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DK The STEAM Team - Simple Science Explained 2018
DK The STEAM Team - Simple Science Explained 2018
DK The STEAM Team - Simple Science Explained 2018
STEAM
Team Written by Lisa Burke
Consultant Professor Robert Winston
Contents
Senior editor Sam Priddy
Senior art editor Fiona Macdonald
Designer and illustrator Bettina Myklebust Stovne
Additional editing Jolyon Goddard, Katy Lennon,
4 Introduction
6
Megan Weal, Amina Youssef
US Senior editor Shannon Beatty
US editor Jill Hamilton
Meet the STEAM Team
8 The universe
Managing editor Laura Gilbert
Managing art editor Diane Peyton Jones
DTP designer Rajesh Singh
14 The Earth
Educational consultants Jacqueline Harris,
Trent Kirkpatrick
A WORLD OF IDEAS:
SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW
www.dk.com
32 Evolution 60 Materials
34 The Arctic food web 62 Building bridges
36 Ecosystems 64 Take to the skies
38 Inside a rain forest 66 Floating and sinking
40 Climate change 68 Friction
42 Microlife 70 Electricity
44 The human body 72 The Internet
46 Think about it 74 Robots
48 The senses
50 Technology 76 Glossary
52 Simple machines 78 Index
54 Time 80 Acknowledgments
56 Measuring
58 Using numbers
Introduction
This book is about science and how it’s used.
Science is about trying to understand our
surroundings—the world and universe around
us and all the things and creatures in it, from
atoms to huge mountains, from tiny bacteria to
large whales. As we learn more, we find so
much that is puzzling. What lies outside the
universe we can see with a telescope, and
how does the brain think and feel love?
It is important to know as much
about science as we can so that we use
our inventions, our technology, wisely. They
can be used for the good of everybody,
but science used in the wrong way can be
harmful. You are fortunate because we now
know so much more than when I was a child,
and books like this did not exist. Properly used,
the knowledge that science brings helps us
be healthier and live better lives.
S cience
is all about asking questions
and discovering the answers
T echnology
uses science to create new
machines and more effective
E ngineering
is all about finding and designing
solutions to problems—using
to explain how things work. ways of doing things. science, technology, and math.
6
We’ll be here to
help you with
handy tips!
A rt
is all about using your
imagination and style to
M ath
is about numbers,
patterns, and
create brilliant new things. problem-solving.
7
The
universe
The universe is everything around us.
Some of this we can see, but most we
cannot. It is a huge expanse of mainly
empty space, with billions of galaxies,
each containing millions of stars.
8
The Hubble Telescope
travels 370 miles (600 km)
above the Earth. It took this
photo of the universe!
Astronomers are
scientists who
study space.
9
The solar
system
The solar system is made up of our nearest
star, the sun, and everything that orbits, or
travels around, it. This include planets, moons,
comets, asteroids, smaller rocks, and dust.
People have
Su invented ways to study
and travel around our
The sun is a kind solar system.
n
Our star
The sun is a medium- Mercury is the
smallest planet in
sized star. The sun’s the solar system.
powerful force of It’s a little bigger
than our moon. Earth is the only
r th
r y
rc u
Me Mars is known as
the “Red Planet”
us because its dusty surface lt
n
be
Ve contains rust.
id
rs
ro
Ma
te
s
A
Many spacecraft have
visited Mars to study Scientists think the
Venus has thousands its weather, surface, asteroid belt contains
of volcanoes on its surface. and rocks. the leftover rocks
from when the planets
were formed.
10
Ku
If it were possible, it The Kuiper belt is
ip er
would take a jumbo jet a very distant part of
be
about 400 years to fly the solar system. It is
lt
from Earth to Neptune. the home of icy dwarf
planets and comets. Plu
Ne to
pt
u ne
Neptune is the Pluto is the largest
farthest planet from dwarf planet in the
the sun, so it is Kuiper belt.
freezing cold!
Sa
tu
r
n
Ur
ice and rock. planets, Uranus spins Launched in 1977, the
on its side. This might
an
space probe Voyager 2
have been caused by reached Neptune in 1989.
us
a collision with an
Earth-sized object.
Milky Way
Our solar system is part of a galaxy called
the Milky Way. It is spiral in shape and has
more than 100 billion stars. Scientists think there
is a huge black hole, sucking in dust, gas, and
Jupiter is by far the light, at its center.
largest planet in our
solar system. It is
made mostly of gas
and has more than
er
11
Solar flares
Gigantic explosions on
the sun’s surface blast
energy outward. These
are called solar flares.
Sunspots
Dark, cooler patches that
develop on the sun’s
surface are known as
sunspots. They often
appear in pairs and
last a few weeks.
Ou
is a sizzling hot 11,000°F
(6,000°C). That’s 30 times
hotter than an oven!
rs
upe
sun
Th At the sun’s core,
es temperatures
the un is
c ou r soar to around
27 million °F
ma enter r neare
(15 million °C)!
ssiv of ou st star
hy e r an
dro ball o solar sys d it sits at
an gen f b ur tem. It is a
eno and n ing ga
r mo h elium ses, mostly
us a ,
moun which produces
t of ener
gy.
12
Total solar eclipse
A total solar eclipse
occurs when the moon
passes in front of the
sun and covers its face
perfectly. This blocks
out most of the light,
making it appear as if
it were nighttime.
Solar prominences
Huge eruptions from the
sun’s surface are called
solar prominences. They Some sunshine is good
form loops due to the sun’s for us. We need it to make
invisible magnetic field. vitamin D, which helps our
bones stay healthy.
8
m
in
ut It takes eight minutes
es for the sun’s light
to reach Earth.
Lightning
speed Solar panels
Light travels really fast, but it still
takes time to get to us on Earth. A
light-year is the distance a beam
of light would travel in one year.
Life on Earth
Animals and plants depend on energy
from the sun to survive. Technology,
such as solar panels, has been
developed to absorb the sun’s
energy and turn it into electricity.
13
n et
p la
n ly t the
o us or
h is j n f ive.
e
It su ur v
fro ife t
Summer happens in
ts a ce n l d
e s the northern half of the
i m th
world when that part is
e
tilted toward the sun.
righ n to c hom
s
al
know is our
o
nd
Earth
t th
Sun rays
a r
Seasons
We have different seasons on
Earth because the planet is slightly
tilted. This means that at different Earth’s axis is tilted
times of the year different parts of at an angle of 23.5˚.
the planet are closer to the sun.
14
Land takes up
about one-third of
the Earth’s surface. Cr ust
M
Upper antle
r Mantle
Lowe
er Core
Out
rC
ne o
In
re
Inside the Earth
The Earth is made many different layers,
a bit like an onion. The rocky outer
layer is the crust. The upper and lower
mantles consist of hot rock, while the
outer and inner cores are hot metal.
15
The Earth’s
atmosphere
The atmosphere is a blanket of gases that surrounds
and protects the Earth. It keeps us warm, blocks
some of the sun’s harmful rays, and helps
stop space rocks from hitting us.
Auroras
These dazzling colored lights
dance in the night sky in places
close to the North and South Auroras happen
Poles. They are also called the when tiny particles from
northern and southern lights. the sun hit particles in
our atmosphere.
