Whatt

oSear
ch:

a.Def
ini
ti
onofNanot
echnol
ogy

Whati
sNanot
echnol
ogy
?

Nanotechnol
ogyisaf iel
dofr esearchandi nnovati
onconcernedwi thbuil
ding'things'-gener al
ly
,
materi
alsanddevices-ont hescal eofatomsandmol ecules.Ananomet reisone- bill
ionthofa
metre:t
entimesthedi amet erofahy dr
ogenat om.Thedi amet erofahumanhai ris,onav erage,
80,
000nanomet r
es.Atsuchscal es,theordinaryrul
esofphy si
csandchemi str
ynol ongerapply.
Fori
nstance,materi
als'char acter
isti
cs,suchast hei
rcolour,strength,conducti
v i
tyandr eacti
vi
ty,
candiff
ersubst
antial
lybet weent henanoscal eandt hemacr o.Car bon'nanotubes' are100
ti
messt r
ongert
hanst eel butsi xti
mesl i
ght er
.

WhatCanNanot
echnol
ogyDo?

Nanotechnologyi shail
edashavingt hepotenti
altoincreaset heeffi
ciencyofenergy
consumpt i
on,helpcleantheenvironment,andsol vemaj orhealthproblems.Iti
ssaidtobeable
tomassivelyincreasemanufacturingproducti
onatsi gnifi
cantlyreducedcosts.Product
sof
nanotechnologywi l
lbesmall
er,cheaper,li
ghteryetmor ef uncti
onalandr equi
relessener
gyand
fewerrawmat er
ialstomanufacture,cl
aim nanotechadv ocates.

Whatar
etheExper
tsSay
ingAboutNanot
echnol
ogy
?

I
nJune1999, Ri
chardSmalley
,Nobel l
aureateinchemistr
y,addressedtheUSHouseCommi tt
ee
onScienceonthebenef
itsofnanotechnology."
Thei mpactofnanotechnol
ogyonthehealt
h,
wealt
h,andli
vesofpeopl
e,"hesaid,"
willbeatleasttheequi
valentofthecombi
nedinf
luences
ofmicroel
ect
roni
cs,medicali
maging,comput er-
aidedengi
neeringandman-madepolymers
devel
opedinthi
scentur
y."

Concer
nsAboutPossi
bleEf
fect
sonHumanandEnv
ironment
alHeal
th

Others,howev er,areascaut i
ousasSmall
eyisenthusiasti
c.Eri
cDr exl
er ,thescienti
stwho
coinedthet er
m nanot echnology,
haswarnedofdev el
oping"extremelypower f
ul,extremely
dangeroust echnologies".I
nhisbookEngi
nesofCr eati
on,Drexlerenvisionedt hatself-
repli
cat
ingmol ecul
escr eat
edbyhumansmi ghtescapeourcont rol
.Althought histheoryhas
beenwi delydiscredit
edbyr esear
cher
sinthefi
eld,manyconcer nsr emai nregardingt heeff
ect
s
ofnanot echnologyonhumanandenv ir
onmentalhealt
haswel l
ast heef fectthenewi ndust
ry
coul
dhav eontheNort
h-Southdiv
ide.Act
ivi
stsworr
yt hatt
hesci
enceanddevelopmentof
nanot
echnologywil
lpr
ogressfastert
hanpoli
cy-makerscandevi
seappropr
iat
er egul
ator
y
measures.Theysayaninf
ormeddebat emusttakeplacetodet
erminet
hebalancebetween
ri
sksandbenefit
s.

TheGl
obal
Mar
ketf
orNanot
echnol
ogyPr
oduct
s

Giventhepromiseofnanotechnology,
theraceisont oharnessit
spot enti
al-andtoprofi
tfrom
i
t.Manygov ernmentsbeli
evenanotechnol
ogywi ll
bringaboutanewer aofproduct
ivi
tyand
wealth,andthi
sisrefl
ect
edbyt hewaypublicinvestmentinnanotechnologyresear
chand
developmenthasrisenduri
ngthepastdecade.In2002, Japanwasdedi cati
ngUS$750mi ll
iona
yeartothefi
eld,asix-
fol
dincr
easeont he19

b.Hi
stor
yofNanot
echnol
ogy

Thehi storyofnanotechnol ogyt racest hedev el

opmentoft heconcept sandexper imentalwor k
fal
li
ngundert hebroadcat egor yofnanot echnology.Al thoughnanot echnol ogyi sar el
ati
vely
recentdev el
opmenti nscient i
ficr esearch,thedev elopmentofi tscent ralconcept shappened
overal ongerper i
odoft ime.Theemer genceofnanot echnologyi nthe1980swascausedbyt he
conver genceofexper iment al adv ancessuchast hei nv ent
ionoft hescanni ngt unneling
microscopei n1981andt hedi scoveryoff ull
erenesi n1985, witht heelucidationand
popular i
zati
onofaconcept ual f
ramewor kforthegoal sofnanot echnologybegi nningwitht he
1986publ i
cati
onoft hebookEngi nesofCr eati
on.Thef iel
dwassubj ecttogr owi ngpublic
awarenessandcont roversyi nt heear l
y2000s, wi t
hpr ominentdebat esaboutbot hit
spot enti
al
i
mpl i
cat i
onsaswel last hef easi bi
li
tyoftheappl icationsenv i
sionedbyadv ocatesofmol ecular
nanotechnol ogy,andwi thgov ernment smov ingtopr omot eandf undresear chint o
nanotechnol ogy.Theear l
y2000sal sosawt hebeginni ngsofcommer cialappl i
cationsof
nanotechnol ogy,al
thought hesewer eli
mi t
edt obulkappl i
cati
onsofnanomat er i
alsratherthan
thetransformativeappl i
cat i
onsenv i
sionedbyt hef i
el d.

