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Microbiology : 2 Semester
Microbiology : 2 Semester
You have a light inside of you that brightens the world and a smile so infectious that
captures the heart of anyone. ❤
Inactivated by:
CO2
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MICROBIOLOGY (2nd SEMESTER)
DR. ELIZABETH P. QUILES
You have a light inside of you that brightens the world and a smile so infectious that
captures the heart of anyone. ❤
Killed by:
Ultraviolet
Sunlight
X-ray
Heat (1 hour at 50°C)
Lipid solvents (ether, sodium deoxycholate)
Trypsin
Detergents
Extremes pH
Sources of Infection
Major sources:
saliva in bite of rabid animal
Minor sources:
aerosols in bat caves containing rabid bats
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MICROBIOLOGY (2nd SEMESTER)
DR. ELIZABETH P. QUILES
You have a light inside of you that brightens the world and a smile so infectious that
captures the heart of anyone. ❤
Rabies
Acute, rapidly progressive fatal encephalitis
55,000 deaths annually
affects all warm-blooded animals
Worldwide distribution affects all warm-blooded animals
Enters the body through breaks in the skin or direct contact with mucosal surfaces
Cellular receptor → nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (found in muscles)
Mode of Transmission:
1. bites of rabid animals
2. non-bites - scratching, licking of open skin, inhalation, corneal & organ
transplantation
Incubation Period: 6 days to 6 months (6 years)
Factors that determine the length of Incubation Period:
A. Site of the bite
the nearer is in the central nervous system=the shorter is the incubation period
B. Severity of the bite
the more severe & more numerous of bile=the shorter the incubation period
C. Condition of the animal prior to the bite
it provokes the animal=it salivates a lot
D. Condition of the victim
is there any underlying disease condition that may shorten the incubation period
E. Amount of virus in the inoculum
the bigger the size of the inoculum= the shorter would be the incubation period
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MICROBIOLOGY (2nd SEMESTER)
DR. ELIZABETH P. QUILES
You have a light inside of you that brightens the world and a smile so infectious that
captures the heart of anyone. ❤
2 Forms
1. Dumb or paralytic → extreme bradycardia, paresthesia, flaccid paralysis
30% of cases
bat infected
2. Furious or fulminant form → hydrophobia, aerophobia, CNS lability
Prodromal Phase
Non-specific symptoms
Usually last for 2-10 days
Malaise, anorexia, headache, photophobia, nausea & vomiting
Fever
Paresthesia (itching) at the bite site
Hydrophobia: is the result of the painful spasm of the throat and the
laryngeal muscle on site of water.
Laboratory diagnosis:
Animals is observed for 10 days for any signs of encephalitis, rabies or unusual
behaviour.
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MICROBIOLOGY (2nd SEMESTER)
DR. ELIZABETH P. QUILES
You have a light inside of you that brightens the world and a smile so infectious that
captures the heart of anyone. ❤
Diagnosis
A. Histopath → Negri bodies
B. direct Immunofluorescenses → highly specific & sensitive
C. Culture - hazardous
D. Serology – late results (antibodies)
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MICROBIOLOGY (2nd SEMESTER)
DR. ELIZABETH P. QUILES
You have a light inside of you that brightens the world and a smile so infectious that
captures the heart of anyone. ❤
Rabies Prevention
Post-exposure prophylaxis Pre-exposure prophylaxis
After a bite/exposure Before a bite/exposure
Vaccine, immunoglobulin or both Vaccine for individuals at risk of
exposure
Active immunization
Purified verocell rabies vaccine (PVRV)
Purified duck embryo vaccine (PDEV)
Purified chick embryo vaccine (PCEV)
Human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV)
Passive immunization:
Equine rabies immunoglobulin (ERIG)
Human rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG)
Categories of Exposure
Category 1:
feeding/touching the animal
licking of intact skin
exposure to symptomatic patients by sharing of eating & drinking utensils
casual contact to symptomatic patients (talking to, visiting, feeding, routine health
care delivery)
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MICROBIOLOGY (2nd SEMESTER)
DR. ELIZABETH P. QUILES
You have a light inside of you that brightens the world and a smile so infectious that
captures the heart of anyone. ❤
Category II
Nibbling of uncovered skin with or without bruising or hematoma
Minor/superficial abrasions/scratches with or without bleeding, including induced
bleeding
Category III
Licks on broken skin & mucous membranes
Exposure to rabies patients through bites, contamination of mucous membranes,
open skin, mouth-mouth resuscitation
Unprotected handling of infected carcass
Ingestion of raw infected meat
All category Il on head & neck
Exposure to bats
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MICROBIOLOGY (2nd SEMESTER)
DR. ELIZABETH P. QUILES
You have a light inside of you that brightens the world and a smile so infectious that
captures the heart of anyone. ❤
Category 1
Wash exposed skin immediately with soap and water
No vaccine or RIG needed
PrEP may be considered for high risk persons
Category II
Wash wound with soap and water
Start vaccine immediately
Complete vaccination regimen until Day 7 regardless of status of biting animal
RIG is not indicated
Category III
Wash wound with soap and water
Start vaccine and RIG immediately
Complete vaccination regimen until D7 regardless of status of biting animal
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