Meteorites
Space rocks that make it
through our atmosphere and
hit the ground without burning Weather balloon
up are called meteorites. Launched every day,
weather balloons help
forecasters predict the
weather. The balloons
carry small tools to
measure things, such
as air temperature
and wind speed.
Airplanes
Planes usually cruise at about
6–8 miles (9–12 km) high. There
are often strong winds at these
heights, which can make flights
Planes fly high up, where turbulent, or bumpy.
the air is thinner. This means
they can travel easier and
faster, and burn less fuel.
16
Exosphere Astronauts have flown out
Scientists divide our atmosphere several times to service the
into five main layers. The exosphere Hubble Space Telescope.
is the outermost layer before outer
space begins.
Troposphere
All of our weather happens
in the troposphere. It contains
most of the air we breathe and
a lot of water, including clouds.
Venus’s clouds trap heat
below them.
The gas carbon
dioxide makes up 96.5%
of Venus’s atmosphere.
17
m o on is a small, rocky wo
The biting, or traveling ar rld th
is or . Let’s take a clos ound, t at
n
er loo he
Earth
o
k.
o Last manned
moon landing
m
July 30, 19
o
A p ol l
15
De c e m
e
A pollo
71
17
Th
1 1, 19 7 ber
Do you like my space
2
buggy? The proper name
for it is a lunar roving
July 2
vehicle and it runs A pollo
on batteries. 11
0, 19 6
9
First moon
landing o
A p ol l
A pril 21,
N ove m
Apollo 16
12
b e r 19 ,
19 72
A pollo
Febru
14
19 6 9
r y 5, 1 a
9 71
Moon
ater
landings Moon
cr
18
There is no air on the Orbiting the Earth
moon, so astronauts have The moon travels around the Earth about
to wear spacesuits so they
can breathe.
once every 27 days. The moon appears
to change shape in the sky depending
on which parts of it are lit by the sun.
Apollo
spacecraft
T he
S
is t h at u r n
m o s e la r V ro
t p o g e s ck et
w t
ev e r e r f u l r a n d
b u il o ck et
t.
Rocket power
To get to the moon, humans
had to first develop a rocket
powerful enough to launch the
Apollo spacecrafts into space.
19
The
water cycle The sun plays a key part
All the water on Earth moves around in a in the water cycle. It heats
the Earth, causing liquid
cycle. It rises into the air as moisture and water to become gas.
Clouds
Water droplets As water vapor rises, it cools
freeze into ice
crystals in very into tiny liquid droplets, which
high clouds. gather to form clouds. This
process is called condensation.
Seawater contains
minerals, which is why
it tastes very salty.
20
Rain and snow
When a cloud holds enough
water droplets or ice crystals,
it makes rain or snow. This
water falls back to Earth.
Winter sports
such as skiing rely
on a good amount
of snowfall!
Groundwater is water in
the soil or rocks in the
ground. It may flow in
underground rivers.
21
Solids, liquids,
and gases
Everything around us is a solid,
liquid, or gas. They are all made
of something we call “matter.”
This, in turn, is made up of
tiny particles called atoms
and molecules.
Liquids
If you can pour something,
then it’s probably a liquid.
Liquids take on the shape
of the container they’re in.
However, they’re hard to
squash down.
The molecules in a
liquid are close but
aren’t held together
as strongly as in a
solid. This lets them
move past each
other, or flow.
22
Gases Gas molecules are
spread out and move
Gases are all around us—the air is around very quickly.
made up of gases. A gas will fill
any container and can be squashed.
Most gases are invisible.
Condensation
When a gas cools, it
turns into a liquid. Solids
This is condensation. Solids feel firm and are
If you breathe out
water vapor onto a hard to squash. This book is
cold surface, such as solid, and so are things that
a window, it condenses you can hold, wear, or sit on.
into water droplets.
23
The
weather
The weather affects what people do
everyday. One of the reasons it happens
is because the sun heats up the air,
causing it to move around. This creates
Thunder
lots of different types of weather.
and lightning
Thunderstorms are electrical storms
that normally happen in hot, humid
weather. Lightning is like a giant
electrical spark. Thunder is the
sound caused by lightning.
Snow
Snowplows clear
When cloud temperatures are 32°F heavy snowfall to
(0°C) or below, water droplets in the make travel easier. Can you paint all
the colors of
clouds freeze. They form delicate ice the rainbow?
crystals and fall as snow!
Rain
Clouds are made up of
millions of water droplets
that fall as rain when they
get too heavy. Rainbows
form when it is raining and
sunny at the same time!
24
Large solar panels
and batteries
power satellites.
Sun
Some parts of the Earth get
more sunshine than others.
That’s why it’s cold at the
North Pole and hot in the Weather
Caribbean. satellites
Weather satellites help
forecasters to see what
These satellites watch
storms as they move the weather is doing.
across the Earth. This makes it easier to
predict how it might
move or change in
Fog the near future.
Tiny water droplets hanging in
the air create cloud at ground
level. This is called fog and it is
Special instruments
a form of water vapor. Thick help pilots land
fog can make it hard to see planes safely in fog.
into the distance.
Wind
Wind is caused by warm air
rising and cold air rushing in
to take its place.
25
Dangerous Tsunamis
planet
Earthquakes happen underwater,
too. When they occur, it can cause
water levels to rise and create
gigantic waves called tsunamis.
They travel at great speeds and
can cause a lot of destruction.
The top, rocky layer of the Earth
is made up of gigantic plates that
float on a layer of hot rock. Where
these plates meet, earthquakes and
volcanoes are common.
Earthquakes
When plates collide or
scrape against each other,
pressure builds up. After
this pressure is released,
shock waves travel through The red dot is called
the ground. This is known as the hypocenter.
This is where an
an earthquake and it can be earthquake begins.
very dangerous.
26
Volcanoes
Volcanoes are openings in the
ground where hot, melted rock,
called magma, escapes from deep
underground. It’s best not to be
near a volcano when it’s erupting!
When magma
flows out of a
volcano it is
called lava.
Scientists take measurements
of changes in the volcano’s
shape, vibrations, and gases to
try to predict when the next
eruption might be. A thermometer measures
lava temperature, which
gets as hot as 1,300-2,400°F
(700-1,300°C)!
A magma chamber
is a pool of hot,
melted rock.
27
Reptiles
Reptiles have scaly skin
and are cold-blooded. Most
lay eggs. Apart from snakes,
Fish almost all other types of
Fish live in water, breathe reptiles have four legs. Cold-blooded
in oxygen using gills, and are animals sunbathe
cold-blooded. They have fins to warm up
to help them swim. their bodies.
Pandas spend
16 hours each day
eating bamboo.
Birds Amphibians
Birds have feathers, wings, Amphibians, such as frogs
and a hollow skeleton. Most can and newts, live in water and
fly, but some, such as penguins, on land. They are cold-blooded
cannot. Birds lay eggs and and have moist skin.
are warm-blooded.
Mammals
Mammals have hair and
are warm-blooded. They give
birth to live babies, which they
feed with milk. You are Vertebrates
a mammal! These animals have a
backbone and a skull. A strong
skeleton inside their bodies lets
them grow larger than
Animals
invertebrates.
28
If a starfish loses one
of its arms, it can grow
a new one to replace it!
Crustaceans Echinoderms
Most crustaceans, such as These spiny-skinned animals do
crabs, lobsters, and shrimps, not have brains! They include
live in or around water. They starfish and sea urchins, and
have hard shells. live on the ocean floor.