Ear
lyusesofnanomat
eri
als Edi
t

Theearli
estevi
denceofnanotechnologyanditsappl
icat
ioni
str
acedbackto600BCatKeeladi
,
I
ndia.
[1]Subsequentl
ycarbonnanotubes,cementi
tenanowir
esf
oundinthemicr
ost
ruct
ureof
wootzsteelmanufactur
edinancientIndi
afrom t
heti
meper i
odof900ADandexport
ed
gl
oball
y.[
2]

Alt
houghnanopar
ti
clesareassoci
atedwit
hmodernsci
ence,t
heywereusedbyart
isansasf
ar
backastheni
nthcentur
yinMesopot ami
aforcr
eat
ingagli
tt
eri
ngef
fectonthesur
faceof
pot
s.[
3][
4]

Inmoder nt i
mes, potteryfrom t heMi ddleAgesandRenai ssanceof t
enr etainsadi st
inctgol d-or
copper -
color edmet all
icglitt
er.Thi slusteriscausedbyamet alli
cfil
mt hatwasappl i
edt othe
transparentsur faceofagl azing, whichcont ai
nssilverandcoppernanopar ticl
esdisper sed
homogeneousl yinthegl assymat ri
xoft hecer amicglaze.Thesenanopar ti
clesarecreat edby
thear ti
sansbyaddi ngcopperandsi l
versaltsandoxi dest ogetherwithv i
negar ,ochr
e, andcl ay
ont hesur faceofpr eviously-glazedpot t
er y
.Thet echniqueor igi
natedint heMusl i
m wor ld.As
Musl imswer enotal l
owedt ousegol dinar t
isti
crepresent at
ions,theysoughtawayt ocr eatea
similareffectwi thoutusingr eal gold.Thesol uti
ontheyf oundwasusi ngl uster.

Nanot
echnol
ogyTi
mel
i
ne

Thi
sti
meli
nefeat
uresPremodernexampleofnanot
echnol
ogy
,aswel
lasModer
nEr
a
di
scov
eri
esandmilest
onesinthefi
eldofnanot
echnol
ogy.

Pr
emoder
nExampl
esofNanot
echnol
ogi
es

Earl
yexamplesofnanostr
ucturedmaterial
swerebasedoncr
aft
smen’
sempir
icalunder
standi
ng
andmanipul
ati
onofmat eri
als.Useofhighheatwasonecommonstepint
hei
rprocessesto
producet
hesemateri
alswithnov el
propert
ies.

PhotooftheLy
cur
gusCupatt
heBri
ti
shMuseum,
li
tfr
om wi
thout
Phot
ooft
heLy
cur
gusCupat
theBri
ti
shMuseum,l
i
tfr
om wi
thi
n

TheLy
cur
gusCupatt
heBr
it
ishMuseum,
li
tfr
om t
heout
side(
lef
t)andf
rom t
hei
nsi
de(
ri
ght
)

4thCentur
y:TheLy cur
gusCup( Rome)i
sanexampleofdi
chroi
cglass;col
loi
dalgol
dandsi
lv
er
i
nt hegl
assall
owi ttolookopaquegr
eenwhenli
tfr
om out
sidebuttransl
ucentr
edwhenli
ght
shinest
hroughtheinsi
de.(I
magesatlef
t

Phot
o,9t
hCI
raql
ust
rewar
ebowl

Pol
ychr
omel
ust
rewar
ebowl
,9t
hC,
Iraq,
Bri
ti
shMuseum (
©Tr
ini
tatPr
adel
l2008

9t
h-17t
hCent
uries:
Glowing,gl
i
tter
ing“l
uster
”cerami
cglazesusedintheIsl
amicwor
ld,and
l
ateri
nEur
ope,contai
nedsil
verorcopperorothermet
all
icnanopar
ti
cles.(
Imageatr
ight.
)

Phot
o,Rosewi
ndow,
Not
reDameCat
hedr
al

TheSout
hrosewi
ndowofNot
reDameCat
hedr
al,
ca1250

16th-
15t
hCent uri
es:Vibr
antstai
nedglasswindowsinEur opeancat
hedralsowedthei
rri
ch
col
orstonanoparti
clesofgoldchlor
ideandothermet al
oxidesandchlor
ides;gol
d
nanopar
ti
clesalsoactedasphotocatal
yti
cairpuri
fi
ers.(I
mageatleft
.)
13th-
18thCenturi
es:“Damascus”saberbladescontai
nedcar bonnanotubesandcement i
te
nanowires—anult
rahigh-
car
bonsteelfor
mul at
ionthatgavethem strengt
h, r
esi
li
ence,t
heabil
i
ty
toholdakeenedge, andavisi
blemoirépatter
ninthesteelthatgiv
et hebladest
heirname.
(I
magesbel ow.
)Photo,Damascussaber,17thC Phot o,carbonnanotubesinaDamascus
sword,17thC

(Left)ADamascussaber( photobyTinaFineber gforTheNewYor kTimes).(

Right
)High-
resolut
iont
ransmissionelectronmicroscopyimageofcar bonnanotubesi
nagenuine
Damascussabr eafterdissoluti
oninhydrochlori
caci d,
showingremnantsofcementit
e
nanowi r
esencapsul
at edbycar bonnanotubes( scalebar,
5nm)( M.Reibol
d,P.Paufl
er,A.A.
Levin,W.Kochmann, N.Pät zke&D.C.Mey er
, Nature444,286,2006).

Exampl
esofDi
scov
eri
esandDev
elopment
sEnabl
i
ngNanot
echnol
ogyi
ntheModer
nEr
a

Thesearebasedonincr
easi
ngl
ysophi
sti
cat
edsci
ent
if
icunder
standi
ngandi
nst
rument
ati
on,
as
wellasexper
iment
ati
on.

