ANALOG DEVICES Integrated Circuit True RMS-to-DC Converter FEATURES: ‘True RMS-to-DC Conversion Laser-Trimmed to High Acouracy (0.2% Max Error (ADS36AK) 0.5% Max Error (ADS36A) Wide Response Capability: Computes RMS of AC and DC Signals 450 kHz Bandwidth: V rms > 100 mV 2MHz Bandwidth: Vrms > 1V Signal Crest Factor of 7 for 1% Error dB Output with 60 dB Range Low Power: 1.2 mA Quiescent Current ‘Single or Dual Supply Operation ‘Monolithic Integrated Circuit ~B5°C to +125°C Operation (ADS36AS) PRODUCT DESCRIPTION ‘The ADS36A is a complete monolithic integrated circuit which performs true rms-to-de conversion. It offers performance which is comparable or superior to that of hybrid or modular units costing much more, The ADS36A directly computes the true rms value of any complex input waveform containing ac and de components. It has a crest factor compensation scheme which allows measurements with 1% error at crest factors up to 7. The wide bandwidth of the device extends the measurement capabi- lity to 300 kFf2 with 3 dB error for signal levels above 100 mY. ‘An important feature of the ADS36A not previously available in sms converters isan ausiliary dB ourput. The logarithm of the ‘ms output signal is brought out roa separate pin to allow the 4B conversion, with a useful dynamic range of 60 dB. Using an externally supplied reference current, the O 4B level can be con~ ‘venient set by the usr to correspond to any input level from 0.1 to 2 volts ms. ‘The ADS36A is laser trimmed at the wafer level for input and ‘output offset, positive and negative waveform symmetry (de re- versal error), and full-scale accuracy at 7 V rms. As a result, no external trims are required to achieve the rated unit accuracy. ‘There is full procection for both inputs and outputs. The input circuitry can take overload voltages well beyond the supply lev- cls. Loss of supply voltage with inputs connected will not cause unit fulure. The output is short-circuit protected. ‘The ADS36A is available in two accuracy grades (Jj, K) for com- ‘mercial temperature range (0°C to +70°C) applications, and one ‘grade (S) rated for the -55°C to +125°C extended range. The ADS36AK offers a maximum total eror of +2 mV +0.2% of reading, and the ADS36AJ and ADS36AS have maximum errors of £5 mY £0.5% of reading. All three versions are available in either a hermetically sealed 14-lead DIP or 10-pin TO-100 ‘metal can, The ADS36AS is also available in 2 20-lealess her- ‘meticaly sealed ceramic chip carrier. REV.B Information furnished by Analog Devices i believed to be eccurats and le. Howaver, no rorponeilty Is assured by Analog Dove fo its tes nr for any iergarent of plots or oat igh of Bid pars ‘inch may reaut from ie use, No leanes le granted by implication ot “therwine Under any pte or patent gh Analog Bevis PIN CONFIGURATIONS AND FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAMS TO-116 (D-14) and Q-14 Package TO-100 (H-104) Package LCC (E-208) Package PRODUCT HIGHLIGHTS 1. The ADS36A computes the true root-mean-square level of a ‘complex ac (or ac plus de) input signal and gives an equiva Jent de output level. The true rms value of a waveform is a ‘more useful quantity than the average rectified value since it relates directly tothe power of the signal. The rms value of a statistical signal als relates to its standard deviation, 2, The crest factor of a waveform is the ratio of the peak signal swing to the rms value, The crest factor compensation scheme of the ADS36A allows measurement of highly com- plex signals with wide dynamic range. 