Mollusks
Mollusks have soft bodies. Many,
including snails and clams, have
hard shells. Most live in water—
for example octopuses—but
Arachnids those living on land must
Spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, keep damp.
and daddy longlegs are all
types of arachnids. They all
have eight legs.
Insects
Insects have six legs, two
antennae, or feelers, on their
head, an exoskeleton, and many
Invertebrates can fly. There are more than
one million known types
These animals don’t have a of insects.
backbone, or spine. Some, such
as slugs, are soft and squishy.
Others, such as insects, have
an exoskeleton, which is a
kind of shell. Small and tall
Animals come in all shapes and
sizes. Some are so small you need a
microscope to see them. Bumblebee
bats are the smallest mammals,
while giraffes are the tallest
animals in the world!
29
Plants
Plants get their
energy from sunlight.
Leaves
A plant’s leaves absorb sunlight,
which is used to make food for Engineers and scientists
the plant. The leaves also change crops to improve
release oxygen into the air. them—for example, so
they don’t get diseases.
Stamens
These parts of the
flower make a fine
powder called pollen.
Roots
The roots anchor
the plant and absorb
water and nutrients
from the soil.
30
Machinery lets farmers Apples, nuts, tomatoes,
plow, sow, or harvest huge grapes, cucumbers,
fields of crops quickly. and pumpkins are all
types of fruit.
Butterflies can
carry pollen
long distances.
Fruit
Fruit have seeds inside them.
When animals eat fruit, the
seeds come out in their feces.
This way, the seeds are
carried to new areas, where
they grow into new plants.
Insects Fungi
Insects spread pollen between flowers Mushrooms and toadstools are not
so that they can make seeds. Many plants. They belong to a kingdom of
flowers attract insects with a sweet living things called fungi. They feed
liquid called nectar. When they come on living or dead plants and animals
and soak up their nutrients.
to drink it, the pollen sticks to them.
Bees are the
most important
pollen carriers.
Mushroom
31
Evolution
Over time, animals and plants change, or
adapt, so they can survive in their environment
for longer and have more babies. This is
called evolution. Evolution isn’t a quick
process—it takes millions of years!
Whale evolution
55 million Incredibly, the ancestors of whales
years ago lived on land! Over time, they grew
bigger and bigger and moved to
different places, including the ocean.
Pakicetus
Pakicetus lived on land, possibly The powerful
near water. It had four hoofed long tail helped
feet and sharp teeth for chewing to steer in water.
flesh or plants.
50 million
years ago
Ambulocetus
Ambulocetus evolved from Short legs and
pakicetus. It lived in water padded feet were
and hunted like a crocodile. perfect for paddling
in water.
Darwin
Charles Darwin was a scientist
who studied how animals and
plants changed over time. He
Wide tail
came up with the theory of
evolution to explain what he saw.
32
Bowhead whale
By the time the bowhead whale evolved,
it had grown enormously in size, with
an appetite to match. They feed
on a massive 220,000 lb
(100,000 kg) of
plankton a year!
Giant flippers
Breeding
It’s hard to imagine that a
chihuahua evolved from a
wolf, but it did! Humans breed
Paleontologists are scientists dogs for herding, security,
who study fossils—the remains companionship, and even for
of ancient animals and plants. their appearance.
Long, pointed
snout
Wolf Chihuahua
Dorudon
38 million Twelve million years later,
years ago the front feet had evolved
into flippers and had
become webbed.
33
The Arctic
food web
Animals need food to give them the
energy they need to move and think. A Arctic tern
food web shows what different animals These seabirds catch fish by
diving into the water at great
in a particular place, or habitat, eat— speeds. Adults are safe from
and how they all link together. predators, but their eggs and
chicks are not.
Polar bear
Polar bears are apex
predators, which means
they eat other animals,
such as ringed seals, but
no animals eat them.
Killer whale
Killer whales hunt in
the ocean and also grab
unsuspecting seals near
the water’s edge. They
are apex predators, too.
34
Plant plankton
rely on the sun Some plankton are so
for energy. small they can’t be seen
with the naked eye.
Arctic cod
These fish are a food source
for many marine animals.
Arctic cod eat plankton,
shrimp, marine worms, and
sometimes even each other!
Plankton
Tiny drifting animals and
plants called plankton are
Ringed seal eaten by Arctic cod and
This meat-eating animal coldwater shrimp.
eats fish, shrimp, and
plankton, but is hunted
and eaten by polar
bears and killer whales.
Draw your own
To draw your own food web, start
by choosing a habitat, such as a
forest or a desert. Now think about
what the animals in that habitat eat
and show how they link together.
Coldwater shrimp
Coldwater shrimp live near
the ocean floor and mostly
eat plankton. They make a
tasty snack for seals.
35
Ecosystems
Plants and animals live and interact
The biggest coral reef
with each other and their surroundings is the Great Barrier
in communities called ecosystems. Reef off the coast of
eastern Australia.
Ecosystems can be as small as a tree
trunk or as large as a rain forest.
The saguaro
cactus is the
largest cactus
in the US.
36
Under the sea The banded sea
krait is a type of
Coral reefs are amazing underwater sea snake.
structures formed by living creatures.
They grow in warm, shallow waters in Reefs are home to
tropical regions and are home to a all sorts of fish.
dazzling variety of life. This type of coral is
called table coral.
...while clownfish
A stinging scare off fish who
anemone provides want to eat the
a safe haven for anemone!
clownfish...
37
Inside a
rain forest Emergent layer
Tropical rain forests are made up The tallest trees can reach
heights of up to 180 ft (55 m).
of four different layers. Each one That’s a long way up!
provides a home for different
types of animals and plants.
Canopy
The canopy is a thick layer
of treetops that is home to
animals, birds, and lots of Tree frogs
rarely leave
climbing plants. the canopy.
Sloths move
very slowly.
Understory
Short trees and
P i tc h e r p l a n t
Forest floor
This is the darkest part of the
rain forest. It’s muddy and
a pi
38
Sunlight in layers
c aw Each layer of the rain forest gets
ma different amounts of sunlight.
l et
ar
Sc
Emergent layer
Full sunlight
Canopy
Lots of sunlight
Understory
Blue morpho
butterflies are Sunlight and shade
found in the
emergent layer. Forest floor
Mostly shade
Gibbons are
a type of ape
from Asia. Toucans use
The toucan’s beak is so their beaks
colorful. Why not try to to grab fruit
paint a picture of it? and nuts.
Snakes slither
between the
layers.
ar
Jagu
Chameleons can
make their skin
change color!
This gigantic
flower stinks te r
of rotting flesh te a
An
to attract flies
that will spread Leafcutter ants
its pollen.
39
Climate
change
Climate is the general weather conditions over
a large area. It changes naturally over long
periods of time. However, recently Earth’s climate
has been getting warmer faster than usual.
Polluted planet
Fossil fuels, such as oil and coal, are the buried
remains of ancient plants and other living things.
Burning them releases harmful gases, especially
carbon dioxide (CO2), into the air. These gases
heat up and pollute our planet.
Factories
Carbon dioxide is called a Over the last few
“greenhouse gas” because it hundred years, many
traps the sun’s energy in our coal-burning factories
atmosphere, heating the planet. were built. They pumped
more CO2 into the
atmosphere.