Phot
o,bot
tl
eofcol
l
oidal
"ruby
"gol
dsol
uti
on

"
Ruby
"gol
dcol
l
oid(
Gol
dBul
l
eti
n200740,
4,p.267)

1857:Michael
Faradaydiscover
edcol
loi
dal“
ruby”gol
d,demonst
rat
ingthatnanost
ruct
uredgol
d
undercert
ainl
ight
ingcondit
ionspr
oducesdi
ffer
ent-
col
oredsol
uti
ons.

1936:ErwinMüll
er,wor
kingatSi
emensResearchLabor
ator
y,i
nv ent
edt
hef
iel
demi
ssi
on
microscope,
all
owingnear-
atomi
c-r
esol
uti
onimagesofmateri
als.

1947:JohnBardeen,Will
iam Shockley
,andWal t
erBrat
tai
natBellLabsdiscover
edthe
semiconduct
ortransi
storandgreatlyexpandedsci
enti
fi
cknowledgeofsemi conduct
or
i
nterf
aces,l
ayi
ngt hefoundati
onf orel
ectr
onicdevi
cesandtheInformat
ionAge.

Phot
o,1947t
ransi
stor
,Bel
lLabs

1947t
ransi
stor
,Bel
lLabs

1950:
Vi ct
orLaMerandRober tDinegardevelopedthet
heoryandaprocessforgrowing
monodispersecol
loi
dal
mat eri
als.Cont
roll
edabili
tytof
abri
catecol
loi
dsenablesmy r
iad
i
ndustr
ialusessuchasspecial
izedpapers,paint
s,andt
hinfi
lms,ev
endialy
sistreat
ments.

1951:Er
winMüll
erpioneer
edt
hef
iel
dionmicr
oscope,
ameanstoi
magethear
rangementof
atomsatthesur
faceofashar
pmetalt
ip;
hefi
rsti
magedt
ungst
enatoms.

1956:Ar
thurvonHippel
atMITintr
oducedmanyconcept
sof —andcoi
nedt
het
erm—“
mol
ecul
ar
engi
neer
ing”asappli
edtodi
elect
ri
cs,f
err
oel
ect
ri
cs,andpiezoel
ect
ri
cs
Phot
o,JackKi
l
by,
1960

JackKi
l
by,
about1960.

1958:JackKi
lbyofTexasInst
rumentsori
ginat
edt
heconceptof
,desi
gned,
andbui
l
tthef
ir
st
i
ntegr
atedcir
cuit
,forwhi
chher ecei
vedt
heNobelPri
zei
n2000.(Imageatl
eft
.)

Phot
oofRi
char
dFey
nman

Ri
char
dFey
nman(
Cal
techar
chi
ves)

1959:Ri chardFeynmanoft heCali

for
niaI
nsti
tut
eofTechnologygavewhati
sconsider
edtobe
thefi
rstlectureontechnologyandengi
neeri
ngattheat
omicscale,"
Ther
e'sPlent
yofRoom at
theBottom"atanAmer icanPhysi
calSoci
etymeeti
ngatCalt
ech.(I
mageatright.
)

Moor
e'sLawgr
aph

Moore'
sfi
rstpubl
i
cgraphshowinghi
sv i
sionoft
hesemi
conduct
ori
ndust
rybei
ngabl
eto"
cram
morecomponentsont
ointegr
atedci
rcui
ts"

1965: I
ntelco- f
ounderGor donMoor edescribedi nEl
ectronicsmagazi nesev eralt
rendshe
foresawi nt hefieldofel ectr
onics.Onet rendnowknownas“ Moor e’sLaw,”descr i
bedt he
densi tyoft ransistorsonani ntegratedchi p(IC)doubli
ngev ery12mont hs(lateramendedt o
ev ery2y ears).Moor eal sosawchi psizesandcost sshrinkingwi t
ht heirgr
owi ng
funct ionalit
y —withat ransformat ionaleffectont heway speopl eli
v eandwor k.Thatthebasic
trendMoor eenv isi
onedhascont inuedf or50y earsistoal argeext entduet ot he
semi conduct orindust ry
’sincreasingr el
ianceonnanot echnol ogyasI Csandt ransist
orshave
appr oachedat omi cdimensi ons. 1974:Toky oScienceUni versit
yPr ofessorNor ioTaniguchi
coi nedt het erm nanot echnologyt odescr ibeprecisi
onmachi ningofmat er
ialst owit
hinatomic-
scal edi mensi onaltolerances.( Seegr aphatl ef
t.
)

1981:Ger dBinnigandHeinr
ichRohreratI
BM’sZuri
chlabinventedthescanni
ngtunneli
ng
microscope,all
owingsci
enti
ststo"see"(
creat
edi
rectspat
ialimagesof)indi
vi
dualatomsfor
thefi
rstti
me.Bi nni
gandRohr erwontheNobelPr
izefort
hisdiscoveryi
n1986.

1981:
Russi
a’sAl
exeiEki
movdiscov
erednanocry
stall
i
ne,semiconduct
ingquant
um dotsi
na
gl
assmatri
xandconductedpi
oneer
ingst
udiesofthei
rel
ectr
onicandoptical
proper
ti
es.

1985:RiceUniver
sityr
esearchersHaroldKrot
o,SeanO’
Bri
en,RobertCur l
,andRichardSmalley
di
scoveredtheBuckminster
fuller
ene(C60),
mor ecommonlyknownast hebuckyball
,whichisa
moleculer
esemblingasoccerbal li
nshapeandcomposedentirel
yofcar bon,asaregraphit
e
anddiamond.Thet eam wasawar dedthe1996NobelPr
izeinChemi st
ryfortheirr
olesinthi
s
di
scoveryandthatoftheful
lereneclassofmolecul
esmoregenerall
y.(Arti
st'
srenderi
ngat
ri
ght.
)depi
cti
onofbucky bal
l
1985:Bell
Labs’
sLouisBr
usdiscover
edcoll
oidal
semiconduct
ornanocr
yst
als(
quant
um dot
s),
forwhichheshar
edthe2008Kavli
Prizei
nNanotechnol
ogy.

