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Star QAMSignalingConstellationsforSpatialModulation
Star QAMSignalingConstellationsforSpatialModulation
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tions’ optimization has not been carried out for star-QAM schemes of [12], [16] are capable of exploiting the same
aided SM. degrees of freedom as that offered by the classic SM-
Moreover, in order to increase the robustness of the MIMO for maximizing the free distance. However, our
SM-MIMO system, limited-feedback aided link adaptation TPC scheme assigns the same number of bits to each
schemes have been proposed in [21]-[27]. For example, time slot and hence it is capable of avoiding the poten-
in [21] an opportunistic power allocation scheme was tial error propagation effects of ASM encountered in
conceived for achieving a beneficial transmit diversity gain case of ASM-mode signalling errors. Our simulation
in SM-MIMO systems. In [22], a beamforming codebook results show that the proposed TPC scheme consid-
was designed for optimizing the coding gain of SM-MIMO erably improves the system’s performance compared
based on the knowledge of the channel envelope’s spa- to the conventional star-QAM aided SM, the power
tial correlation. Recently, an adaptive closed-loop aided allocation aided SM and ASM arrangements.
method was invoked for providing both diversity and The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In
coding gains in the context of space shift keying (SSK)[23], Section II we conceive a signaling constellation optimiza-
which is a special case of SM. However, the scheme tion method for star-QAM aided SM and elaborate both
proposed for SSK may not be directly applicable to the on the choice of our optimization criterion and on the
conventional SM scheme. Moreover, adaptive SM-MIMO corresponding optimization algorithm. In Section III, we
architectures relying on different combinations of mod- propose a new TPC scheme for enhancing the performance
ulation schemes were proposed in [25], which aimed for of the star-QAM aided SM. Our numerical analysis is
maximizing the channel capacity at a predefined target carried out in Section IV. Finally, our conclusions are
BER, rather than for minimizing the BER. By contrast, in presented in Section V.
[26] and [27] a transmit precoding technique was used for
improving the modulated signal design for SM. However, II. Signaling Constellation Optimization
this technique may only be suitable for a new class of SM
A. Performance Metric and Star-QAM Constellation
relying on a single receiver antenna. For the conventional
SM, we proposed a near-instantaneously adaptive modula- Consider a flat fading MIMO channel associated with Nt
tion aided scheme for minimizing the BER [7], which was transmit antennas (TAs) and Nr receive antennas (RAs).
termed as adaptive SM (ASM). Then, we further general- The (Nt ×1)-element transmit symbol vector x is assumed
ized our work in [12] and [16], where the implementational to satisfy E[xxH ] = INt , where INt denotes an (Nt × Nt )-
complexity of ASM was considerably reduced. However, element identity matrix. Then, the transmitted SM symbol
ASM typically transmits a different number of bits in the x ∈ CNt ×1 is given as x = snl en [22], where snl is the
different-quality time slots, which may be inconvenient complex-valued symbol of the APM scheme employed at
in fixed-rate applications and potentially leads to error- the nth TA. For example, L-PSK/QAM is associated with
propagation in case of ASM-mode signalling errors. mAPM = log2 (L) input bits, while en (1 ≤ n ≤ Nt ) is
Against this background, the novel contributions of this selected from the Nt -dimensional standard basis vectors
paper are three-fold: (i.e., e1 = [1, 0, · · · , 0]T ), according to log2 (Nt ) input bits.
• We introduced the class of star-QAM constellations The corresponding received signal is given by
[28], which is capable of flexibly adapting the ring y = Hx + n = hn snl + n, (1)
ratios, hence subsuming classic PSK as a special case.
Alternatively, if the ring ratio is appropriately selected, where H is an (Nr ×Nt )-element channel matrix, hn is the
the proposed star-QAM is capable of achieving almost nth column of H and the elements of the Nr -dimensional
the same Euclidean distance (ED) as the MMD-based noise vector n are Gaussian random variables obeying
QAM. CN (0, N0 ).