3. The only external component required to perform measure- ‘ments to the fully specified accuracy isthe capacitor which sets the averaging period. The value ofthis capacitor determines the low frequency ac accuracy, ripple level and setling time 4. The AD536A will operate equally wel from split supplies or a single supply with total supply levels from 5 to 36 vos. ‘The one milliampere quiescent supply current makes the device well-suited fora wide variety of emote controllers and battery powered instruments 5. The ADS36A directly replaces the AD536 and provides im- ‘proved bandwidth and temperature drift specifications. (One Technology Way, P.0.80x9106, Norwood, MA.02062-9106, U.S.A 7329-4700" World Wide Wab Site: htp://www.anslog.com 781/326.8708 slog Devices, Ine, 1999_ ADSGGA-SPECIFICATIONS (+25, and 15 ewes oar ote) a] ae fie Saale ns, a a See owen ns —* : poms ae ge a ennai! ‘te tyson trata L a a : : 7 as a # = Po ze hewn Ss ; oer a a o4 co 02 3 208 ans ae : «| 5 Ih e i el: » tt » (3 oe 27. Soe le stanton a a 2 v seein eos ee 2: |e ES z & e ; Ss “a ee saa ‘Shor Circuit Cee my on as ma Behe : 1 : + ‘Era send coi et game ae ced na 2 ioral et em eee ctu leds Al mid mpi ps REV.BADS36A ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS' ‘Supply Voltage Dual Supply « 18V ‘Single Supply 1436 Internal Power Dissipation’ 500 mW Maximum Input Voltage ‘£25 V Peak Buffer Maximum Input Voltage « ‘ Vs Maximum Input Voltage 425 V Peak ‘Storage Temperature Range “55°C to +150°C ‘Operating Temperacure Range ‘ADS36A]/K °C 10 +70°C ‘ADS36AS “55°C to +125°C ‘Lead Temperature Range : (Soldering 60 seo) ESD Rating ores "Sues sboe those ited under Abolte Mami Rating may cate perm ‘ent damage tothe device. Thins ating nly fancnal persion of ‘device st hee or any otercondstons above tote ndated inthe operational ‘ection of hi speciation pte, Exposure co absclue maim ag Condons for etended pevods nya device rey, Hoa Header @ = ISOM; 20-Leaess LOC: y= 95°C; 16-Lend Sie ‘Brand Ceramic DIP 8 = 95°C. +300°C 1000 (CHIP DIMENSIONS AND PAD LAYOUT ‘Dimensions shown in inches and (em). ORDERING GUIDE “Temperatare [Package Model Range Description ADSM Po*C te AC |Site Bemed Connie DIP ‘Apss6akD — | O-Cte 470°C | Sse Brmed Ceramic DIP Apsisat — f orcest0c | Header AbseakH — foci HoC | Hender apsseaja —forcrostorc | cenip apsseaca | rceosoc | Cenip ADSI6ASD | -55°Ct0¥125°C | Sie Brad Ceramic DIP ‘Absseasbiesse | —s5°C wo +125°C | Sie Braed Commie DIP Abseaseiese | —s5Cr0 s125°C |Lcc ADSIOASH | 55°C to s125C | Hender Apsseasivesse | 55°C s129C | Header Abpearcuirs | oct toc [Die ADEEAKHe | O°Ce0 e706 | Header Apsseascuins | “ssc e125c | Die Soersmnosoi2a | ssrcw strc |Lcc s-200 SecaaoHos0iCA | —s5C10 +125°C | Ske Bred Cosmic DIP D-14 soea-aonosouta | “55°C to 2125°C [Header ton REV.B STANDARD CONNECTION ‘The ADS36A is simple to connect for the majority of high accu- racy rms measurement, requiring only an external capacitor to set the averaging time constant. The standard connection is shown in Figure I. In this configuration, the ADS36A will mea sure the rms of the ac and de level present at the input, but will, show an error for low frequency inputs asa function ofthe filter capacitor, Cay, a8 shown in Figure 5. Thus, if 4 nF capacitor is used, the additional average error at 10 Fiz will be 0.1%, at 3 Hit will be 1%, The accuracy at higher frequencies will be according to specification. If it is desized to reject the de input, @ capacitor is added in series with the input, as shown in Figure 3, the capacitor must be nonpolar. Ifthe ADS36A is driven with power supplies with a considerable amount of high frequency ripple, i is advisable to bypass both supplies to ground with 0.1 UF ceramic discs as neat the device as possible. Figure 1. Standard RMS Connection- ADS36A ‘The input and ourput signal ranges are a function of the supply voltages; these ranges are shown in Figure 14. The ADS36A can also be used in an unbuffered voltage ousput mode by discon- necting the input to the