1986:GerdBinni
g,Cal
vinQuate,
andChri
stophGerberinvent
edtheatomi
cf or
cemi croscope,
whichhasthecapabi
li
tytovi
ew,measur
e,andmani pul
atemat er
ial
sdowntofracti
onsofa
nanometeri
nsize,i
ncl
udingmeasur
ementofv ar
iousforcesi
ntri
nsi
ctonanomat er
ial
s.

I
mageofI
BM spel
l
edi
nxenonat
oms

1989:DonEiglerandEr
hardSchweizeratIBM'sAl
madenResearchCent
ermanipul
ated35
i
ndivi
dualxenonatomstospellouttheIBM l
ogo.Thi
sdemonstr
ati
onoftheabi
li
tyt
opr eci
sel
y
manipul
ateatomsusheredintheapplieduseofnanot
echnol
ogy.(
Imageatl
eft
.)

1990s:Earl
ynanotechnol
ogycompaniesbegantooper
ate,
e.g.
,NanophaseTechnol
ogi
esi
n
1989,Heli
xEnergySoluti
onsGroupi
n1990,Zyvexi
n1997,Nano-Texi
n1998….

1991: SumioI
ij
imaofNECi scredi
tedwi t
hdi scoveringthecar bonnanotube(CNT) ,al
though
therewereearl
yobserv
ationsoftubularcarbonst ruct
ur esbyot her
saswell.I
iji
mashar edthe
Kav l
iPri
zeinNanosci
encein2008f orthisadv anceandot heradvancesint
hef i
eld.CNTs, l
i
ke
buckyball
s,ar
eenti
rel
ycomposedofcar bon, butinat ubularshape.Theyexhibi
text r
aordi
nary
properti
esint
ermsofstrength,el
ectr
icalandt hermal conductivi
ty,
amongot hers.(I
mage
below.)

Car
bonnanot
ubes SEM i
mageofCNTpaper i
mageofanar
rayofCNTs

Carbonnanot ubes(courtesy,Nati
onal Sci
enceFoundat i
on).Thepr oper ti
esofCNTsar ebei ng
exploredforappli
cati
onsi nelectr
onics,photonics,mul
ti
functi
onal fabr i
cs,biology(e.
g., asa
scaffoldtogrowbonecel ls)
,andcommuni cations.Seea2009Di scov eryMagazi nearticlefor
otherexampl es SEM mi crographofpur i
fiednanot
ube" paper"inwhi cht henanot ubesar e
thefibers(scal
ebar,0.001mm)( courtesy,NASA) .Anarrayofalignedcar bonnanot ubes,
whichcanactl ikearadioantennaf ordetecti
ngl i
ghtatvi
sibl
ewav e-l engths( scalebar0. 001
mm)( court
esy,K.Kempa, BostonCol l
ege).

1992:C.T.Kresgeandcoll
eaguesatMobilOil
discov
eredthenanost
ruct
uredcatal
yti
cmater
ial
s
MCM- 41andMCM- 48,nowusedheavil
yinref
ini
ngcrudeoilaswel
lasfordrugdel
iver
y,wat
er
tr
eatment,andothervari
edappli
cat
ions.

i
mageofMCM-
41por
est
ruct
ure TEM i
mageofMCM-
41'
sst
rai
ghtpor
es

MCM- 41i sa"mesoporousmolecularsiev

e"si l
i
cananomat eri
alwit
hahexagonalor
"honeycomb"arrangementofitsstrai
ghtcyli
ndrical
pores,asshowninthi
sTEM image
(court
esyofThomasPaul y,MichiganStateUniversi
ty)
. Thi sTEM i
mageofMCM- 41looksat
thestrai
ghtcyl
indri
calpor
esast heyli
eper pendicul
artothevi
ewingaxi
s(cour
tesyofThomas
Pauly,Michi
ganStateUniver
sit
y).
1993: Moungi Bawendi ofMITinv
ent edamet hodforcontrol
l
edsynthesisofnanocrystals
(quantum dots),pavingthewayforappl i
cati
onsrangingfr
om computingtobiologytohigh-
effi
ciencyphotov ol
taicsandli
ght
ing.Wi t
hinthenextsever
alyear
s,wor kbyotherresearcher
s
suchasLoui sBr usandChr isMurrayalsocontri
butedmethodsforsynthesi
zi
ngquant um dots.

1998:TheI nter
agencyWor ki
ngGr ouponNanot echnology(IWGN)wasf ormedunderthe
Nati
onalScienceandTechnol ogyCounci l
toinvestigat
et hestateoftheartinnanoscal
escience
andtechnologyandtoforecastpossiblefuturedevelopment s.TheIWGN’ sstudyandreport
,
NanotechnologyResear
chDi r
ect i
ons:Visi
onf ortheNextDecade( 1999)defi
nedthev i
sionfor
andleddirectl
ytofor
mationoft heU.S.Nat i
onalNanot echnologyIni
ti
ati
vein2000.