• Given a specific MIMO configuration and a predeter- In [11], an improved union-bound partitions the ABEP
mined transmission rate, a low-complexity yet efficient expression of SM-MIMO systems into three terms: the
optimization algorithm is proposed for the sake of Pspatial term related to the TA index, the Psignal term
minimizing the average bit error probability (ABEP) related to the APM signals and the joint term Pjoint , which
of SM-MIMO systems, where the effects of both the depends on both the TA index and on the APM signals.
antenna-index, as well as of the APM signal and their This bound is formulated as
interaction are jointly considered. Only the optimal
PSM (ρ) ≤ Pspatial (ρ) + Psignal (ρ) + Pjoint (ρ). (2)
ring ratios of star-QAM constellation have to be found
by the optimization algorithm. This improved union-bound is more accurate than the
• We introduce a new transmit precoding (TPC) scheme conventional union-bound based methods, hence facilitat-
for star-QAM aided SM-MIMO systems, which fur- ing a deeper understanding of the joint impact of spatial
ther improves the performance. In order to retain and APM signals, as illustrated in [11]. We focus our
the benefits of SM, such as its low-complexity single- attention on the system’s performance for transmission
stream detector and its single radio frequency (RF) over i.i.d. Rayleigh fading channels, which may be readily
chain, we design its TPC matrix P to be diagonal. We extended to the Nakagami-m fading model of [11]. Let us
demonstrate that this precoded scheme and the ASM assume that ρ is the average signal to noise ratio (SNR),
IEEE 3
TABLE I
The minimum ED between the constellation points for different APM schemes.
antenna e1
activation en
n
F + y b̂
Source b e Nt Linear diagonal
H ML
SM
bits x Channel matrix Detection
precoder
L-
Star-QAM s ln Feedback
from receiver
Fig. 2. The system model of the diagonal precoding assisted star-QAM aided SM scheme.
formulated as PSM (ρ, α). Following the above-mentioned approaches its asymptotic optimum, as the SNR increases.
approach, we formulated this optimization problem as
III. Proposed Diagonal Precoding for
(
α∗ = min PSM (ρ, α)
α , (7) Star-QAM Aided SM
s.t. α ≥ 1
Since the performance of the optimum ML receiver
which may be a convex one for a fixed SNR value ρ, as depends on the free distance (FD) of the received sig-
indicated in Fig. 4 of Section IV. However, deriving the nal constellation [31], we propose a new TPC based on
closed-form solution of (7) remains an open challenge, maximizing the FD for the family of star-QAM aided SM-
since the expression of PSM (ρ, α) depends both on the MIMO systems, when limited channel state information is
specific APM constellation as well as on the particular available at the transmitter. Since the FD is increased by
MIMO setup [20] and the expressions of Psignal , Pjoint and the TPC algorithm, the proposed scheme is expected to
Pspatial in Eqs. (3)-(5) are complex. Hence, a numerical provide a beneficial system performance improvement. In
search is adopted. order to retain all the single-RF related benefits of SM,
Our optimization algorithm conceived for finding the we design the TPC matrix P to be diagonal. The system
ring-ratio is summarized as follows. model of the diagonal TPC assisted star-QAM aided SM
• Step1: initialize the values of Nr , Nt , mall , L and the scheme is shown in Fig. 2. In order to identify the specific
SNR value ρ. Set the iteration step size to ∆α = 0.1 TPC parameters, which are capable of maximizing the
and the number of iterations to n = 1. The choice FD, we propose a low-complexity TPC design algorithm.
of ∆α is flexible and a lower value of ∆α may lead We will demonstrate that as few as two elements of
to a better performance. We then set the search area the diagonal TPC matrix have to be fed back to the
of α to 1 ≤ α ≤ Uα and the performance metric to transmitter, regardless of Nt .
Piter (n) = 0.