Motor vehicles
Cars and trucks use diesel and
gasoline as fuel. These fuels are
made from oil. Burning them
releases CO2 into the air.
40
A greener future
Scientists and engineers now look for ways to
Experts predict that by
make energy that do not burn fossil fuels. They 2040, one-third of all cars
are especially interested in energy sources that bought will be electric cars.
won’t ever run out, such as wind and sunlight.
Solar panels
Solar panels absorb
sunlight to make
electricity and heat.
Electric cars
These cars run on rechargeable batteries,
Trees rather than petrol. Because of this, they
Planting trees helps to fight don’t pollute the air with CO2 and other
climate change because plants harmful gases.
absorb CO2 from the air. They
use the carbon to make their
own food and grow.
Effects of
Every tree makes a
difference. This little one climate change
could live for 200 years! A warmer climate can lead to extreme
weather. Big storms are becoming
more common, often causing flooding.
Climate change is also melting the sea
ice covering the Arctic Ocean.
Flooding
Wind farms
Wind turbines make
electricity from wind
power rather than by
burning fossil fuels.
Groups of turbines Melting Arctic sea ice
are called wind farms.
41
Microlife Dust mites
These blobby creatures eat bits
of dead skin found in house
dust and mold. They’re very
There are billions of very tiny living hard to see because they’re tiny
and almost see-through.
things around us, on us, and even
inside us! Our eyes can just about
see some of this microlife. However,
we need to use a microscope to see
how amazing they really are.
Tardigrades
Also called water bears, these
little animals live in wet places,
such as mud. They are super
tough, can survive in space, Tardigrades have four
pairs of chunky legs with
and can go without food and tiny claws. Their name
water for more than 30 years! means “slow stepper.”
42
Plankton
Plankton are living things that drift
about in oceans, rivers, and lakes.
Some are microscopic, or really
tiny, but others, such as jellyfish,
are much bigger. Many sea and
freshwater animals eat plankton.
Bacteria
Bacteria are microscopic living things, made
of just one cell each. They are much smaller
than the cells that make up our bodies. In
fact, our bodies contain billions of bacteria!
Some of these bacteria are useful,
supplying us with important nutrients.
However, others can cause nasty diseases.
Viruses
Viruses are tiny things
that can make people,
animals, and plants sick.
They enter cells and then
make copies of themselves.
Flu, colds, and measles are
all caused by viruses.
43
44
Our supercomputer,
the brain, controls our
thoughts and actions.
The human
Brain
m
K id
S to
The liver has more than
500 jobs. We wouldn’t be
S mall able to survive for more
n
i t e st i n than two days without it!
es
e
L a rg e i n t t i n e
X-rays allow us
to see what our
bones look like.
Bones Muscles
Newborn babies have more than 300 Muscles are the stretchy cords
bones. By the time we reach adulthood, connected to our bones that
some bones have joined together to allow us to move. Some muscles
make 206 in total. They fit together to work without us having to think
form the skeleton, protecting our inner about them, while others are
organs and keeping us upright. controlled by our brain.
45
This part of the brain is
Two sides in charge of how we move
our bodies. It can tell us
The brain has two sides. to walk, run, or dance!
The left side controls the The front part of the
right side of our body, brain is all about your
personality—how you
while the right side is in
behave, and what you
charge of the left side of like and don’t like.
the body!
Planning
movements
? Speech
Hearing
Memory
Awareness
of space
Coordination
This bit of the brain helps
us to move smoothly. It’s
useful for things such as
walking and writing.
Nervous system
We have a huge network of
nerves inside us, which link the
The spinal cord carries messages brain and the spinal cord to
to and from the brain. the other parts of the body.
47
The senses Sight
Our senses let us understand the world A lens inside each of
around us. They tell us what’s safe and what’s our eyes focuses light
onto the back of the
dangerous, and let us see and hear each eye. There, receptors
sense brightness
other. Special receptors in our bodies help and colors.
Smell
Tiny receptors inside
the nose pick up many
different odors. Smell
is closely linked to the
sense of taste.
Touch
The skin contains Taste
many receptors Taste buds on the top of the
that react when tongue sense five different
we touch things. flavors. These are salty, sweet,
sour, bitter, and a savory
flavor called umami.
48
A human eye contains
more than 125 million
receptors. Pain
We have receptors
in our bodies that
let us feel pain.
Heat
Receptors in the
skin let us feel heat.
Other senses
There are many other kinds
Needing the toilet of receptor in our bodies,
Receptors deeper inside our checking what’s happening
bodies let us know when it’s outside and inside us.
time to go to the toilet.
Echolocation
Bats have a special sense called echolocation, which
Hearing they use to catch flying insects at night. They make
Sounds travel into the ears calls and listen for echoes as the calls bounce off the
and are sensed by receptors insects. This tells the bats exactly where the insects
in the inner ears, inside our are. In a similar way, submarines use technology
head. The inner ears also give called SONAR to find other objects under the sea.
us our sense of balance.
Bat Submarine
49
Technology
Technology uses science to create inventions.
Often the aim of these inventions is to make our
lives easier. Engineers use a series of steps to
come up with new and exciting products.
1 A problem
The first thing to do is to find the
problem that needs solving. Ask This tube looks like it will
questions to find out as much as be large enough to pick up
tiny bits of dirt and big
you can so that you can properly pieces of paper.
understand the whole problem.
2
way of easily cleaning up...
50
3 4 Building
The first thing that you build is
called a prototype. You’ll be able
Engineers
to see your idea coming to life
Research and be able to spot anything you
use lots of
different tools.
Once you’ve decided can tweak to make it better.
on your best idea, it’s
time to research. Find out
what materials you will
need to build your design.
Building your
invention in stages
makes it easier.
51
Simple By pulling down,
I lift the weight up!
machines
Clever, eh?
Wheel
These round parts help
machines to get around.
Different wheels are used for
different surfaces. Grooved
wheels suit slippery ground.
Screw
Pointed metal screws hold
things together. They are
placed inside both parts
that you want to join. You
use a screwdriver to twist
and push them in.
52
Pulley This wheel is
If an object is very too heavy to
move by hand.
heavy, you can use a Gears
pulley to lift it. A rope is Gears are connected wheels
passed over the top of a with sticking-out bits called
wheel and attached to spokes. A smaller, lighter
the weight. You pull wheel is turned by hand.
on the rope to lift The spokes catch the heavier
the weight. wheel to push it around.
The weight is
hooked onto
the pulley.
Lever Wedge
You use a lever to A triangular wedge is
You wouldn’t be lift things. An example used to split things in
able to lift these two. The wedge is
weights by hand. of a lever is a plank
balanced on a single swung downward
point called a fulcrum. into the object.
An ax is a
type of wedge.
If I push down
here, the weights
lift up!
The fulcrum is
near the middle.
A wheeled cart
carries the object.
Ramp
To raise or lower an object
that is too heavy to lift,
we can push it along
smooth ramps that slope
upward or downward.
53
01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00
Time zones
The world is divided into 24 different
time zones, one hour apart. When
you’re having your breakfast, someone
else in the world is having their dinner.
Russia is so big it has 11 time zones!
Traveling by plane
across different time
zones can confuse
our bodies and cause
fatigue, headaches,
and problems sleeping.
This is called jet lag.