1999:Cornell
Uni
ver
sit
yresearchersWilsonHoandHy ojuneLeeprobedsecretsofchemical
bondingbyassembl
ingamol ecule[i
roncarbonyl
Fe(CO) 2]fr
om consti
tuentcomponents[i
ron
(Fe)andcarbonmonoxi
de(CO) ]wit
hascanni ngtunneli
ngmi cr
oscope.(Imageatlef
t.
)

1999:ChadMirki
natNor t
hwesternUni v
ersi
tyinventeddip-pennanoli
thography®(DPN®) ,
l
eadingtomanufactur
able,r
eproducibl
e“ wr
iti
ng”ofelectroniccir
cuit
saswel laspat
ter
ningof
bi
omat er
ial
sforcel
lbi
ologyresearch,nanoencry
ption,andot herappl
icat
ions.(I
magebelow
ri
ght.
)

I
mageofDPNdeposi
ti
ngbi
omol
ecul
armat
eri
alsi
npat
ter
ns

UseofDPNt
odeposi
tbi
omat
eri
als©2010Nanoi
n

1999–ear l
y2000’s:Consumerpr oductsmaki nguseofnanot echnologybeganappear ingint he
mar ketpl
ace,i
ncludingl i
ghtweightnanotechnol ogy-enabledaut omobi l
ebumper st
hatresist
dentingandscr at
ching, golfball
sthatfl
ystraight er
,tennisracketsthatar esti
ffer(
therefore,
t he
bal
l reboundsfaster),baseballbatswithbetterf l
exand" kick,
"nano- sil
veranti
bacteri
alsocks,
cl
earsunscr eens,wrinkle-andst ai
n-r
esist
antcl othi
ng, deep-penetr
at i
ngt her
apeuticcosmet i
cs,
scratch-r
esist
antglasscoat i
ngs,fast
er-
rechargi ngbatteri
esf orcordlesselectr
ictool
s, and
i
mpr oveddi
splaysfort elev
isions,cel
lphones, anddi gi
talcamer as.

v
ari
ousi
magesofnanot
echnol
ogy
-enabl
edpr
oduct
s

2000: Pr
esi
dentCli
ntonlaunchedtheNationalNanotechnol
ogyIni
ti
ati
ve(
NNI )t
ocoor di
nate
FederalR&Deffor
tsandpr omoteU.S.competit
ivenessinnanot
echnol
ogy.Congressfundedthe
NNIf ort
hefir
stti
mei nFY2001.TheNSETSubcommi tt
eeoftheNSTCwasdesi gnatedasthe
i
nteragencygroupresponsibl
eforcoordi
nati
ngtheNNI .

2003:Congressenact edt he21stCenturyNanot echnologyResearchandDev el

opmentAct(P.L.
108-153)
.Theactprov idedast atut
oryfoundat
ionf ortheNNI,establ
ishedprogr
ams, assi
gned
agencyresponsi
bil
i
ties, author
izedfundi
nglevels,andpr omotedresearcht
oaddr esskeyi
ssues.

Comput
ersi
mul
ati
onofgr
owt
hofgol
dnanoshel
lwi
thsi
l
icacor
eandov
er-
lay
erofgol
d
Comput ersi
mul
ati
onofgrowt
hofgol
dnanoshel
lwit
hsi
l
icacor
eandov
er-
lay
erofgol
d
(cour
tesyN.Hal
as,GenomeNewsNetwor
k,2003)

2003: Naomi Halas,Jennif

erWest ,RebekahDr ezek,andRenat aPasqualinatRiceUni versi
ty
developedgol dnanoshell
s,whichwhen“ tuned”i nsizetoabsor bnear-
inf
raredli
ght, ser
v easa
pl
atformf ort heintegrat
eddiscov er
y,diagnosis, andtreatmentofbreastcancerwi thout
i
nvasiv ebiopsies,surgery,
orsystemi call
ydest ructi
veradiat
ionorchemot herapy.2004: The
EuropeanCommi ssionadoptedt heCommuni cation“TowardsaEur opeanSt r
ategyf or
Nanot echnology,”COM( 2004)338, whichpr oposedi nstit
uti
onali
zingEuropeannanosci enceand
nanotechnol ogyR&Def f
ortswithinani nt
egratedandr esponsibl
estrat
egy ,
andwhi chspur red
Europeanact i
onpl ansandongoi ngfundingf ornanot echnologyR&D.(Imageatl eft.
)

2004:Bri
tai
n’sRoyalSoci
etyandt heRoyalAcademyofEngi neer
ingpubl
i
shedNanoscienceand
Nanotechnologi
es:Oppor
tuni
tiesandUncertai
ntiesadvocat
ingtheneedtoaddr
esspot enti
al
heal
th,envi
ronmental
,soci
al,ethi
cal,
andregulat
oryissuesassociat
edwit
hnanotechnology.

2004:SUNYAlbanyl
aunchedt
hefir
stcol
l
ege- l
evel
educati
onprogram i
nnanot
echnol
ogyi
nthe
Unit
edStat
es,
theCol
legeofNanoscal
eScienceandEngineer
ing.

2005:Eri
kWi nfr
eeandPaul Rot
hemundf rom theCal
if
orni
aInsti
tut
eofTechnologydevel
oped
theor
iesforDNA- basedcomput at
ionand“algori
thmi
cself
-assembly”i
nwhichcomputati
onsare
embeddedi nthepr ocessofnanocryst
algrowth.

Nanoscal
ecarf
rom Ri
ceUni
ver
sit
y

Nanocarwi
tht
urni
ngbucky
bal
lwheel
s(cr
edi
t:RSC,
29Mar
ch2006)
.

2006:JamesTourandcol l
eaguesatRi ceUni v
ersit
ybuiltananoscalecarmadeof
ol
igo(pheny
leneethy
nylene)withalkynylaxlesandf ourspher
icalC60full
erene(buckybal
l)
wheels.Inr
esponsetoincreasesintemper ature,
thenanocarmov edaboutonagol dsurfaceas
aresultoft
hebuckyballwheelsturni
ng, asinaconv enti
onalcar.Attemperatur
esabov e300°C
i
tmov edaroundtoofastforthechemi ststokeept rackofit
!(I
mageatl eft
.)