• Step2: while α ≤ Uα , let ∆α̂ = min{∆α̂, Uα − α}
A. TPC Design Criterion
and calculate the probabilities of Psignal , Pjoint and
Pspatial by using Eqs. (3)-(5) associated with α. Then To construct a TPC for star-QAM aided SM-MIMO
let Piter (n) = PSM (ρ) using Eq. (2) and set α = α + systems, we can rewrite the system model of (1) as
∆α̂ as well as n = n + 1; y = HPx + n, (8)
∗
• Step3: Find the index n = min {Piter (n)} in order to
n
achieve the optimal ring-ratio of α∗ = 1 + (n∗ − 1)∆α̂. where P denotes the diagonal TPC matrix, which can be
In the above-mentioned optimization algorithm, we have represented as
to choose an appropriate Uα in order to promptly find P = diag{p1 , · · · , pn , · · · , pNt }, (9)
the optimal α∗ . More explicitly, an excessively low value
of Uα may lead to missing the optimal solution, while where pn controls
PNt the 2channel gain associated with xn .
an excessively high value of Uα imposes an excessive Here, we let n=1 |pn | = Nt for the sake of normalizing
computational complexity on the optimization process. the transmit power. Note that the introduction of TPC
Hence, we will show in Section III that Uα = 3 is a in SM does not affect the advantages of SM, such as the
beneficial choice for promptly approaching the optimal avoidance of the inter-antenna interference (IAI) and the
results. Moreover, the optimum ring ratio α∗ is a function reliance on a single RF-chain, because the precoded trans-
of the SNR. However, we will show that the optimum ratio mit vector Px includes only a single non-zero component
IEEE 5
dmin (H, P) = min
HP(sil ei −sjk ej )
sjl ,sjk ∈S F
i j
= jmin
(hi pi sl −hj pj sk )
sl ,sjk ∈S F . (13)
r
2 2
si |pi |2 hH hi + sj |pj |2 hH hj − 2 |pi | |pj | si sj Re{hH hj ej(φ−θi +θj ) }
= jmin j l i k j l k i
sl ,sk ∈S
g has the smallest channel gain. In this case, the phase TPC parameters to the transmitter. Since only the specific
rotation elements of (10) do not have to be considered, TA pair which predominantly determines the achievable
because this would not increase the FD of (13). To increase performance is considered, the proposed low-complexity
the FD, we only consider the power allocation matrix of algorithm can be readily extended to a high number of
(10) and may deduct some power from the TA u having the TAs.
highest channel gain, which may hence be reassigned it to
the TA g. As a result, pu and pg have to be optimized. IV. Simulation Results
On the other hand, if the value of g and k is not the
In this section, we characterize the performance of both
same, the parameters pg and pk have to be calculated.
the proposed star-QAM aided SM scheme as well as of
Overall, there are only two parameters, namely pg and
the corresponding TPC scheme and compare it to that
pk ( pu for g = k ) have to be searched for. Finding
of the conventional QAM-modulated SM schemes, to the
the optimal values of pg and pk as a function of both
PSK-modulated SM schemes and to the ASM schemes
H and of the optimal transmit parameters involves an
[16] for transmission over independent Rayleigh block-
exhaustive search over the vast design-space of p̄g , p̄k ,
flat MIMO channels. It is assumed that the receiver is
θg and θk of (10), which is overly complex. In order to
capable of perfect phase and gain tracking, i.e. of perfect
reduce the complexity, according to Eq. (12), the power
channel estimation. In practice, pilot symbols are used
of the TA pair (g, k) satisfies the constraint p̄2k + p̄2g = 2,
for estimating the MIMO channel, hence the estimated
hence hence only the element p̄k has to be searched for
channel matrix will inevitably be imperfect. In order to
in the power matrix P̄ of Eq. (10). Moreover, since the
alleviate the effects of channel estimation errors, the joint
phase rotation of the symbol is only carried by two TAs
channel estimation and data detection algorithm of [33]
and their phase difference is correlated, we can simplify
may be considered in the proposed schemes, where the
the computations by fixing θk = 1 and then finding the
channel estimator as well as the data detector iteratively
optimal θg . This implies that only the phase parameter
exchange their information. We consider two practical
θg has to be optimized for the phase matrix Θ. In Fig. 3,
MIMO systems here, namely (2 × 2) and (4 × 4) MIMO
a numerical search is used for varying√ p̄g and θg in small systems. Moreover, in the TPC design algorithm, we select
steps. Note that we have 0 ≤ p̄g ≤ 2 and 0 ≤ θg ≤ 2π
V1 = V2 = 5 for simplicity 2 .
