IHM MUMBAI

Tobacco

 History

Tobacco was first discovered by the native people of Mesoamerica (a historical region & cultural area in
North America i.e., area extending Central Mexico through Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua and
Costa Rica) & South America & later introduced to Europe & rest of the world.

The Maya civilization was a Mesoamerican civilization developed by the Mayan people. The Maya
people smoked the leaves to scare away snakes & spirits. Besides smoking the dried leaves, the Maya also
consumed their tobacco by making tea out of it & ingesting the liquid.
Eastern North American tribes have historically carried tobacco in pouches as a readily accepted trade
item, as well as smoking it in pipe ceremony, religious ceremony, and prayer ceremony or during the
treaty or agreement. Tobacco is considered as a gift from the creator so they offered tobacco to the creator
with prayers.

Tobacco had already long been used in the Americas by the time European settlers arrived & took the
practice to Europe, where it became popular. Popularity increases when Spain arrived to Americas during
16th century, which introduced tobacco to the Europeans by whom it was heavily traded (through
Columbian Exchange) & took the practice to Europe, where it became popular.

The Spanish empire was one of the largest empires in the history. It has its possessions in Italy &
Northern Europe, New world territories & Philippines. The Spanish empire in the America was formed
after conquering large stretches of land, beginning with the Christopher Columbus (An Italian explorer &
navigator, under the Monarch of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean)
Japan was introduced to tobacco by Portugaise sailors in 1542.
Spain was the global power in 16th & 17th century. The Spanish dollar becomes the world’s first global
currency.

Introduction of tobacco to India

It is believed that Tobacco was introduced by Portugaise traders during the reign of Mugal emperor
Akbar. Soon after its introduction, it became a valuable commodity of barter trade in India. During the
17th century, tobacco becomes a widespread. Initially, the British traders imported American Tobacco
into India to finance the purchase of Indian commodities. When the American colonies were declared
independence in 1776 AD, the British East India Company began growing tobacco in India as a cash
crop.

The British East India Company & its successor, the British Raj used tobacco as an important cash crop
both for domestic consumption & foreign trade. The manufacturing industry for tobacco related products
does not established later as the British believed in exporting leaf to Britain & re-importing cigarette to
India. As domestic consumption of cigarette rose, the Imperial Tobacco company (ITC) established in
1910, commenced production within India

Note:
 Mayan is the language. Mayan language is spoken in Mesoamerica & North Central America.
 Columbian Exchange: New World (America & Oceania i.e., Australia & Polynesia) supplies
maize, tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco etc to the old world (Africa, Europe & Asia)

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 Tobacco
 Tobacco is a leaf product that contains 1-3% alkaloid nicotine, which produces a narcotic effect
when smoked chewed or snuffed.
 Alkaloids are derived from plants, bacteria, fungi etc. It consists of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
Oxygen & sulphur.
 Nicotine is a colourless or yellowish oily liquid which is the chief active constituent of tobacco. It
acts as a stimulant when taken in small dose but if, taken in large amount blocks the nerve cell &
may lead to person’s death.. Nicotine raises blood pressure & affect nervous system.

 Grown in subtropical or tropical climate

 Served by sommelier (wine waiter) in hotels.
 Most hotels & Restaurants discourage smoking in public areas & do not sell tobacco products.
 Some hotels have smoking zones with names such as “Cigar Terrace” or “Tobacco Corridor” for
their client
 In India tobacco is cultivated in the states of AP, Telangana, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat,
Karnataka, M.P, U.P, West Bengal, Odisha & Tamil Nadu.
 Tobacco is grown in countries like Cuba, Jamaica, Sumatra, Philippines, India, Japan, Syria,
Australia, Greece, Turkey, Egypt, Myanmar and USA and many other countries.
 The Yellowish green leaves of the plant are harvested, dried, cured & aged after which they are
ready to be used by the cigarette or cigar manufacturer
 More than 70 species of tobacco are known, the chief commercial crop is Nicotiana tabacum. The
more potent variant Nicotiana Rustica is used all around the world.