2007:AngelaBelcherandcoll
eaguesatMI Tbui
l
tali
thi
um-ionbat
terywithacommont ypeof
vir
usthatisnonharmfultohumans, usi
ngal ow-
costandenvi
ronmentall
ybenignprocess.The
batter
ieshavethesameener gycapacityandpowerperf
ormanceasst at
e-of
-t
he-ar
t
rechargeabl
ebatter
iesbeingconsider
edt opowerpl
ug-i
nhybri
dcars,andtheycoul
dal sobe
usedtopowerper sonalel
ectroni
cdev i
ces.(I
mageatri
ght

2008:Thefir
stoffi
cial
NNIStrategyforNanotechnol
ogy-Rel
atedEnvi
ronmental
,Healt
h,and
Safet
y(EHS)Researchwaspubl i
shed,basedonat wo-y
earprocessofNNI-sponsor
ed
i
nvesti
gat
ionsandpubl i
cdi
alogs.Thisstr
ategydocumentwasupdat edin2011,fol
l
owinga
ser
iesofworkshopsandpublicrevi
ew.

2009–2010:
Nadr
ianSeemanandcol
l
eaguesatNewYor
kUni
ver
sit
ycr
eat
edsev
eral
DNA-
li
ke
roboti
cnanoscaleassembl ydevi
ces.Oneisaprocessforcreat
ing3DDNAst ructuresusing
syntheti
csequencesofDNAcr y
stal
sthatcanbepr ogr
ammedt oself-
assembleusing“ sti
cky
ends”andpl acementinasetor derandorient
ati
on.Nanoelect
ronicscouldbenefit
:thef l
exibi
li
ty
anddensi t
ythat3Dnanoscal ecomponent sal
lowcouldenableassembl yofpartsthatar e
smal l
er,
mor ecompl ex,andmor ecl
oselyspaced.Anot
herSeemancr eat
ion(wit
hcol leaguesat
China’sNanjingUniv
er si
ty)i
sa“ DNAassembl yl
ine.
”Forthiswork,Seemanshar edt heKav l
i
PrizeinNanosciencein2010.

2010: I
BM usedasi l
i
cont ipmeasuringonlyaf ewnanomet ersatit
sapex( si
mil
artot heti
ps
usedi natomi cf or
cemi croscopes)tochisel awaymat eri
al fr
om asubst ratetocreatea
compl etenanoscal e3Dr eli
efmapoft hewor ldone-one-t
housandt hthesi zeofagr ainof
salt
—i n2mi nutesand23seconds.Thi sact i
vitydemonstratedapower f ulpatt
erni
ng
met hodologyf orgenerati
ngnanoscal epatter nsandstructuresassmal l as15nanomet er
sat
greatl
yr educedcostandcompl exi
ty,openingupnewpr ospect sforfi
eldssuchasel ect
ronics,
optoelectronics,andmedi cine.(
Imagebel ow. )

Render
edi
mageofananoscal
esi
l
icont
ipchi
sel
i
ngar
eli
efmapoft
hewor
ld

Arender
edimageofananoscalesil
i
conti
pchisel
ingoutthesmal
lestr
eli
efmapoftheworl
d
fr
om asubstr
ateofor
ganicmolecul
argl
ass.Shownmi ddl
efor
egr
oundistheMedi
terr
anean
SeaandEurope.(
Imagecour
tesyofAdvancedMateri
als.
)

2011:TheNSETSubcommi t
teeupdatedboththeNNISt r
ategi
cPlanandtheNNIEnv ir
onmental
,
Healt
h,andSaf
etyResearchSt r
ategy,dr
awingonextensi
veinputfr
om publ
icworkshopsand
onl
inedial
ogwit
hstakeholdersfrom Gover
nment,academia,NGOs,andthepubl
i
c, andother
s.

2012:TheNNIl
aunchedt
womor eNanotechnol
ogySignatur
eInit
iat
ives(
NSIs)
--
Nanosensor
s
andtheNanot
echnol
ogyKnowl
edgeInf
rastruct
ure(
NKI)--
bri
ngingthetot
alt
ofiveNSI
s.

2013:

-
TheNNIst
art
sthenextr
oundofSt
rat
egi
cPl
anni
ng,
star
ti
ngwi
tht
heSt
akehol
derWor
kshop.

-
Stanf
ordr
esear
cher
sdev
elopt
hef
ir
stcar
bonnanot
ubecomput
er.

2014:

-
TheNNIr
eleasest
heupdat
ed2014St
rat
egi
cPl
an.

-
TheNNIr el
easest
he2014Progr
essRevi
ewontheCoor
dinat
edI
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
heNNI
2011Env
ironmental
,Heal
th,
andSafet
yResear
chSt
rat
egy
.
c.Whati
sNanoscal
e

Thenanoscopicscale(ornanoscal
e)usual
lyr
eferst
ost ruct
ureswi
thalengt
hscaleappli
cabl
e
tonanotechnol
ogy,usual
lycit
edas1–100nanomet ers.
[1]Ananometerisabil
l
ionthofameter.
Thenanoscopicscaleis(r
oughlyspeaki
ng)alowerboundt othemesoscopi
cscaleformost
sol
ids.

d.Howsmal
li
stheNanoscal
e

Si
zeoft
heNanoscal
e

Justhowsmall i
s“ nano?”I
ntheInt
ernat
ionalSystem ofUni
ts,
thepr
efi
x"nano"meansone-
bi
ll
iont
h,or10-9;t
her ef
oreonenanometerisone-bil
l
ionthofameter
.It
’sdi
ff
icul
ttoi
maginej
ust
howsmal l
thatis,soherearesomeexampl es:

