TOPOLOGICAL MANIFOLD NOTAS 1

:÷:÷:÷÷::
Definition :

I: :÷: : ÷÷÷÷::÷:÷÷:÷
property that every point in M has an
open neighbourhood homeomorphic to an open
set
in IR!

Neededconcept
The most general notion of a mathematical space
that allows for the

Topdogicasp Definition : Let be ✗ set and

✓
a a

\ function N whose elements

all the neighbourhoods of
are

x c- ✗

Manifolds metricsp
.

A topological space satisfy the

following axioms .

f- If N is a
neighbourhood of x
,
then x c- N .

In other words each point belongs to every one

,

of its neighbourhoods .

2- If N
of x
,
is

N
'

,
a subset of ✗
then N is a
and includes
neighbourhood
a

of
neighbourhood
oc .

.→
3T The intersection of two neigb ourhoods of x is a neighbourhood
of X .

neighbourhoods of x
'
N N .

N' n N is
neighbourhood of *
a .

4i Any neighbourhood N of x includes a neighbourhood •

M of x such that N is a
neighbourhood of each

point of M .

(This point is important for linking together the neighbourhoods of different points of ✗ )

①
-
-
- -

y u :
A subset U of X is defined to be open if U ÷ !
of all U (;
is a
neighbourhood points in
"
"
'
"
- •
-
-
,
?⃝
 ..µ.aµ.
Definition
v-iaeeensctso.tt
topological space is an ordered parr (X ,
E ) ,
where ✗ is a set an
I is a collection of subsets
of ✗ , satisfying the following axioms :

1) The empty set and ✗ itself belong to T .

2) Any arbitrary ( finite or infinite ) union of members

of t still belongs to E.

3) The intersection of
any
finite number of members of
still to
c- belongs t .

The elements of t are called open sets and the collection

Examples :

1) Given ✗ =
{ 1,2 , 3,4 } ,
the collection t =
{ { } { 1,2, , 3,4 } } of only the two subsets of ✗ required
by the axioms forms a
topology of X, the trivial topology ( indiscrete topology ) .

2) Given ✗ =
{ 1,2 , 3,4 } ,
the collection c- =
{{ } ,
{ 2}
,
{ 1,2} , { 2,3 } ,
11 2,3 } , 11,2 , 3,4 }
/ of six
,

subsets of ✗ forms another topology of ✗ .

3) Given ✗ =

,
the set of integers the collection finite subsets of the integers
t of all
,

plus I itself is not a

topology , because Ctor example ) the union of all finite sets not
not all of IT , and
containing zero is infinite bot is so is not in c- .

µaosd
Hausdorff topological space :( separated space T2 space) or : is a topological space where
for any
two distinct points there exist neighbourhood a of each which is disjoint from the
neighbourhood of the other .

✗ =
IR
IR Hausdorff
is
t =
{ open sets }

Ée

1=12
(*¥#**), 2
?⃝
 a.yy.ma.eg.n.y.ng.ig.ny.nw.ggg.anganmgg.mg#
Homeomorphism A function f :X : →
Y between two topological spaces is a homeomorphism if it
has the following properties :

• f- is a bijection ( one to one and onto )

• f is continuous

✗
t
___
ftn.tn ) n
,
in c- IN

c- ÷ :) .

{o} → cerrado ¢ T

1) Given ✗ =
{ 1,2 , 3,4 } ,
the collection 1- =
{ { } { 1,2, , 3,4 } } of only the two subsets of ✗ required
by the axioms forms a
topology of X, the trivial topology ( indiscrete topology ) .

;;
1) 43 ,
×
} c- c- ✓

2) { } UX =
X e t ✓

3) { } n ✗ =
{ 4 c- t ✓

2) Given ✗ =
{ 1,2 , 3,4 } ,
the collection c- =
{{ } ,
{ 2}
,
{ 1,2} , { 2,3 } ,
11 2,3 }
, 11,2 , 3,4 }
/ of six
,

subsets of ✗ forms another topology of ✗ .

1) {{ } ,
×
} e t

e) ✓

✓
0¥ 37

(3)
}
Given ✗ =
the set of integers the collection finite subsets of the integers
t of all
{ plus I itself
,

not
,

because Ctor example ) the union of all finite sets not

is a
topology ,
☒ containing zero is infinite bot is not all of IT , and so is not in c- .

of 1122
4) ✗ =
ITE ,
E =
{ open set of-ad.is#n-dx/x-clR',eE--c-R } U { }

fi :#
'
1) ✓ ✓
A 2) ✗ ✓

ii. i s ) ✓
?⃝
 ( Mit )

omorphictoanopense.TL
Definition :

An dimensional topological manifold is

n -

Hausdorff topological a
space
M with the
propertythateverypointintyhasanopenneighbourhoodhome
in IR!

y, ✗ c- M f homeomorphism

m ite
p

÷
.

iii.
i.
.