Difference between N. tabacum and N. rustica

Nicotiana tabacum Nicotiana rustica
Plants are tall about 150 – 180 cm. Plants are dwarf about 90 – 120 cm
Leaves are large but narrow. Leaves are large and broad.
Flowers are little reddish, pinkish or white in colour. Flowers are dull greenish yellow in colour.
Nicotine content varies from 0.05 to 5.5 % Nicotine content varies from 3.5 to 8.0%
It is generally used for cigarette, bidi, cigar and It is generally used for hookah, chewing and snuff
cherrot purpose. duration.
It is mostly grown in peninsular (south) India It is mostly grown in north India

 Tobacco curing Process:

Tobacco is mainly cured by four methods i.e.
a) Air curing
b) Fire curing
c) Flue curing
d) Sun curing

Air Curing
 Tobacco is hung in well-ventilated barns and allowed to dry over a period of four to eight weeks.
 Air-cured tobacco is low in sugar, which gives the tobacco’s smoke a light, sweet flavor, and high
nicotine content.
 This method is suitable for curing Burley tobacco (light coloured tobacco produced in Kentucky
region of USA) and making cigar
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Fire curing
 In this method, smoke from a low burning fire on the barn floor spreads & passes through the
leaves. Hence, it gives the leaves a distinctive smoky aroma & flavor.
 It takes about 3 days -10 weeks & produces a tobacco low in sugar & high in nicotine.
 Suitable for pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco & snuff. Ex-Virginia Tobacco, Cavendish, Latakia
(originally grown in Cyprus & Syria, , treated with Asiatic aromatic woods & fragrant herbs)
 Cuba produces the best tobacco i.e, Vuelta Abajo

Flue curing
 Tobacco is kept in an enclosed barn heated by hot air from flues. Tobacco is not directly exposed
to smoke.
 This method produces tobacco that is high in sugar and has medium to high levels of nicotine.
 Fastest method of curing, requiring about a week.
 Suitable for all kind of cigarettes.
 Ex-Virginia tobacco (also called as bright tobacco because flue curing turns the leaves gold,
orange or yellow )

Sun curing
 Tobacco is dried uncovered in the sun.
 This method is used in Greece, Turkey and other Mediterranean countries to produce oriental
tobacco.
 It is high in sugar and low in nicotine.
 In India sun curing is used to produce so-called "white" snuffs, which are fine, dry, and unusually
potent.
White snuff is a smokeless tobacco made from ground of pulverized tobacco leaves. It is inhaled
or snuffed in to the nasal cavity, delivering a swift hit of nicotine & a lasting flavoured scent

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 Used in cigarettes like Turkish cigarette (most aromatic & expensive in the world, refers to
Ottoman empire)
 Ex- Turkish tobacco

 After curing
 Cured Tobaccos are tied into small bundles of about 20 leaves, called “Hands” & then packed
into larger bundles called “Bales”.
 The Bales are carefully aged for 18 months to 3 years in special temperature & humidity
controlled warehouses to improve the flavor & reduce the bitterness of tobacco.

Varieties of tobacco
Name - Country Name - Country
Latakia - Cyprus & Syria. Ecuadorian Sumatra – Ecuador
Brightleaf - USA Oriental Tobacco (Turkish Tobacco)-Turkey /Greece
Burley – Brazil/USA/Argentina Perique – USA
Aromatic fire cured- USA Shade Tobacco – USA
Corojo - Cuba Thuoc Lao – USA
Criollo – Cuba Type 22 - USA
Dokha – UAE/Iran/Gulf Country Wild Tobacco – USA/Mexico
Y1 - USA

 Cigarettes
 Varieties of Cigarette are made by machines that shred, roll & cut the tobacco into the required
sizes.
 Tobacco is placed on the long cigarette paper & then paper is glued & then cut.

Components of cigarettes
a) Filters
b) Tobacco
c) Additives
d) Cigarette wrapper

 Cigarette filter
 Cigarette tips are called filter.
 It helps in reducing the amount of Nicotine that goes along with the smoke to the person’s body
 It is made up from Cellulose acetate fiber (a natural plastic which is manufactured from purified
natural cellulose obtained from plant derived cellulose like wood pulp & cotton linters etc.,).

 Tobacco and Nicotine in Cigarettes

 Nicotine is the drug in tobacco that causes addiction in smokers
 Nicotine raises blood pressure, affects the central nervous system.
 Nicotine is a colorless liquid that is highly soluble in water, and is readily absorbed through the
skin in its pure form.