buffer. The ourput then appears unbuf- fered across the 25 KO resistor. The buffer amplifier can then be used for other purposes. Further the ADS36A can be used in a current output mode by disconnecting the 25 IQ resistor from ground. The output current is available at Pin 8 (Pin 10 on the ““H™ package) with a nominal scale of 40 HA per volt rms input positive out OPTIONAL EXTERNAL TRIMS FOR HIGH ACCURACY Ii is desired to improve the accuracy of the ADS36A, the extemal trims shown in Figure 2 can be added. Rétis used to trim the offet, Note thatthe offset trim circuit adds 365 9 in series with the internal 25 KO resistor. Tis will eause a 1.5% increase in scale factor, which is trimmed out by using Rl as shown, Range of scale factor adjustment is #1.5%. ‘The trimming procedure is a follows: 1. Ground the input signal, Vig, and adjust R4 to give zero volts output from Pin 6. Alternatively, R4 can be adjusted ro ive the correct ourput with the lowest expected value of Vin 2. Connect the desired full scale input level to Vin, either de or ‘calibrated ac signal (1 kHz i the optimum frequency); then trim RI, to give the correct ousput from Pin 6, ie, 1000 V de input should give 1.000 V de output. Of course, a £1,000 V peak-to-peak sine wave should give 0.707 V de output. The remaining errors, as given inthe specifications are due to the nonlinearity. ‘The major advantage of external trimming isto optimize device performance for a reduced signal range; the ADS36A is inter- nally rimmed for a7 V rms full-scale range. hha dhead Figure 2. Optional External Gain and Output Offset Trims SINGLE SUPPLY CONNECTION “The applications in Figures | and 2 require the use of approxi- rately symmetrical dual supplies. The ADS36A can also be used with only a single postive supply down to +5 volts, as shown in Figure 3. The major limitation ofthis connection is that only ac signals can be measured since the diflerental input stage must be biased off ground for proper operation. This sing is done at Pin 10; thus it is critical that no extraneous signals be coupled into this point. Biasing can be accomplished by using a resistive divider berween +Vs and ground. The values cf the resistors can be increased inthe interest of lowered power ‘consumption, since only 5 mA of current flows into Pin 10 (Pin 2 on the “H” package). AC input coupling requires only capacitor C2 as shown; a de return is not necessary as itis provided internally. C2 is selected for the proper low frequency break point with the input resistance of 16.7 Kk; fora cutoff at 10 Hz, C2 should be 1 uF. The signal ranges in this connection axe slightly more restricted than in the dual supply connection, ‘The input and ourput signal ranges are shown in Figure 14. The load resistor, R, is necessary to provide ourput sink current, neat Figure 3. Single Supply Connection CHOOSING THE AVERAGING TIME CONSTANT ‘The ADS36A will compute the rms of both ac and de signals IE the input is a slowly-varying de signal, the output of the ‘ADS36A will track the input exactly. At higher frequencies, the ‘average output of the ADS36A will approach the ems value of tHe input signal. ‘The actual output of the ADS36A will difer from the ideal output by a de (or average) error and some amount of ripple, as demonstrated in Figure 4 Sreemeeeeeeee eae Figure 4. Typical Output Waveform for Sinusoidal Input “The de error is dependent on the input signal frequency and the ‘value of Cay Figure 5 can be used to determine the minimum salue of Cay which will yield a given percent de error above a given frequency using the standard rms connection. “The ac component ofthe output signal isthe ripple. There are two ways to reduce the ripple. The first method involves using @ large value of C,y. Since the ripple is inversely