Columns, Beam-Columns

CE 539 – Advanced Steel Structures
Professor Negin A. Tauberg
CE 539
Advanced Steel Structures
Lecture 4
Compression Members
and Axial-Flexure Interaction
Week 4 Schedule
Ø Today’s lecture: Compression Members and
Axial-Flexure Interaction and 2nd order effects
Ø Week 4 participation Quiz due Monday 2/15
Ø HW4 will be posted soon
o Covers compression and tension members
Ø Check HW2 solutions uploaded

Ø Questions on Week 3 participation Quiz?
Ø HW3 questions? (due Friday 2/12)
Ø Submit one compiled pdf and your RAM model (.rss file)
Ø Any RAM software access issues?
CE 539 -– Advanced
Advanced Steel
Steel Structures
Structures
Professor Negin
Professor Negin A.
A. Tauberg
Tauberg
Assignment 3 Questions
Ø Part 1: Floor Vibration analysis of center bay
Ø Part 2: RAM model

Ø Different loading vs. Part 1
Ø RAM’s beam design module
3
Compression Members
4
Compression Members
Ø Compression members: elements which are only
subjected to axial compressive forces
o Loads are applied along the longitudinal centroidal axis
Ø Common Compression members

o Columns
o Braces
o Truss members
o Struts or kickers
(M. Hershberg) 5
Compression Members
Ø Concentric loading is assumed but in reality some
eccentricity (even small) always exists
o Members are not perfectly straight
o Connections cause eccentricities
o Internal stresses cause uneven stress distributions
Ø The reduction factor (Φ) per LRFD accounts for

inherent eccentricities
Ø For significant eccentricities à beam-column
o Axial-flexure interaction
(M. Hershberg) 6
Compression Members
Ø Common limit states
o Compression yielding: Pn = AgFy
Global Buckling
• In very short / stout columns
o Global buckling
• Instability of entire column
• strength depends on column length
• Elastic buckling Local Buckling
o Local buckling
• Instability of part of the column
(M. Hershberg) 7
Compression Members
Ø ”Euler” buckling: fundamental buckling mode in
single curvature with pinned-end connection
o Derived using differential equations
(M. Hershberg) 8
Compression Members
Ø Inelastic buckling
o Transitions from elastic buckling to compression yielding
o A combination of compression yielding and elastic buckling
physically occurs in different parts of the cross-section
(M. Hershberg) 9
Compression Members
Ø Inelastic buckling
o Residual stresses are present in W shapes due to cooling
• Flange tips cool faster while the web-flange connections
remain hot
• à “transition zone” between elastic and plastic behavior
(M. Hershberg) 10
Compression Members
Ø Local buckling
o Depends on width to thickness ratio (b/t)
o Stiffened elements: A piece supported along two edges
parallel to the direction of the compression force
o Unstiffened elements: A piece with one free edge parallel

to the direction of the compression force
11
Compression Members
Ø Nonslender vs. Slender sections
o Nonslender: cross section is sufficiently compact so that
global buckling will occur before local buckling
• b/t ≤ λr per AISC 360 Table B4.1a
o Slender: cross section has slender elements that may
buckle locally before onset of global buckling
• b/t > λr (for any element of the cross section)
• Check section per AISC 360 Section E7
12
Compression Members
Ø Nonslender vs. slender per AISC 360 Table B4.1a
13
Compression Members
Ø many rolled sections are non-slender for
compression unless they are intended as beams
Ø See footnote c in AISC Manual shape tables
(M. Hershberg) 14
Compression Members
Ø Effective length: the length that would “mimic”
1st order buckling given a certain end connection
o Effective length factor (k) for different boundary conditions
AISC 360
Table C-A-7.1
15
Compression Members
Ø Effective length per AISC 360 Section E2
o At high slenderness ratios, critical stress is very low

• (~5 ksi)
16
Compression Members
Ø Slenderness Ratio (kL/r)
(M. Hershberg) 17
Compression Members
Ø Axial Capacity: φcPn ≥ Pu (AISC 360 Section E3)
o φc = 0.90 (Section E1)
o Pn = Fcr Ag (nominal compressive strength)
o Fcr : (critical stress, Section E3)
Fcr ≤ Fy
o Lc : kL
o Use largest values of kL/r for either x-x or y-y axis
18
Compression Members
Ø AISC 360 Section E3 considers the flexural buckling
limit state
o But torsional buckling and flexural-torsional
buckling limit states are also possible
Ø AISC 360 Section E3 provisions also assume that
the compression element is not subject to local
buckling prior to developing the strength
o Verify that the member is not slender
(M. Hershberg) 19
Compression Members
Ø Column design tables in AISC Manual à Part 4
o Axial capacities: Tables 4-1 through 4-20
20
Compression Members
Ø Column design tables in AISC Manual à Part 4
o Critical stress for compression member: Table 4-22
21
Break
Resume 8:00 pm
22
Axial-Flexure Interaction
(“Beam-Columns”)
23
Beam-Columns
Ø Structural elements that are subjected to both
flexure and axial loads (compression or tension)
Ø Sometimes it is reasonable to neglect combined
flexure-axial effects
o Pin-pin beam with very minor axial loads
o Pin-pin column with only accidental eccentricity
Ø If bending and axial loads are significant à