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 Additives
 Hundreds of additives are mixed with tobacco during the manufacturing process.
 Additives to smoking tobacco include flavorings and humectants (substance used for retaining or
preserving moisture) that are used to keep tobacco moist.
 It constitute ten percent of the weight of the "tobacco" portion of a cigarette, and four percent of
the entire cigarette
 A widely used cigarette additive is menthol with its ability to provide flavor and to serve as an
anesthetic(insensitivity to pain)

 Cigarette wrapper & Glue

 Generally, the paper used to wrap the tobacco is made from light weight rag fibers (non wood
plant fibers) like flax or linen fiber, hemp, rice straw etc.
 Manufacturers add various chemicals to the paper, including salts; mono ammonium phosphate
and sodium and potassium citrates to accelerate or control the burning rate.
 A whitening pigment i.e., calcium carbonate is added to the paper, partly to ensure the creation
of an attractive ash as the cigarette burns.

Cigarette Sizes
 70 mm
 84 mm (King size cigarettes)
 100 mm
 120 mm

Types of Cigarettes
 Regular Cigarettes - The most common ones with filtered tip
 Light Cigarettes - Most of the regular cigarettes brands have lighter counterparts which
generally are smoother.
 Ultra light cigarettes – lightest cigarettes
 Menthol Cigarettes - Menthol is added to the filter tip, so the smoke feels cool and fresh.
 Clove Cigarettes (Kretek cigarettes) – originated in Indonesia region, banned in US to
discourage smoking. Clove is mixed with the tobacco for a different flavor. These are usually
more expensive than regular brands & are often black in color.
 Slim Cigarettes - More slender than the regular cigarettes, these cigarettes have less tobacco.
 Filterless cigarettes- These cigarettes are not much in vogue (favour). There is no filter, just
tobacco rolled in paper.
 RYO/MYO cigarettes- Roll your own cigarettes/ Make your own cigarettes: it refers to cigarette
made from loose tobacco & rolling paper. RYO is sold in pouches or as tin of tobacco, sometimes
including the rolling paper or cigarette tubes.

 E - Cigarettes
 A handheld electronic device that simulates the feeling of tobacco smoking.
 It works by heating a liquid to generate an aerosol (a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid
droplets in air or another gas), commonly called a Vapor, that the user inhales.
 Using e-cigarettes is sometimes called Vaping.
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 The liquid in the e-cigarette, called e-liquid is usually made of nicotine, Propylene
glycol, glycerin, and flavorings
 Not all e-liquids contain nicotine.
 E-liquid is heated by a battery-powered metal coil.
 The health risks of e cigarettes are uncertain.
 Electronic cigarettes are also known as e-cigarettes, e-cigs, electronic nicotine delivery systems
(ENDS) or electronic non-nicotine delivery systems (ENNDS).

Cigarettes Brands
Name - Country Name – Country
Chesterfield- USA Bond Street- UK
Lucky Strike- USA Pall Mall- UK
Kool- USA Capstan- UK
More- USA State express 555- UK
Salem- USA Woodbine-UK
Virginia Slims- USA Silk Cut-UK
Parliament- USA Dunhill- UK
Camel- USA Benson & Hedges- UK
Marlboro- USA Embassy-UK
Viceroy- USA Smart- Japan
Newport- USA Cabin- Japan
Winston- USA Golden Bat- Japan
L & M (Liggett & Myer tobacco company)– USA King’s- Denmark
Cleopatra- Egypt Prince- Denmark
Djarum Black- Indonesia Davidoff- Switzerland
Bentoel - Indonesia Bahman- Iran
Club mild - Indonesia Double Happiness- China
Djarum Vanilla- Indonesia Derby- Brazil
Clavo - Indonesia Sweet Afton- Ireland
Country - Indonesia Everest- Zimbabwe
Ernte 23 - Germany Gauloises- France
F6 - Germany Gitanes- France
HB - Germany Longbeach- Australia
West- Germany Winfield- Australia
Muratti- Turkey Romeo. Y. Julieta- Cuba
Noblesse- Israel Cohiba- Cuba
Time - Israel

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Indian Cigarette Brands
Company Brands
ITC Ltd. Lucky strike, Berkeley, Bristol, Classic filter Kings, Duke, Gold
1910-Imperial Tobacco company Flake, India Kings, Insignia, Navy Cut, Players, Scissors, Wills
1970- Indian Tobacco company Navy Cut, Royal.
Headquarter- Kolkata
Godfrey Phillips India Cavanders, North Pole, Red & White, Tipper.
Headquarter- Delhi
Golden Tobacco Ltd. Chancellor, Flair, Four Square, FS1, Legend, Lips, Panama,
Headquarter- Mumbai Platinum, Style
VST Industries Ltd. Charminar, Charms, Moments, Shaan, Special Extra Filter
(Vazir Sultan Tobacco company)
Headquarter- Hyderabad
NTC Industries Ltd. Cool, Deluxe Tenor, MayPole, Regent
(National Tobacco company)
Headquarter- Kolkata