proportional ro yyy a tenfold increase in this capacitance will affect a tenfold reduction in ripple. When measuring waveforms with high crest REV. BADS36A factors, (uch as low duty eyele pulse trans), the averaging time constant should be at least ten times the signal period. For example, a 100 Hz pulse race requires a 100 ms time constant, which corresponds to a4 UF capacitor (time constant = 25 ms peri). “The primary disadvantage in using a large Cay to remove ripple is thar the setting tim for a step change in input level i ine creased proportionately. Figue 5 shows thatthe relationship ‘beeween Cay and 1% seting time i 115 miliseconds fr each ricrofarad of Cqy. The settling time i tice as great for de- ceasing signals as for increasing signals (the values in Figure 5 ae for decreasing signals). Seting time also increases for low signal levels, as shown in Figure 6. = i a £ i Figure 5. Error/Settling Time Graph for Use with the Stan- dard rms Connection in Figure 1 Figure 6. Settling Time vs. Input Level ‘A better method for reducing output ripple isthe use of a ““posefilter.” Figure 7 shows a suggested circuit. Ifa single-pole filter is used (C3 removed, Rx shorted), and C2 is approximately ‘vice the value of Cay, the ripple i reduced as shown in Figure 8 and settling time is increased. For example, with Cay = 1 uF and C2-= 2.2 uF, the ripple for a 60 Hz input is reduced from 10% of reading to approximately 0.3% of reading. The settling time, however is increased by approximately a factor of 3. The values of Cyy and C2, can, therefore, be reduced to permit faster setting times while stil providing substantial ripple reduction, REV.B ‘The two-pole postfilter uses an active filter stage to provide even greater ripple reduction without substantially inreasing the setting times over a cireuit with a one-pole filter. The values of Cyvy C2, and C3 can then be reduced to allow extremely fast settling times for a constant amount of ripple. Caution should ‘be exercised in choosing the value of Cyys since the de error is ‘dependent upon this value and is independent of the post file. For a more detailed explanation ofthese topics refer to the RMS to DC Conversion Application Guide 2nd Edition, available from Analog Devices. Figure 8. Performance Features of Various Filter Types ADS36A PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION ‘The ADS36A embodies an implicit solution of the rms equation that overcomes the dynamic range as well as other limitations inherent in a straightforward computation of rms. The actual ‘computation performed by the ADS36A follows the equation: Vrms deg.| Ze Vine- AD536A Figure 9 isa simplified schematic of the ADS36A; iis subdi- vided into four major sections: absolute value circuit (active rectifier), quarer/divider, current mirror, and buffer amplifier. ‘The input voltage, Vin» which can be ac or de, is converted to 8 unipolar current I, by the ative rectifier Ay, A> I; drives one input of the squaret/divider, which has the transfer function: 1y=1jlly ‘The output curren, ly ofthe squareidvider drives the current mirror trough a low-pes filter formed by Rl and the externally connected capacitor, Cyv Ifthe Rl, Cay ime constants much freater than the longest period ofthe iu signa, then Iie ‘ffectvly averaged, The current mirror returs a curently ‘which equals Avg (ld, back tothe squaecdvier to complete the implicit rms computation. Ths: Avg. Figure 9. Simplified Schematic ‘The current mirror also produces the ourput current, lov, hich equals 1, Ioyr can be used direcdly or converted (0 a voltage with R2 and buffered by Ad to provide a low impedance voltage ourput. The transfer function of the ADS36A thus, results: Vour = 2R2 Lm =V yy rms ‘The dB ouput is derived from the emitter of Q3, since