The Greenwich
Body clock
Time
We, and other animals,
have a built-in, natural
body clock. This tells
us when we should be
awake and when we
We use time to work out when things should sleep. Our body
clock is linked to light
happen—from dates in history to and darkness.
what time you have to get up in the
morning. We measure time in seconds,
minutes, hours, days, and years.
54
13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 24:00
Calendars help us
keep track of days
and months.
Day Night
55
Measuring
Height
To find out how hot, how big, or how heavy How tall are you? Get
someone to measure
something is we have to measure it. Special you with a tape measure.
tools help us get accurate measurements. Now measure a friend.
This is especially important when building Who is taller?
Temperature
Water boils at
212°F (100°C). We measure temperature
with thermometers. They
tell you exactly how hot Tape measures,
something is. rulers, and even
digital lasers
measure height
and distance.
Time
In the past, people told the
time using the sun and
We divide time the moon. Today, we use
into seconds, clocks as our main
minutes, and hours.
timekeeping device.
56
Graphs make it
easy to see how
Keep a record
things are changing. Scientists note down measurements
regularly, so they can see how things
change over time. They use graphs
and charts to compare measurements.
Volume
Kitchen scales
Volume is the amount of help us weigh
space something takes up. ingredients
Volume measures size, not for cooking.
weight. Two objects might
have the same volume but
very different weights.
Weight
Weight tells us how heavy
something is. If you have a
bathroom scale at home
you can weigh yourself!
57
Using
numbers
We use numbers to count, measure, and
compare amounts. Scientists and engineers
have to be good at math—or their A
experiments and inventions won’t work!
B
Counting
Ladybugs’ spots
can vary in number.
C
Counting different things
allows us to compare them. A Tally charts
For example, you could have been
used since
compare the number of spots the Stone Age!
on different ladybugs to see
which type is the most common. B
C
1st
2nd
3rd
58
This plus sign means add This is the answer.
the two numbers together.
Addition
Addition is usually the first
type of math we learn.
When adding numbers,
2 + 4 = 6
it doesn’t matter what
order they are in, the
answer will be the same. The equals sign means
that the sum and the
answer are the same.
− =
to take the second number
away from the first number
to get the answer. 5 3 2
2 nd place
is the silver
medal position.
2nd
The winner of
3rd the race comes
in 1st place.
Positions
1st Ordinal numbers tell you
about the position, order, or
sequence of something. 1st,
Sports events 2nd, and 3rd are examples
reward 3rd place, too.
of ordinal numbers.
59
Materials Plastic
Plastic is a human-made
material that has many
different qualities. It is
Everything around us is made of materials. light, waterproof, and
can be hard or soft.
Different materials have different qualities.
Some, such as metals, are hard and strong.
Others, such as plastics, can be easily
molded, or shaped. Engineers, scientists,
and designers create and use materials in
lots of different ways.
Ceramics
Ceramics are hard but break
easily. They can cope with really
high temperatures—space shuttles
have ceramic tiles to protect them
from extreme heat.
Glass
Glass is made from
sand. It’s useful in
At very high windows because it
temperatures, metals can keep the weather
become soft and can out but still allow us
be reshaped.
to see through it.
Metal
Metals are usually strong and easy
to shape when heated. They are
conductors, which means electricity
and heat can travel through them.
Some metals are magnetic.
60
Plastic is easy
Fabric
to mold into Fabrics can be Fabrics can be made
lots of different dyed or patterned
to make beautiful from natural things, such
shapes.
clothes. as sheep’s wool, or be
created in a factory.
Scientists have created
protective fabrics that
are waterproof or that
block the sun’s rays.
Carbon fiber
is a very strong
composite used to
Uh-oh! I’ll be in make surfboards.
pain if I break
this pane!
Composites
Combinations of two or more materials
are called composites. They have the best
qualities of the materials used to make them.
Wood
Wood is a natural material
Wood is used to
that comes from trees. It is make paper and
used to make homes and toilet paper, too!
furniture. Different types of
wood have different colors
and grains, or patterns.
61
Building
bridges Cantilever
A cantilever is a structure
Bridges are designed by engineers to get that is only supported
us from one place to another as quickly at one end. To create
a cantilever bridge, lots
as possible. They can cross canyons, of these structures are
rivers, roads, and train tracks. joined together.
Cable-stayed
A cable-stayed bridge has one Suspension
bridges can span
or two towers. Cables fan directly great distances.
down from these towers to the
bridge base, holding it up.
Suspension
In a suspension bridge, steel wires
connect two tall towers that are sunk
deep into the ground. The crossing
hangs from these towers.
Log bridge
A log bridge is the most ancient
form of bridge. It is made from
trees that have fallen or are cut
down on purpose.
62
Beam
A beam bridge is the simplest
sort of bridge, combining
a strong plank
with supports
at either end.
A bascule bridge
is sometimes called
a drawbridge.
Bascule
A bascule bridge has one
or two parts that can move
upward to allow boats
and ships through.
63
Take to
the skies
In order to fly, you have to overcome the force
of gravity pulling you toward the ground.
Helicopters and airplanes use rotors, wings,
and engines to soar through the air.
In a hovering
helicopter,
all the forces
balance exactly.
Tail rotor
Drag
Drag, or air resistance, is the
force that pulls the helicopter
backward. Drag increases as the Without a tail rotor
the helicopter would r d!
helicopter moves faster.
turn in circles! a
w
Forces of flight
ck
There are four main forces working on a
ba
helicopter as it flies. Drag tries to slow it down, f ly
gravity tries to bring it back to Earth, lift raises
s c an
it upward, and thrust propels it forward. Helicopt er
Dreams of flying
The Italian artist and inventor
Leonardo da Vinci was fascinated
with flying. He studied birds and
drew many imaginary flying
devices, such as a wing-flapping
machine for humans. Da Vinci’s wing design
64
Planes use
their wings
Lift
to create lift.
Lift holds the helicopter in the
air and is created by its rotors.
It is the force that is the
opposite of gravity.
Thrust
Thrust is the force that
pushes the helicopter
forward. It is created by
the helicopter’s engine.
Gravity
Gravity pulls the Cockpit
helicopter in a downward
direction, toward the The cockpit
center of the Earth. contains all of the
instruments and
controls that allow the
pilot to fly the helicopter.
65
The weight of the metal Why does the
ship, plus the air inside anchor sink while
it, is less than the upward the ship floats?
force of the water.
66
Floating and Archimedes
sinking
Archimedes was a scientist
in ancient Greece. He noticed
that sinking objects push
aside water. He worked out
that an object will sink if it
weighs more than the water
Why is a massive ship able to float when it pushes aside. If it weighs
less, it will float.
a small pebble quickly sinks? It depends
on which is greater—the weight of the Eureka!
object in the water or the upward force
of the water pushing against it.
At the surface
The submarine’s tanks are filled with
air when it’s floating at the surface.
Tanks fill with
water to make the
submarine sink.
Changing
weight
Submarines can change their weight.
They have tanks that can be filled with Going down
water to make the submarine heavier, When the submarine takes
or filled with air to make it lighter. This water into its tanks, the extra
weight makes the submarine heavier
way, they can sink or rise. compared to the water around it.
The submarine then sinks.
67
Friction
When two surfaces rub against
each other it creates a force called
friction. Let’s take a look at a
bicycle to see friction in action. There’s friction between
your clothes and the
seat. This stops you
from falling off!