according to Eq. (12). For our numerical search, we have
Fig. 4 shows the optimal ring ratios of star-QAM aided
assumed
√ SM relying on (4 × 4) elements for different number of
p̄g = 2/V1 ∗ v1 , v1 = 0, · · · , V1 modulation levels L, where the optimal ring ratio α∗ is
, (14)
θg = 2π/V2 ∗ v2 , v2 = 0, · · · , V2 seen to be a function of the SNR. The bound of Eq. (2)
where V1 and V2 represent the number of quantization is well suited for numerically optimizing the ring ratio,
steps and can be flexibly selected according to the preva- especially in the high-SNR region. Observe in Fig. 4 that
lent performance requirements. As a result, the corre- the optimal ratios approach their asymptotic values, as the
sponding diagonal TPC matrix candidates are SNR increases. This is expected, since the bound of Eq.
q (2) is also asymptotically tight and the probability of an
Pcand = diag{1, · · · , p̄g ejθg , · · · , 2 − p̄2g , · · · , 1} error event in slow fading associated with ML detection is
.
↑ gth ↑ kth dominated by the minimum-distance error event at high
(15) values of the SNR. Moreover, the optimal ring ratios are
Upon denoting the quantized TPC matrix P as Pcand , different for different MIMO parameters.
the optimization problem of (12) is reformulated as Since the transmitter operates at a fixed ring ratio, we
have opted for the asymptotic ring ratio value for the
Popt = arg max dmin (H, P) . (16) evaluation of the BER. For example, we have chosen the
{P∈Pcand ,PI }
optimal ring ratio α∗ = 1.7 for the 16-star-QAM aided
where we have PI = INt . In Eq. (16), the FD of the (4 × 4) SM-MIMO, according to the results in Fig. 4. This
TPC matrixes Pcand generated will be compared to that result may be readily extended to other star-QAM aided
of the conventional scheme associated with PI and then
2 Note that the values of V and V can be different. Moreover,
we select the one having the largest FD as our final result. 1 2
the selection of V1 and V2 is flexible and higher values of V1 and V2
The receiver determines the optimal diagonal TPC matrix may lead to better performance at the cost of a higher TPC design
based on (16) and feeds back the TA indices as well as their complexity.
IEEE 7
2 100
4 4 , L= 4
4 4, L=8
1.8 4 4, L=16
10-1
Optimal Ring Ratio
1.6
10-2
1.4
BER
Bound
10-3
SM, 2 2, 8-PSK
1.2
SM, 2 2, 8-QAM
SM, 2 2, star-QAM
10-4 Precoding aided SM, star-QAM
1 PA aided SM with 8-QAM
Conventional V-BLAST
PA aided V-BLAST
0.8 10-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SNR (dB) SNR(dB)
Fig. 4. Optimal ring ratios of star-QAM aided SM with (4 × 4) Fig. 6. The BER performance of various SM schemes operating in
MIMO for different number of modulation levels L. (2 × 2) MIMO channel at a total throughput of 4 bits/symbol . Here,
α is chosen as α = 1.5.
100
Bound
SM, 4 4, 16-PSK 100
SM, 4 4, 16-QAM
10-1 SM, 4 4, star-QAM
Precoding aided SM, star-QAM
PA aided SM with 16-PSK 10-1
-2
10
FER
BER
10-2
10-3
SM scenarios, such as the (4 × 4)-element star-QAM aided conventional QAM-modulated SM scheme outperforms
SM schemes using L = 4, 8 in Fig. 4. its identical-throughput PSK counterpart for a (4 × 4)-
In Figs. 5 and 6, we compare various SM-MIMO sys- element MIMO channel in Fig. 5, while the PSK scheme
tems relying on diverse MIMO parameters and modu- is preferred for a (2 × 2)-element MIMO channel in Fig.