Asheetofpaperi
sabout100,
000nanomet
erst
hick

Ast
randofhumanDNA i
s2.
5nanomet
ersi
ndi
amet
er

Ther
ear
e25,
400,
000nanomet
ersi
nonei
nch

Ahumanhai
risappr
oxi
mat
ely80,
000-100,
000nanomet
erswi
de

Asi
ngl
egol
dat
om i
saboutat
hir
dofananomet
eri
ndi
amet
er

Onacomparat
ivescal
e,i
fthedi
amet
erofamar
blewasonenanomet
er,
thendi
amet
eroft
he
Ear
thwoul
dbeaboutonemet er

Onenanomet
eri
saboutasl
ongasy
ourf
inger
nai
lgr
owsi
nonesecond

e.Di
ff
erencesbet
weent
heNanosci
enceandNanot
echnol
ogy

NANOSCI
ENCE

Nanosci
enceisthestudyofstr
uctur
esandmat eri
alsonanul t
ra-smal
l scal
e,andt heuni
queand
i
nter
esti
ngpropert
iesthesemateri
alsdemonstr
ate.Nanoscienceiscrossdiscipl
inary
,meaning
sci
enti
stsf
rom arangeoffiel
dsincl
udingchemistr
y,phy
sics,biol
ogy,medicine,computi
ng,
mater
ial
sscienceandengineeri
ngarestudyi
ngitandusingittobett
erunderstandourwor l
d.

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Nanot
echnology(
alsosometi
mescall
edmolecul
armanuf
actur
ing)
,ist
hedesi
gn,
product
ion
andappl
icat
ionofstr
uctur
es,
dev
icesandsy
stemsatthenanoscal
e.

Soessenti
all
y,nanosciencei
sstudyi
ngnanomater
ial
sandthei
rpr
oper
tiesandnanot
echnol
ogy
i
susingthosemat eri
alsandproper
ti
estocreat
esomethi
ngnewordif
ferent
.

Nanosci
enceandnanot
echnol
ogyhav
ethepot
ent
ial
tor
eshapet
hewor
ldar
oundus.Theycoul
d
l
eadt
orev
olut
ionar
ybr
eakt
hroughsi
nfi
eldsr
angi
ngf
rom manuf
act
uri
ngt
oheal
thcar
e.

f
.Di
ff
erencesbet
weenTopdownNanoFabr
icat
ionandBot
tom UpNanoFabr
icat
ion

Nanof
abri
cati
oninvolvesthemanuf actureofnanostr
uctures,t
hati
s,pr
oduct
swi t
hnone,
one,
or
t
wodimensioninthenanomet errange, andmostcommonl yusedasbasi
cunit
sinthe
manufact
ureofmicroelect
roni
c,semi conduct
ors,opt
ics,etc.

Top-downandbot tom-upmet hodsaretwot ypesofapproachesusedinnanof

abri
cati
on.The
bott
om- upappr oachismor eadv ant
ageousthanthetop-downapproachbecausethefor
mer
hasabet terchanceofpr oducingnanostr
uctureswit
hlessdefects,
mor ehomogenouschemical
composi t
ion,andbettershort-andlong-
rangeorderi
ng.

Abot t
om upsynthesi
smet hodimpli
est hatthenanostruct
uresaresynthesizedontot he
substr
atebystacki
ngatomsont oeachot her,whi
chgi vesri
setocrystalplanes,cr
ystalplanes
fur
therstackont
oeachot her,r
esul
tinginthesynthesisofthenanostr
uct ures.Abott
om- up
approachcanthusbev i
ewedasansy nthesi
sappr oachwherethebuil
dingbl ocksareadded
ontothesubstr
atetoformt henanostr
uctures.

Atopdownsy nt
hesi
smet hodimpli
esthatt
henanostruct
uresaresynthesizedbyetchi
ngout
cryst
alspl
anes(removingcry
stalpl
anes)whichareal
readypresentonthesubstrate.Atop-
downappr oachcanthusbeviewedasanappr oachwherethebuil
dingblocksareremovedfrom
thesubstr
atetoformthenanostr
uctur
e.

g.Possi
bleAppl
i
cat
ionofNanot
echnol
ogyi
nthePhi
l
ippi
nes

ThePhi l
ippineshasal solaunchedi t
snanot echnol ogyresearchi ni
ti
ati
v e,theDepar t
mentof
ScienceandTechnol ogy-Phil
i
ppineCounci lforAdv ancedSci enceandTechnol ogyResear chand
Dev el
opment( DOST-PCASTRD)hast hef ol
lowi ngsectorsinitspr i
ori
ty-semi conduct or,
i
nfor mat i
ont echnology,energy,agri
cultur
e, medi ci
ne,andenv ir
onment alprotecti
on.I nthear ea
ofagr icult
ure,notableproductsdev el
opedi nt hest r
engthenednanot echnol ogypr ogramsoft he
Universityoft hePhili
ppinesLosBañosi nclude: 1)nanosil
ica-basedfer ti
l
izerthati ncreases
germi nationandgr owt hrateoftomat oes;2)fruitect®coat i
ngt echnologywhi chboost sshel f
l
ifeofhi ghv aluedfruit
ssuchasmangoandpapay a;and3)nanoencapsul at
edpl antgr owt h
regulatorswhi chenhancesger minati
onandr ootdev el
opmentofcof fee, banana, andcassav a.

h.Gov
'tFundi
ngofNanot
echnol
ogyi
ndi
ff
erentCount
ri
es(
nameoft
hecount
ryandhowmuch
i
sthefund)

i
.Adv
ant
agesandDi
sadv
ant
agesofNanot
echnol
ogy

Nanot
echnol
ogy
:Adv
ant
agesandDi
sadv
ant
ages

Manypot
ent
ial
appl
i
cat
ionsandadv
ant
agesi
ncl
ude:
Adv
ancesi
ndi
seaset
reat
ment
s,suchascancer