Rubber or metal
pedals create friction
to stop your feet
from sliding.
The wheel
moves across
the ground.
How friction works Bike chains are
greased with oil.
No surfaces are completely smooth—
up-close they are covered in tiny
bumps. When these catch on each
other they slow down the moving
object, in this case a tire, helping Friction with the ground Oil reduces friction so the
it grip the road. slows the wheel. chain moves smoothly.
68
Overcoming
As a parachute falls, the air friction
pushes back up against it.
This is a type of friction Skis are flat, smooth,
called air resistance. and lightweight. This
allows them to slide over
icy surfaces easily, because
less friction occurs when
surfaces are smooth.
Handlebars are often
textured to create
friction. This makes
them easy to grip.
69
Electricity
Electricity is a type of energy that is used to
power many everyday objects, from light bulbs
to TVs. Take a look around your home and see
how many electrical devices you can spot.
Without electricity,
vacuum cleaners
wouldn’t be able to
suck up dirt.
Power lines carry
electricity over long
distances—from
power stations
into our homes.
Batteries
Batteries are small
objects that can create
their own electricity.
They’re often used for
remote controls, radios,
and flashlights.
70
During storms, water particles in Solar panels absorb sunlight
clouds bump into each other. This to make electricity. This is
can create electricity in the form a renewable, or replaceable,
of lightning. source of energy.
Metal
Tablets, computers,
and cellphones give
off light, too.
Plastic
71
The A smartwatch links to
your smartphone using
Internet
the Internet and lets you
make calls, pay for things,
and play music.
Most smartphones
can tell you how
long it will take you
to get somewhere!
Social networking
Social networking is a way of using Maps
your computer to talk to other people
Smartphones have clever
all over the world. It’s important to
systems that can tell exactly
stay safe online, so only connect with Webcams can be used to
video chat with people, where you are on Earth.
people you know and never give out
or can be set up to From this, they can tell you
personal details, such as your study areas, like nature the best way to get from one
address or phone number. reserves, for a long time.
place to another using maps.
72
Vans drive all over
the world with
Internet deliveries.
S pe e d y
pa r c e l
s
S
pa p e e
rc d y
el s
Research
The Internet lets
us find out more
information on our
favorite subjects and Pick a topic and
learn more about the see how much you
can find out about
things that interest us. it online.
Viruses
When a computer virus
spreads it can slow a
computer down or stop
it from working
altogether. One of
Streaming the main ways a
virus spreads is when
We can use the Internet to watch
we download things
TV shows, films, and funny cat from the Internet.
videos, or listen to music by our
favorite singers or bands.
73
Robots Humanoid robots
Some robots are designed to
copy the way humans look,
move, and feel. These humanoid
Robots are machines that can do jobs for robots can do basic tasks and
keep people company.
us. They can be programmed by a computer
to work alone, or they can be controlled
by humans. Robotics is one of the most
exciting areas of technology, with new
robots being invented all the time.
Entertainment
Robots can entertain us. Some robots sing,
dance, or play musical instruments. Pet
robots are very popular, and some theme
parks have huge robot dinosaurs. Image courtesy of Softbank Robotics
74
Mobile robots
Robots are perfect for working
A drone is a flying robot in extreme conditions. They can
that can take photographs go down cracks in glaciers,
and videos.
travel to the bottom of the sea,
and even work in space!
Security robots
Security robots are fitted with
cameras and sensors. They can
patrol large areas, such as
shopping centers, on their own
at any time of day or night.
A robotic vacuum
cleaner moves
around by itself.
Domestic robots
Robots can perform the boring chores
we don’t always enjoy doing. They can
If this roving security
robot detects an intruder, wash floors, clean windows, iron shirts,
it will alert its owner. and even clean a cat’s litter box!
75
Glossary
absorb black hole gills
To soak up or take in Object in space with such Organs of fish and some
a strong force of gravity amphibians that lets them
asteroid that nothing can escape it, breathe underwater
not even light
Small, rocky object that travels
around, or orbits, the sun glacier
calendar Large mass of ice that moves
astronaut Chart showing the days, weeks, slowly down a slope
and months of a year
Someone who is trained to
travel and work in a spacecraft laser
comet Narrow beam of strong light
Object made of dust and ice
that orbits the sun, developing a magnetic
tail as it gets near to the sun
Word used to describe the
force created by magnets,
dwarf planet which can pull certain metals
Small type of planet, such toward them
as Pluto
magnetic field
electrical storm Force field surrounding a
Storm with thunder and planet, star, or galaxy
lightning
marine
galaxy Word used to describe
atoms Huge group of stars, gas, animals or plants that live
Tiny particles that make up and dust in or near the sea
everything around us
axis
Imaginary line that passes
through the center of a
planet or star, around which
the planet or star turns
76
mold prey space probe
Type of fungus that grows Animal that is hunted Unmanned spacecraft designed
in damp places for food to study objects in space and
send information back to
molecule receptor the Earth
Group of atoms stuck together Part of the body that picks
up information star
moon Huge glowing ball of gas
Object made of rock, or rock satellite
and ice, that travels around Any object that moves around submarine
a planet the Earth, often a human-made Boat that can sail on top
machine that collects scientific of the sea or dive deep
information underwater
online
Connected to the Internet
scuba telescope
Equipment worn by divers that Instrument used to look at
organ lets them breathe underwater distant objects
Part of the body that does
a particular job, such as the
heart or the stomach turbine
Wheel or rotor that is turned
to make power, used in places
planet such as wind farms
Huge round object that orbits
a star
webcam
A camera that sends
pollution photographs or images
Waste that has been dumped sensor over the Internet
in water, in the air, or on land. Part of a machine or robot
Pollution usually harms the that picks up information
environment from the surroundings
predator space
Animal that lives by hunting Place beyond Earth’s
and eating other animals atmosphere
