñT U.ir )
( x ,z )
" ,
"

Ix ,y,z )
"

"

( x ,y , t )
"
 "

For
"

the rest of the hemispheres we have the following parametrization

that cover 5!

if z > 0
,
a) ( MV ) =/ air ✓ 1-u) , ,

if 2- < 0
( un ) =/ v.v ✓ )
-

, e) , ,

if y > o
,
# ( MN ) =/ u
,
✓1-uI?v ) ,

if yo ,
¥4,1m v1 ,
=
(u ,
-

FÉ v1 ,
,

if × >0
,
¥1s , / u
,v )
=
( ✓1-u,u ,
v1 ,
-

if ✗ < o
, Ico, / ,v)= C- ✓1-ñ-T?u v1
u
, ,

therefore the coordinate charts are ¢; =

¥, :
Vi →
Vi

Once we have a collection of coordinate charts that cover the space , ④

to have a soba Has we need to check if the transition fmcions are G- related .

First we construct the transition functions :

-0

?_?
Ur '

¥ ,
-
-
Qi

V4 V6
01¥:-#

Us
v. =/ ( uiollñtv " } '

V3 ,

µÉ /
"

4,001
E- Xiii
u. ,
,

V. =
{ In ,vHñ+ñ< } i

Vs V-s-ku.in/u7rici} vs

UinUz=o ,
Us MUG __
0 ,
↳ nUy=¢
 Vin Us to : ¢ ,
•
di

di 'Cu v1 = ☒ a) ( un ) =
( v.v , ✓ l-ñ-v- )
,

✓ =

{( a. v7 / a' + v31 }
1%5
'
¢, = :
d. ( x ,
y
,z)
=
( x ,z )

( 0,0 di / ( ,v)= ¢ / ✓ l-ñ-v-)= ( ✓e-ñ-v- )

' •

u ,
v.v , u
,
is C.

The rest of the transitions functions are similar to obtain .

Homework 1: construct the rest of the transition functions and check that they
August 20th are G- related .

The collection of chants {( Oi , di )}i! , equip with a smooth subatlas .

The collection of ALL charts co related with

-
this sub atlas form an atlas .

Therefore $
'
is a smooth manifold

Homework 2 :
Verify that an
ellipsoid is a differentiable manifold .

August 20
 SL (2 ,
IR ) Group ( special linear group ) General
Linear
The set of 2×2 real matrices with determinant equal to 1 gruop 64%114
,

M={ ( q g) / ad-hoc
}
c

a. b. c. de IR ,
-

-
1 .

IR

dimly =3 fax
YZ
0
+ by + a- =

\
→

Coordinate
y
charts
b "
d)
×
• Let's consider the coordinate chart : LU ,

U={ ( q f) / ,b ,d IR ad-hoc 1
} proper
←
c-
-1-0
=

a c a
, , ,
subset of 1-4

From ad -

bc =
1 and a =/ o

pipe We have
"
" "
"

D=
"

" "
°
!
P=(qf )
I
'

I
lolp) i
'
r
o so the matrices in U can be
'
l written as
'
i

① ¥a±)
i
,
-
-
a. b. C EIR
a #0

We can choose

0/19 ;) ) E- ( a. 6. c) loco )={ Gisele R' 1×1=0 }

Open
subset de 1123

=/ )
'

with G- ( x
,y,z )
✗ Y
.

2- 11¥
We can see that ¢ is an homeomorphism .

• Since U does not cover 1-9 we need another coordinate chart (V X)

,
.

V
{ ( q g) / ad-hoc
}
=
a. b. c.
de IR ,
-

-
1
,
c -1-0

W= a 6=10
 "
From ad -

be =
1 and Cfo
:p
'
'

in
i

! IRS
have

Ex
p We

b=ad÷
-

o
:

PY ; ;) '

lxcp)=(
•

a. c. d) !
'
.
☐
the elements of V can be written
1

!
as
'

( [ a÷ )
i. .
acid c- R
o

C -1-0 .

We can choose
CFO

/ yto }
( { f)
✗ (V) =/ (
'

E) R
✗( / =/ d) is
✗ c-
,
a
,c ,

open set of IR?

with

( )
×¥
"

✗ lx.y.tl = x
.

y z

✗ is an
homeomorphism .

uV=M
UnV={ ( gg ) / a. b. c.
de IR ad be -1 c -1-0 -1-0
}
-

a
-

, , , ,

we need to check that the transition functions are C- related

to have a C- subatlas .

(40×-111×1%7)=01 / ( ✗

y
×¥))= z
( × ,
×t÷ ,
y ) cos

( Xo 4- 1) ( x ,y,z)=
(( i+×yz_)) =/ :* )
9
✗ x ✗
it ,
i
cos
2-
 a-
fac :)
- '

* ÷ ,
p.IR
:
-

•
:
.
.

"
%) ( " " d)
"
.
.

i
-
' ÷ . :
-
i
-
it
-
- ,
•
-