Service of Cigarettes
 In good hotels generally, cigarettes are not sold loose. For each guest a separate packet is opened
in front of him.
 Take down the name of the brand of cigarette, the guest has ordered.
 Remove the cellophane wrapper & open top of the packet, remove the foil inside lightly to expose
the cigarettes.
 Present the opened packet of cigarettes on a quarter plate with a doily paper as an under liner,
from the LHS to the guest
 A box of matches/lighter should be placed beside the packet of cigarettes.
 If required, the service personnel should lit the cigarettes for the guest & extinguish the lit match
by a swift downward swish of the hand.

 Pipe Tobacco
 A tobacco pipe, often called simply a pipe, is a device specifically made to smoke tobacco.
 It comprises a chamber (the bowl) for the tobacco from which a thin hollow stem emerges,
ending in a mouthpiece.
 Pipes can range from very simple machine-made briar models to highly prized hand-made
artisanal implements made by renowned pipe makers, which are often very expensive items.
 Pipe smoking is the oldest known traditional form of tobacco smoking.
 Do not put pipe tobacco in the refrigerator or a cigar humidor.
 Three ways to light your pipe: with a match, with a butane lighter, or with a fluid lighter
("Zippo").

Types of Tobacco Pipes

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Briar Pipe
 Majority of pipes sold today, whether handmade or machine-made, are fashioned from briar.
 Briar is a particularly well suited wood for pipe making due to its natural resistance to fire
& inherent ability to absorb moisture.
 Briar is cut from the root burl of the tree heath (Erica arborea)

Meerschaum Pipe
 Meerschaum (hydrated magnesium silicate), a mineral found in central Turkey carved into
finely detailed decorative and figural shapes
 A very porous mineral that absorbs elements of the tobacco during the smoking process, and
gradually changes color to a golden brown.
 Used since the 17th century with clay pipes

Clay Pipes
 Used almost universally by Europeans before the 19th century.
 Material is not very strong and the early varieties had long thin stems, so they frequently broke,
but were cheap to replace.
 They were once very popular in Ireland, where they were called duidins.

Calabash
 Labor intensive & quiet expensive
 Pipe made with Calabash gourds set along with meerschaum or porcelain bowls set inside.
 Because of this expense, pipes with bodies made of wood (mahogany) instead of gourd, but with
the same classic shape, are sold as calabashes

Corncob Pipe
 American style of pipes made from corncobs is cheap and effective.
 Cobs are first dried for two years and then hollowed out to make a bowl shape. The bowls are
dipped in a plaster-based mixture and varnished or lacquered on the outside.
 Inexpensive

Churchwarden Pipe
 A churchwarden pipe is a tobacco pipe with a long stem.
 Made up of clay.
 Popular in Europe.

Synthetics
 Initially It was made by Pyrolytic graphite, phenolic resin, nylon, Bakelite and other synthetics
 Now these days, companies make synthetic pipes from Brylon, a composite of nylon and wood
flour, as a cheaper substitute for briar.

Metal Pipe
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 Metal is an uncommon material for making tobacco pipes.
 Most common form of this pipe with a shank made of aluminum.
 Bowls are removable, though not interchangeable between manufacturers.
 Hookahs also may have metal stems, but fall into the general category of water pipes.
Hookah
 The word Hookah has been derived from the word “Huqqa”.
 It is a single or multi-stemmed instrument for vaporizing and smoking flavored tobacco, or
sometimes cannabis or hashish, whose vapor or smoke is passed through a cold water.
 Often ice, cough-drops, milk, or fruit juice is added to the water.
 Traditionally, the tobacco is mixed with a sweetener, such as honey or molasses.

Pipe Tobacco Brands

Name - Country Name - Country
Ashton pipe tobacco- USA Lane Bulk-Denmark
Captain Black- USA Borkum Riff- Denmark
Medico- USA Nording- Denmark
CAO-USA Stanwell- Denmark
Sutliff- USA Chacom- France
Sir Walter Raleigh-UK Peterson- Ireland
Dunhill- UK Davidoff- Switzerland
Big ben Pipes- Netherland

WORLD NO TOBACCO DAY- 31ST MAY

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