Bet
teri
magi
nganddi
agnost
icequi
pment

Ener
gy-
eff
ici
entpr
oduct
ssuchasf
uel
andsol
arcel
l
s

I
mpr
ovement
sinmanuf
act
uri
ngt
hatal
l
owf
ordur
abl
e,l
i
ght
-wei
ght
,ef
fi
cientpr
oduct
iont
ool
s

Impr
ovedelect
roni
cdev
ices,
incl
udi
ngt
ransi
stor
s,LEDandpl
asmadi
spl
aysandquant
um
computer
s

Nanor
obotscanbeusedtorebui
l
dtheozonel
ayer
,cl
eanpol
l
utedar
easandl
essondependence
onnon-
renewabl
eenergysour
ces

Di
sadv
ant
agesi
ncl
ude:

Pot
ent
ial
danger
stohumansandt
heenv
ironment

Lossofmanuf
act
uri
ngandagr
icul
tur
alj
obs

Economicmarketcr
ashesrel
atedt
oapot ent
iall
owerval
ueofoil
duetomoreeff
ici
entener
gy
sourcesandgol
dordiamonds,mater
ial
sthatcanberepr
oducedwit
hmolecul
armanipul
ati
on

Accessi
bil
i
tyofweaponsofmassdest
ruct
ion

I
mpr
ovedat
omi
cweaponr
y

Thecostofr
esear
chandpr
oduct
smadef
rom nanopar
ti
cles

j
.Sear
chf
ort
hedef
ini
ti
onandappl
i
cat
ion

1.
DipPenLi
thogr
aphy

Dippennanoli
thography(DPN)isascanni
ngprobeli
thographyt
echniquewhereanatomic
for
cemi cr
oscope( AFM)ti
pisusedtocreat
epatter
nsdirectl
yonar angeofsubst
anceswit
ha
vari
etyofi
nks.
[1]Acommonexampl eofthi
stechni
queisexemplif
iedbytheuseofalkane
thi
olat
estoimprintontoagoldsur
face

2.Sel
fAssembl
y

Sel
f-
assemblyi
stheprocessi
nwhi chasy stem'scomponents—beitmolecul
es,polymer
s,
col
l
oids,ormacr
oscopi
cparti
cles—organizeint
oor der
edand/orf
uncti
onalst
ructuresor
pat
ter
nsasaconsequenceofspecifi
c,localint
eracti
onsamongthecomponentst hemsel
ves,
wi
thoutex
ter
nal
dir
ect
ion.

3.Chemi
cal
vaporDeposi
ti
on

Chemicalv
apordeposi
tion(
CVD)i savacuum deposi
tionmet
hodusedt
oproducehighqual
i
ty,
hi
gh-per
for
mance,soli
dmateri
als.Theprocessisoft
enusedint
hesemi
conductori
ndust
ryto
pr
oducethinf
il
ms.

4.NanoI
mpr
intLi
thogr
aphy

Nanoimpr i
ntlithography(NI
L)isamethodoff abr i
cati
ngnanomet erscal
epatterns.Iti
sa
simplenanol i
thographyprocesswithl
owcost, highthroughputandhighresolut
ion.Itcreates
patt
ernsbymechani cal
deformat
ionofimpri
ntr esistandsubsequentprocesses.Thei mprint
resi
stistypicallyamonomerorpol ymerfor
mul ationthatiscuredbyheatorUVl ightduringthe
i
mpr i
nting.Adhesi onbetweentheresi
standthet empl at
eiscontrol
ledtoall
owpr operrelease

5.Mol
ecul
arBeam Epi
taxy

Molecul
ar-beam epi
taxy(MBE)i
sanepitaxymethodforthin-
fi
lm depositi
onofsi
nglecry
stal
s.
MBEi swidelyusedinthemanufact
ureofsemiconductordevi
ces,incl
udingtr
ansi
stor
s,anditi
s
consi
deredoneoft hefundamental
tool
sforthedevelopmentofnanot echnol
ogi
es.
[1]

6.Rol
ltoRol
lPr
ocessi
ng

rol
l-
to-rol
lprocessing, al
soknownaswebpr ocessing,[1]reel-
to-reelprocessi ngorR2R, [2]isthe
processofcr eati
ngel ectronicdevicesonar olloff
lexibleplastic,met alfoil
,orflexi
blegl ass.[
3]
I
not herfiel
dspr edati
ngt hisuse, i
tcanrefertoanypr ocessofappl yingcoat ings,pri
nting, or
performingotherpr ocessesst arti
ngwithar oll
ofaf l
exi blemat eri
alandr e-r
eeli
ngaftert he
processt ocreateanout putr ol
l.Theseprocesses,andot herssuchassheet ing,canbegr ouped
togetherunderthegener alterm conver
ti
ng.Whent her oll
sofmat eri
al hav ebeencoat ed,
l
ami natedorpr i
ntedt heycanbesubsequent lysli
ttothei rfi
nishedsizeonasl it
terr
ewi nder .

7.At
omi
cLay
erEpi
taxy

Atomi clayerepi t
axy(ALE),
[1]mor egenerall
yknownasat omiclayerdeposi ti
on( ALD),[
2]i
sa
speciali
zedf orm ofthinfi
lm growth(epit
axy )thatt y
picall
ydepositalter
natingmonol ayersof
twoel ement sont oasubstrate.Thecryst
al latt
icest r
uctureachi
ev edisthin,uniform,and
ali
gnedwi tht hestructur
eoft hesubstr
ate.Ther eactantsarebroughtt othesubst rat
eas
alt
ernati
ngpul seswith"dead"timesinbetween.ALEmakesuseoft hef actthattheincoming
materialisboundst r
onglyuntilal
lsi
tesav ail
ableforchemi sorpti
onar eoccupi ed.Thedead
ti
mesar eusedt ofl
ushtheexcessmat er
ial.Iti
smost lyusedinsemi conductorf abri
cati
onto
growt hi
nf il
msoft hi
cknessint henanomet erscal e.