77
Index
Aa brain 46–47 earthquakes 26 graphs 57
addition 59 breeding 33 echinoderms 29 gravity 64, 65
air resistance 69 bridges 62–63 echolocation 49
airplanes 16, 64, 65 building 51 eclipses, solar 13 Hh
amphibians 28 ecosystems 36–37 habitats 34–39
animals 28–39 Cc electric cars 41 head lice 42
Apollo spacecraft cable-stayed bridges electricity 70–71 hearing 49
18–19 62 energy 13, 70–71 height 56
arachnids 29 calendars 55 engineering 6, 50 helicopters 64–65
arch bridges 63 cantilever bridges 62 entertainment 74 Hubble Space
Archimedes 67 carbon dioxide 40, 41 equator 14 Telescope 9, 17
Arctic 34–35, 41 cells 43, 44 evaporation 20, 23 human body 44–49
art 7 ceramics 60 evolution 32–33 humanoid robots 74
artificial intelligence climate 14–15 exosphere 17
47 climate change 40–41 Ii
asteroid belt 10 clouds 20, 21, 24 Ff ideas 51
astronauts 18–19 composites 61 fabric 61 insects 29, 31
astronomers 8–9 computers 47, 72–73 farming 30 International Space
atmosphere 16–17 condensation 20, 23 fish 28 Station 17
atoms 22 conductors 60, 71 flight 64–65 Internet 72–73
auroras 16 coral reefs 36–37 floating 66–67 invertebrates 28, 29
axis 14, 15 counting 58 floods 41
crustaceans 29 fog 25 Jj
Bb food webs 34–35 Jupiter 11
bacteria 43 Dd forces 64–69
bascule bridges 63 dams 21 fossil fuels 40, 41 Kk
bats 49 Darwin, Charles 32 freezing 23 Kuiper belt 11
batteries 70, 71 deserts 36 friction 68–69
beam bridges 63 domestic robots 75 fruit 31 Ll
bicycles 68–69 drag 64 fungi 31 land 15
Big Bang 8 drones 75 lava 27
birds 28 dust mites 42 Gg Leonardo da Vinci 64
blood 45 galaxies 8, 11 levers 53
body 44–49 Ee gases 22–23 life 13, 14, 28–39,
body clock 54 Earth 10, 13, 14–17, gears 53 42–49
bones 45 20–21, 24–27, 55 glass 60 lift 64, 65
78
light 8, 13 Pp skin 45 trees 40, 41
light bulbs 71 parachutes 69 smartphones 72 troposphere 17
lightning 24, 71 paleontologists 33 smell 48 tsunamis 26
liquids 22–23 planes 16, 64, 65 snow 20, 21, 24
log bridges 62 planets 10–11 social networking 72 Uu
plankton 35, 43 solar flares 12 universe 8–9
Mm plants 30–31, 32, 36, solar panels 13, 41, Uranus 11
machines 52–53 37, 38, 41 71
magma 27 plastic 60 solar prominences 13 Vv
magnetism 13, 60 plate tectonics 26 solar system 9, 10–11, Venus 10, 17
mammals 28, 29 Pluto 11 12 vertebrates 28
maps 72 pollution 40 solids 22–23 viruses 43
Mars 10 predators 34, 36, 38 SONAR 49 viruses (computer) 73
materials 60–61 problems 50 space 8–9, 75 volcanoes 26, 27
math 7, 58–59 prototypes 51 stardust 15 volume 57
matter 22–23 pulleys 53 stars 8
measurements 56–57 stratosphere 17 Ww
melting 23 Rr streaming 73 water 66–67
memory 46 rain 20, 21, 24 submarines 49, 67 water cycle 20–21
Mercury 10 rainforests 38–39 subtraction 59 weather 24–25, 40
mesosphere 17 ramps 53 the sun 10, 12–13, 20, weather balloons 16
metal 60, 71 receptors 48, 49 24, 55 weather satellites 25
meteorites 16 renewable energy sundials 55 wedges 53
microlife 42–43 41, 71 sunlight 39 weight 57, 66–67
Milky Way 11 reptiles 28 sunshine 14, 15, 25 whales 32–33, 34
molecules 22, 23 research 51, 73 sunspots 12 wheels 52, 68
mollusks 29 robots 74–75 surfaces 68–69 wind 25
months 55 rockets 19 suspension bridges 62 wind farms 41
the moon 13, 18–19, switches 71 wires 71
55 Ss wood 61
mountains 37 satellites 25 Tt
muscles 45 Saturn 11 tardigrades 42 Xx
science 6 taste 48 X-rays 44
Nn screws 52 technology 6, 50–51
Neptune 11 sea ice 41 temperature 56
nervous system 47 seasons 14 thermosphere 17
numbers 58–59 security robots 75 thrust 64, 65
senses 48–49 thunder 24
Oo shopping, Internet 73 time 54–55, 56
oceans 15, 20, 21, 37 sight 48 time zones 54, 75
orbits 10, 17, 19 sinking 66–67 tires 69
organs 44 skiing 69 touch 48
79
Acknowledgments
DK would like to thank the following: Dave Ball and Kateryna Kon / Science Photo Library (clb); Science Photo Library (b). 44-45 123RF.
com: Natallia Yeumenenka (cb). 45 Depositphotos Inc: chaoss (ca). Dreamstime.com:
Katie Knutton for design assistance; Yamini Panwar for Alexey Romanenko / Romanenkoalexey (bc). 46-47 Dreamstime.com: Shakila
hi-res co-ordination; Caroline Hunt for proofreading; Malavige. 47 Dreamstime.com: Tuulijumala (cra). 48-49 Dreamstime.com: Shakila
Malavige. 48 123RF.com: Peter Lewis (c). Dreamstime.com: Bjørn Hovdal (cra). 49
and Helen Peters for the index. 123RF.com: Evgeny Atamanenko (ca); Peter Lewis (cl). Dreamstime.com: Cebas1 (cra).
50-51 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 50 123RF.com: Aleksandr Belugin (cra);
The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce Andriy Popov (clb). Dreamstime.com: Petr Jilek (clb/Mud). 51 Dreamstime.com: Daniel
their photographs: Ryan Burch (ca); Petr Jilek (bc). 52-53 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 52 123RF.
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Shakila Malavige. 4 Dreamstime.com: Tuulijumala (br). 5 Dreamstime.com: Jaroslaw Kindersley: Jerry Young (c, crb/Snail). Dreamstime.com: Brad Calkins (crb); Travelling-
Grudzinski / jarek78 (bc, br). 6-7 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 8 Alamy Stock light (bc); Elena Schweitzer / Egal (cra); Olga Popova / Popovaphoto (cra/Marker);
Photo: Granger Historical Picture Archive (clb). 8-9 NASA: ESA; G. Illingworth, D. Jannekespr (br). 58-59 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 59 123RF.com: Andrzej
Magee, and P. Oesch, University of California, Santa Cruz; R. Bouwens, Leiden Tokarski / ajt (cb). Dorling Kindersley: Booth Museum of Natural History, Brighton (ca,
University; and the HUDF09 Team. 9 NASA: (ca). 10-11 Dreamstime.com: Shakila ftr). Dreamstime.com: Andrey Burmakin / Andreyuu (c/Shield bug); Svetlana Larina /
Malavige. 11 NASA: JPL-Caltech (ca). PunchStock: Westend61 / Rainer Dittrich (cla). Blair_witch (ca/Butterfly, ftr/Butterfly); Cosmin Manci / Cosmin (ca/Beetle, c/Beetle);
12-13 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 13 NASA: Carla Thomas (tr). 14-15 Isselee (ca/Firebug, c/Firebug); Sutisa Kangvansap / Mathisa (cl, cr). Fotolia: Auris (ca/
Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 15 Dreamstime.com: Jacglad (clb). NASA: MPIA / Flask). 60 123RF.com: Natthapon Ngamnithiporn (cb). 60-61 Dreamstime.com: Shakila
Calar Alto Observatory (br). 16 Dreamstime.com: Clearviewstock (crb); Lars Christensen Malavige. 61 123RF.com: Steve Collender (cr); Antonio Balaguer Soler (fcr).
/ C-foto (bc). 16-17 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 17 Dorling Kindersley: Andy Dreamstime.com: Minaret2010 (bc). 62 Alamy Stock Photo: Maurice Savage (c); Mihai
Crawford (tr). 18 123RF.com: Boris Stromar / astrobobo. Dreamstime.com: Loren File / Andritoiu - Creative (cb); oroch (br). 62-63 Alamy Stock Photo: Arch White (t).