the voltage at chs point is proportional to ~log Vix. Emitter fol- lower, Q5, buffers and level shift this voltage, so that the dB ‘output voltage is zero when the extemally supplied emitter ‘current (Isr) to Q5 approximates I, CONNECTIONS FOR dB OPERATION ‘A powerful feature added to the ADS36A is the ogerithmic or ‘decibel ousput. The internal circuit computing dB works accu- raely over a 60 dB range. The connections for dB measure- ‘ments are shown in Figure 10. The user selects the 0 dB level by adjusting RI, for the proper 0 dB reference current (which is set ‘tw exactly cancel the log output current from the squarer-divider athe desired 0 4B point). The external op amp is used to pro- vide a more convenient scale and to allow compensation of the +0.33%°C seale factor drift of the 4B ousput pin. The special ‘T.G. resistor, R2, is available from Tel Labs in Londonderry, 1N.H. (model Q-81) or from Precision Resistor Inc., Hillside, NJ. (model PT146). The averaged temperature cocficents of resistors R2 and RG develop the +3300 ppm needed to reverse compensate the dB output. The linear mms output is available at in 8 on DIP or Pin 10 on header device with an output imped- ance of 25 kit; thus some applications may require an additional baffer amplifier if cis ourput is desired, 3 Calibration: 1 Set Vys= 1.00 V de or 1.00 V rms 2. Adjust RI for 2B out = 0.00 V 3 Set Vin = 40.1 V de oF 0.10 V ems 4. Adjust RS for dB out = -2.00 V ‘Any other desired 0 dB reference level can be used by setting Vpy and adjusting RI, accordingly. Note that adjusting RS for the proper gain automatically gives the correct temperarure compensation. Figure 10. dB Connection -6- REV. BADS536A FREQUENCY RESPONSE The ADS36A utilizes a logarithmic circuit in performing the ‘implicit ems computation. As with any log circuit, bandwidth is proportional to signal level. The solid lines inthe graph below represent the frequency response of the ADS36A at input levels from 10 millivolts to 7 volts rms. The dashed lines indicate the ‘upper frequency limits for 1%, 10%, and 3 dB of reading addi- tonal eror. For example, note that #1 volt rms signal wil pro- duce less than 1% of reading additional error up to 120 kHz. A. 10 millvolt signal can be measured with 1% of reading addi tional eror (100 pV) up to only 5 kz -O io Sen po SD esi pee Figure 11. High Frequency Response AC MEASUREMENT ACCURACY AND CREST FACTOR Crest factor i often overlooked in determining the accuracy of sn ac measurement. Crest factor is defined asthe ratio ofthe peak signal amplitude to the rms value ofthe signal (CF = Vi Vrms). Most common waveforms, such a sine and triangle waves, have relatively low crest factors (<2). Waveforms which resemble low dury cycle pulse trains, such as those occurring in switching power supplies and SCR circuits, have high crest, factors. For example, a rectangular pulse train with a 1% duty cycle has a crest factor of 10 (CF = 1 J/n). Figure 12 is a cure of reading error for the ADS36A for a1 volt ‘ms input signal with crest factors from 1 to 11. A rectangular pulse train (pulsewidth 100 ps) was used for this test since itis the worst-case waveform for ems measurement (all the energy is contained in the peaks). The duty cycle and peak amplitude ‘were varied to produce crest factors from 1 t0 11 while main- ‘taining a constant 1 volt rms input amplitude. REV.B Lerner ol Loewe a5 ina al i Figure 12. Error vs. Crest Factor Figure 13. ADB36A Error vs. Pulsewidth Rectangular Pulse Figure 14, ADS36A Input and Output Voltage Ranges vs. Supply+ ADS36A ey 5 or gee a8, eas is te Soe aan es a sen wag een” Keven G38 (0437888) tn Pada Sr ose aes ne O22 69m) een] Se i LA saasie20 sme. —t 2.0% joay ‘oom an" gortom view E-20A Package Lec REV. cs0ze-0-609 PRINTED INUS.A.