'
- '
- - -

'
>
1
'
'
-
.
.
- -

<

1122
☐

go
•

f. >
 Y
Homeomorphism : f :
✗ → Y

→
¥

COORDINATE CHARTS

**i"""÷÷÷÷"""""""
( U , d) where U is an
open
subset of M ( called the domain of the coordinate chart)
"

and ¢ :
U → Rn is a homeomorphism of U onto an
open
subset of IR equipped
with its usual topology .

If:# ii. ,

÷
I
"

If U=M the coordinate chart is said to be globally defined ; otherwise it is locally defined .

Defining a chart ( Vid ) on M

,
is equal to

label each point peu by n real numbers

,

since dcp ) c- IR?

The coordinates associated with

any chart
① d) ,
must be functional independent ÷ .am :* "
themselves
.

among .

If they =f(x )
"

independent
""

nor
✗ '
✗
are say ,
. .

,
.

,
.

This last equation describes a hugersurface on IR

"

which is not an open set of IR!

÷¥÷÷÷¥÷¥¥÷::÷
Let ( Ui ,
d ) and . ( Usda ) be a
pair of m
-
dimensional coordinate charts with Ui Nato .

÷÷÷÷¥÷¥¥÷÷i÷÷:÷÷÷÷

µ'i..i
- -

- s - .

K U
/ t y
l l l

, l
l
"

•P I

I
Ain arn
* uns

Eun
" t
l l
l l
• Otp) •

lolz Cp)
l
l
l -
f l l

fool
/
→
'
i

:-#
.

i -

. -

- - i -
-
- -

L
o

A topological space is said to be connected if it cannot be written as the union of two

disjoint open
sets .

Any topological space X that is

not connected can be decomposed
into as the components of X
uniquely a union of disjoint open subsets , known .

Connected Not connected

-
- -
-
-
-
- -

s
-

-
-

- -
y - '
.
s

i
,

i i i
-
r

l
i
l
y
l l
l
l l
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l l '
l l l
, , y
l -
i - l l r
' n
e ' -
i ' -
- r - -
-

-
- n
\
- - - -

- - -
e

-
\ -
-

* *

IRM given by FCF) ( fifth , flat fm ft ))

"
A function F : IR → -

. . .
is differentiable of
, ,
"
class C if the real valued functions fi , fz , .fm have
-
.
.
k th continuous
-

partial
derivatives .
Two charts on M
,
( U ol ) ,
and ( Vix ) ,
are said to be Ch related -

( or Ch -

compatible)
UAV -40 (the empty set) , or if Gox :X( UN) → lol UAV ) and
"
if
Xo ol : fwm ) → X ( UAV ) whose domains are open in Rh are differentiable of
"

, ,

class C
"
Xi ( p ) are differentiate functions of class C
"
of YJCP) ,
and conversely .

ii:
- -

- s - ,

U x V
/ .
y
l l l

, I

I
Ain

%%#%
-
- -
T -
x
man
¢
-

- -
- -
-

nuns

" t
l l
l l
• Otp) •
l l
Xcp)
l l l
l -
y 2 I
'
→
i
- -

- - i -
-
- -

)
<
dlp) -_
( x' (p), x
"
Cp ) ) o Xcp ) -

-
( Y' Cpl . .
Tcp )
, ,
.
.
.

,
.

ATLAS AND SUB ATLAS

::::÷÷÷÷÷
÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷i÷:÷i÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
M

i
- i n.
t
l '
y f
l U2 / I
y

-
l l
' -
-
-
e ,

{ fun ,
Ole ) ,
(Uz ,
Ole) , ( Us do)} ,
is a C- sobaHas if all di; :
-

-
olio GI
'
(i ,
12,3) are differentiable
of class C.
DIFFERENTIABLE MANIFOLD

astrakhan's
Definition.ACK-manifoldofdimensionni.se
that
If
M
k=o
,
is

it
a

is
differentiable manifold
said that M is a
topological manifold
( for a 0 atlas
.
is a smooth manifold ) .

EXAMPLES

①
"
" "
"
Pi :

f f
ftp.i-caia?...,aY
p=(a a?
'
an )
,
. . .

We ( a' an)
"

* supposing the coordinate system

are covers
"
all 112 R is an set of Pi
open
. .
.

, , ,
.

* Then ¢ maps all 112h to all IR D= i. d-

"
is an homeomorphism
d)
,
( IR
.

The forms
"

* coordinate chart ,
i. a co sub atlas -

* The infinite collection of all coordinate systems co related with

-
this chart form a
coatIas
with which R "
is a C
•
manifold of dimension n .