must design member as “beam-column”
(M. Hershberg) 24
Beam-Columns
Ø Some examples
o Beams in braced frames
o Beams / columns in moment-resisting frames
o Columns that brace exterior wall construction
for wind and seismic loading
o “drag” and “chord” members
(Hershberg)
(AISC) 25
Beam-Columns
Ø Interaction Equations
o Bending loads “use up” some of the member capacity
o Axial loads “use up” some of the member capacity
à combine effects of both bending + axial loads
(M. Hershberg) 26
Beam-Columns
Ø Interaction Equations per AISC 360 Section H
o Recall for beams: Φ bM n ≥ M u D/C = Mu / ΦbMn
o Recall for columns: Φ c Pn ≥ Pu D/C = Pu / ΦcPn
Ø Interaction formula:
If axial demand is large, the bending term is slightly reduced.
If axial demand is small, the axial term is reduced.
27
Beam-Columns
(M. Hershberg) 28
Beam-Columns
Ø AISC Interaction Equations
29
Beam-Columns
Ø AISC design tables for Combined Bending + Axial
o Flexure + axial compression
• If D/C ratios are exceeded, then the member is failing in
compression in the compression zone of the member
AISC
Manual
Table 6-1
o Flexure + axial tension

• If D/C ratios are exceeded, then the member is failing in
tension in the tension zone of the member
AISC
Manual
Table 6-1
(M. Hershberg) 30
Beam-Columns
31
Beam-Columns
32
Second Order Analysis
33
Second Order Effects

Ø Equilibrium is based on deformed geometry
Ø Consider a member subjected to flexure only
o Application of load results in mid-span deflection (δ0)
Ø Consider the same member with axial load

o Axial force + deformation à additional moment Pδ0
à additional moment results in displacement δ’
à additional displacement results in additional moment Pδ’
(AISC) 34

Ø Additional displacements & moments either results
in an incremental failure or stabilizes
Ø Typical for axial compression

Ø Note: tension forces on a member tend to “straighten” the
member (can usually neglect 2nd order effects)
(AISC) 35

Ø Consider a column with P-delta effects
(AISC) 36

Ø Consider a frame with loads applied at joints
(AISC) 37

Ø Compared to more rigorous 2nd order analyses,
AISC 360 allows several method to be used as
alternatives to account for 2nd order effects
Ø Common procedures
o Direct Analysis method per AISC Chapter C.2
o Approximate 2nd Order Analysis (AISC Appendix 8)
• Common in local practice
• Consists of 1st order elastic analysis with multipliers
B1 and B2 applied to resulting moments
(M. Hershberg) 38

Ø Approximate 2nd Order Analysis per AISC
o Moment magnification with no side-sway (braced frame)
(M. Hershberg) 39

o Moment magnification of Columns with no side-sway à B1
• End moments in opposing direction (single curvature)
• Primary and secondary moments are additive
(M. Hershberg) 40

o Moment magnification of Columns with no side-sway à B1
• End moments in same direction (double curvature)
• Mmax may be equal to M2 or greater than M2 depending
on magnitude of P, M1, M2, and L
(M. Hershberg) 41

o Moment magnification of Columns with no sidesway à B1
o Single curvature is the worst case vs. double curvature
• Double curvature tends to minimize moment amplification
o Effect accounted for with Cm = 0.6 - 0.4(M1/M2)
• If no transverse loads acting on the member, M1 is the
smaller end moment and M2 is the larger end moment
• M1/M2<0 for single curvature & M1/M2>0 for reverse curv.
• Cm for beam-column loaded btw. joints à Table C-A-8.1
o If B1 > ~1.2 à need a more “rigorous” 2nd order analysis
• B1 can be relatively inaccurate at larger B1 values
(M. Hershberg) 42

o Moment & Axial magnification of columns with sideswayàB2
(e.g., moment frames)
(M. Hershberg) 43

o Moment & Axial magnification of columns with sideswayàB2
o No Cm term for B2 : 1st order & 2nd order effects are additive for sidesway
(M. Hershberg) 44

Ø Summary: Approximate 2nd Order Analysis per AISC
o AISC 360 Appendix 8
45

o Each of the two different moments need to be evaluated
o Calculate amplified loads:
(M. Hershberg) 46
Break
Resume 8:35 pm
47
Review of Compression Members

Ø Axial Capacity: φcPn ≥ Pu (AISC 360 Section E3)
o φc = 0.90 (Section E1)
o Pn = FcrAg (nominal compressive strength)
o Fcr : (critical stress, Section E3)
Fcr ≤ Fy
o Lc : kL
o Use largest values of kL/r for either x-x or y-y axis
48
Review of Beam-Columns
o Recall for beams: Φ bM n ≥ M u D/C = Mu / ΦbMn
o Recall for columns: Φ c Pn ≥ Pu D/C = Pu / ΦcPn
Ø Interaction formula for flexure+compression:

If axial demand is large, the bending term is slightly reduced.
AISC 360-16 Section H1.1:
If axial demand is small, the axial term is reduced.
49
Summary of Second Order Effects

Ø Approximate 2nd Order Analysis à amplified loads
o AISC 360-16 Appendix A-8
50
Beam-Column Example
51
Beam-Column Example
Ø Column in an unbraced frame subject to flexure and axial loads: W12x65 (A992), L=15’
long, is to be investigated for use as a column in an unbraced frame.
Ø The frame is symmetrical, and the gravity loads are symmetrically placed.
Ø Figure below shows the axial load and end moments obtained from a first-order analysis
for the gravity loads (dead and live) and wind loads (bending about the strong axis).
Ø Effective length factors: kx = 1.2 (sway case), kx = 1.0 (nonsway case), and ky = 1.0.
Determine whether this member is in compliance with the AISC Specification.
PD = 85 k PD , PL
PL = 220 k
MD
ML Mw
MD = 18 k-ft
ML = 52 k-ft
MW = 211.2 k-ft
MD Mw
ML
(Segui) 52
Beam-Column Example
Ø Factored loads:
Note: differing
o ASCE 7-16 top and bottom
moments from
1st order
analysis due to
member fixity
f1 L = 0.5L
Pu = ?, Mu = ? for each load combo
(see which LC governs) Gravity (1.2D+L) Wind (1.0W)
(Segui) 53
Beam-Column Example
Ø Slenderness ratio:
o Which is the critical axis for axial compressive strength?
• Which governs? kxL/rx or kyL/ry ?
rx = 5.28”, ry = 3.02”
(kL/r)x = 40.9
(kL/r)y = 59.6 ß governs
(Segui) 54
Beam-Column Example
Ø Column Compressive Strength
o AISC Table 4-1: W12x65, kL = 15’ à ΦcPn = 663 kips
55
Beam-Column Example
Ø Moment amplification
o For LC2, Mt = 0 due to symmetry (no side-sway moments)
• No side-sway à use kx for the braced condition
(Segui) 56
Beam-Column Example
Ø Moment strength
o AISC T3-10: W12x65, Lb=15 feet à ΦMn=340 k-ft (Cb=1.0)
o but consider Cb …
0.9FyZx
(Moment Diagram, Segui)
(Segui) 57
Beam-Column Example
Ø Axial-Moment interaction Equation – AISC 360 §H1
o Load Combination 2 (LC2):
• Pu = 454 kips
• Mux = 104.8 k-ft
à Use AISC 360 Equation H1-1a
(Segui) 58
Beam-Column Example
• Pu = 212 kips
• Mnt = 47.6 k-ft
• Mlt = 211.2 k-ft
(Segui) 59
Beam-Column Example
o Load Combination 4, braced condition:
o Load Combination 4, sidesway condition - Compute B2 & Pe2:

• Assume that ratio of applied axial load to Euler load
capacity is the same for all columns in the story
(Segui) 60
Beam-Column Example
Ø Total amplified moment:
o Although Mnt and Mlt are different, they are distributed similarly à similar Cb
o Moment capacity ΦMn = ΦMp = 356 k-ft

à Use AISC 360 Equation H1-1a
Ø Conclusion after checking interaction with LC2 & LC4:

This member satisfies the AISC 360 requirements ✓
(Segui) 61
Composite Columns
(Steel column incased in
reinforced concrete)
62
Composite Columns
Ø Can be efficient in high-rises or columns with very
heavy axial loads
Ø Reference AISC 360 Section I2.1
63

Columns, Beam-Columns

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Columns, Beam-Columns

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CE 539 – Advanced Steel Structures

Professor Negin A. Tauberg

Ø Check HW2 solutions uploaded

Ø Part 2: RAM model

Ø Common Compression members

Ø The reduction factor (Φ) per LRFD accounts for

o Unstiffened elements: A piece with one free edge parallel

o At high slenderness ratios, critical stress is very low

Ø If bending and axial loads are significant à

If axial demand is small, the axial term is reduced.

o Flexure + axial tension

Second Order Analysis

Second Order Effects

Ø Consider the same member with axial load

Second Order Effects

Ø Typical for axial compression

Second Order Effects

Second Order Effects

Second Order Effects

Second Order Effects

Second Order Effects

Second Order Effects

Second Order Effects

Second Order Effects

Second Order Effects

Second Order Effects

Second Order Effects

Review of Compression Members

Ø Interaction formula for flexure+compression:

If axial demand is small, the axial term is reduced.

Summary of Second Order Effects

(Moment Diagram, Segui)

à Use AISC 360 Equation H1-1a

o Load Combination 4, sidesway condition - Compute B2 & Pe2:

o Moment capacity ΦMn = ΦMp = 356 k-ft

Ø Axial-Moment interaction Equation – AISC 360 §H1

à Use AISC 360 Equation H1-1a

Ø Conclusion after checking interaction with LC2 & LC4:

You might also like