Lffile (Flag). 18-19 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 19 NASA: (c). 20 123RF.com: Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 63 Alamy Stock Photo: Clair Dunn (ca); Xinxin
luisrsphoto (bl). Dreamstime.com: Melonstone (crb). 20-21 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Cheng (c); Mark Davidson (crb). 64-65 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige;
Malavige. 21 123RF.com: Andrzej Tokarski / ajt (cla); klotz (crb); Vitalii Artiushenko (ca). Zhanghaobeibei (c). 64 Alamy Stock Photo: Granger Historical Picture Archive (crb). 65
Dreamstime.com: Terracestudio (ca/Hat). 22 123RF.com: Imagehit Limited | Exclusive 123RF.com: spaxia (c). Dorling Kindersley: Stephen Oliver (cl). Dreamstime.com:
Contributor (cb); Pongsak Polbubpha (cl); Mariusz Blach (cb/Coffee cup). Dreamstime. Gv1961 (tr); Luis Louro (bc); Nadezhda1906 (br). 66 Alamy Stock Photo: Dariusz
com: Okea (br); Shakila Malavige (t). 23 123RF.com: Mariusz Blach (clb). Dreamstime. Kuzminski (tl); studiomode (cra). 66-67 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 67 Dorling
com: Bigphoto (cb); Grafner (cr). 24-25 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 24 123RF. Kindersley: Fleet Air Arm Museum (c, br). Dreamstime.com: Chris Brignell (fcra, cra).
com: Gino Santa Maria / ginosphotos (cr); lurin (cb). Dreamstime.com: Mangojuicy (bl). 68-69 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 69 Dreamstime.com: Maksym Gorpenyuk /
25 123RF.com: Andrew Barker (cb); Stanislav Pepeliaev (bl); mreco99 (crb). Getty Tass (cra); Yudesign (tl). 70-71 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 70 123RF.com:
Images: Erik Simonsen (t). 26 Alamy Stock Photo: Hideo Kurihara (cra). U.S. Geological Pablo Scapinachis Armstrong (bc). Dreamstime.com: Kitchner Bain (bc/TV). 71 123RF.
Survey: (b). 26-27 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 27 Dorling Kindersley: Stephen com: Kanoksak Tameeraksa (cla). Dreamstime.com: Dary423 (cr); Juan Moyano (cra);
Oliver (cr). US Geological Survey. 28 123RF.com: / Ermolaev Milkos (crb). 72 Dreamstime.com: Ali Mustafa Pi kin (cra); Tuulijumala (cl); Axstokes (clb,
Alexandr Alexandrovich / photodeti (ca). Alamy Stock Photo: Benny Marty (cl). Dorling crb); Erol Berberovic (cb). iStockphoto.com: Luca di Filippo (cr). 72-73 Dreamstime.com:
Kindersley: Jerry Young (ftl, tc). 29 Dorling Kindersley: Gyuri Csoka Cyorgy (fcr). Shakila Malavige. 73 Dorling Kindersley: Peter Minister (cra/T.Rex). Dreamstime.com:
Dreamstime.com: Cosmin Manci / Cosmin (cr); Johnfoto (tl). 30-31 Dreamstime.com: Ali Mustafa Pi kin (tl); Robwilson39 (tc); Angelo Gilardelli (cra); Profyart (cr); Badboo
Shakila Malavige. 30 Dreamstime.com: Alisali (c). 31 123RF.com: ccat82 (crb). (crb); Axstokes (fcrb). Fotolia: Maxim Kazmin (tl/Computer). 74-75 Dreamstime.com:
Dreamstime.com: Alle (clb, c). iStockphoto.com: thawats (cl). 32 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 74 123RF.com: Kanoksak Tameeraksa (c). Dorling Kindersley: John
Christophe Testi (c); Travelling-light (c/Pad). 32-33 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. Rigg, The Robot Hut (clb). Getty Images: John B. Carnett / Bonnier Corporation (br).
33 Dreamstime.com: Guido Nardacci (cr). 34 Dreamstime.com: Iakov Filimonov / Jackf Humanoid robot created by Softbank Robotics: (cra). 75 123RF.com: chris brignell (cb);
(cl). Getty Images: Rhinie van Meurs / NIS / Minden Pictures (cr). 34-35 Dreamstime. goodluz (cra); Thomas Hecker (clb, cb/Frame); Vadym Andrushchenko (fcrb).
com: Shakila Malavige. 35 Dreamstime.com: Jlcst (br); Travelling-light (cb). 36 123RF. Dreamstime.com: Alex Scott / Alexjpscott (clb/Garden); Nikolai Sorokin (crb).
com: Steve Byland (clb). Alamy Stock Photo: B Christopher (cb). 37 123RF.com: Ten iStockphoto.com: ernie decker (tc). Knightscope, Inc.: (bl). 76 Alamy Stock
Theeralerttham / rawangtak (cl, fcra). Alamy Stock Photo: blickwinkel (c); Photo: Roberto Nistri (bc). Dreamstime.com: Kevin Panizza / Kpanizza (br).
imageBROKER (cra); Roberto Nistri (fcl, cr); Samyak Kaninde (br). Dorling Kindersley: 76-77 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 77 NASA: JPL-Caltech (tc).
Wildlife Heritage Foundation, Kent, UK (cb). Dreamstime.com: Dragoneye (bl); Kevin 78-79 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 80 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige
Panizza / Kpanizza (ca); Fenkie Sumolang / Fenkieandreas (tr). Getty Images: Paul Kay Endpaper images: Front: Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige; Back: Dreamstime.com:
(c/Green sponge). 38-39 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 38 Dorling Kindersley: Shakila Malavige.
Thomas Marent (cr). Fotolia: Eric Isselee (c). 39 Alamy Stock Photo: Amazon-Images
(bc); Life on White (br). Dorling Kindersley: Jerry Young (crb, bl); Natural History Cover images: Front and Back: Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige (blue background);
Museum, London (cla/Butterfly); Andrew Beckett (Illustration Ltd) (cl). Dreamstime.com: Front: Depositphotos Inc: koosen br/ (tray); Dreamstime.com: Eng101 bl/ (screw); Back:
Travelling-light (c). Getty Images: Gravity Images (cla). 40 123RF.com: Ekasit 123RF.com: tobi br; Dorling Kindersley: Satellite Imagemap Copyright / 1996-2003
Wangprasert (cl); rawpixel (crb). Dreamstime.com: ArchitectureVIZ (clb); Whilerests (cb); Planetary Visions cra/ (earth’s structure); Dreamstime.com: Diosmirnov crb/ (chef hat),
Haiyin (fcl); Maksim Toome / Mtoome (c). 40-41 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 41 Jannoon028 bl, Daniela Pelazza / Dp3010 bl/ (barrel), Tommy Schultz / Tommyschultz
123RF.com: Andrey Kryuchkov / varunalight (c); jezper (cb). Dreamstime.com: Radha (coral); Spine: 123RF.com: goodluz t/ (remote control).
Karuppannan / Radhuvenki (cla); Jan Martin Will (br). Getty Images: Jeff J Mitchell /
Staff (crb); Miles Willis / Stringer (cra). 42-43 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige.
Science Photo Library: Steve Gscmeissner (c/Dust mite). 42 Dreamstime.com: Sebastian All other images © Dorling Kindersley
Kaulitzki / Eraxion (cb). Science Photo Library: Steve Gscmeissner (c). 43 Getty Images: For further information see: www.dkimages.com
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