lation orders. Firstly, in Figs. 5 and 6, we depict the 6. This indicates that the best choice of the APM scheme
BER performance of the conventional QAM-modulated depends on the specific SM parameters, such as the MIMO
SM schemes, of the PSK-modulated SM arrangements and setup and throughput. Moreover, as shown in Fig. 5, the
of the proposed star-QAM aided SM scheme. Note that the optimized star-QAM aided SM scheme provides an SNR
optimized star-QAM constellation is designed off-line for gain of about 3 dB at BER=10−5 over the conventional
different SM-MIMO system. Hence the resultant system 16-PSK modulated SM scheme and an SNR gain of about
does not need any feedback. To be specific, we may create 1.1 dB over the identical-throughput Gray-coded MMD
a parameter-lookup table for the star-QAM SM schemes 16-QAM modulated SM scheme. This advantage of the
associated with the MIMO setups considered and hence optimized star-QAM scheme recorded for SM-MIMO is
the complexity of the optimal ring ratio search process also visible in Fig. 6.
detailed in Section II is negligible. For completeness, we Moreover, in Figs. 5 and 6, we also compare the achiev-
also included the theoretical upper bound [31] for the able BER performance of the limited feedback aided adap-
family of conventional SM schemes. We found that the tive SM schemes. To be specific, two diagonal precoding
IEEE 8
aided schemes, namely the precoding assisted star-QAM tem’s ABEP. We considered a class of star-QAM constella-
based SM schemes and the power allocation (PA) aided S- tions, which is capable of flexibly adapting the ring ratios.
M schemes of [34] are compared. For the sake of simplicity, We formulated the constellation design problem as an
the PA algorithm is only applied to the non-adaptive SM optimization problem and conceived an efficient iterative
schemes exhibiting an inferior performance in Figs 5 and constellation-optimization method. Moreover, a diagonal
6, namely to the conventional (4 × 4)-element SM using TPC technique was proposed for the optimized star-QAM
16-PSK and (2 × 2)-element SM employing 8-QAM. Note aided SM in order to attain an improved performance. The
that the (4 × 4)-element SM associated with 16-QAM and simulation results confirm that our proposed optimized
(2 × 2)-element SM employing 8-PSK can also use the PA star-QAM aided SM scheme outperforms the conven-
regime for the sake of attaining a BER improvement. Due tional PSK/QAM schemes. Moreover, our TPC method
to the space limitations, these results are not presented also exhibits an attractive BER/ FER performance. For
here. As shown in Figs. 5 and 6, the proposed TPC achieving an improved performance for a high number of
schemes provide a 2.5-3.0 dB gain at the BER of 10−5 over bits per symbol, our further work will be focused on the
the PA aided SM schemes. This is because PA-aided SM integration of GSM and channel coding into the proposed
may be viewed as a special case of the proposed precoding TPC schemes.
aided SM created by only considering the PA matrix in
Eq. (10). To be specific, compared to the PA aided SM
of [34], our precoding based SM regime jointly adapts the References
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in Fig. 6 for mall = 4 bits/symbol that our TPC aided SM zo,“Spatial modulation for generalized MIMO: challenges, op-
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zo,“Spatial modulation for generalized MIMO: challenges, op-
In this paper, we have investigated the problem of portunities and implementation” submitted to Proceedings of
designing APM constellations that minimize the SM sys- the IEEE, http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/354175/, 2013.
[14] J. Jeganathan, A. Ghrayeb, and L. Szczecinski, “Spatial mod-
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propagation effects, as indicated in Section I. Hence, using the FER complexity coherent versus non-coherent QAM-aided space-
comparison of the ASM and TPC-aided SM schemes may be more time shift keying,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 59, no. 11, pp.
suitable than the BER metric. 3090-3101, Nov. 2011.
IEEE 9
[16] P. Yang, Y. Xiao, Y. Yi, L. Li, Q. Tang, and S. Q. Li, Ping Yang received the B.E. and M.E. de-
“Simplified adaptive spatial modulation for limited-feedback grees in 2006 and 2009, respectively from Uni-
MIMO,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., 2013, vol. 62, no. 6, pp. versity of Electronic Science and Technology
2656-2666, 2012. of China (UESTC). Now he is currently pur-
[17] R. Y. Chang, S. J. Lin and, W. H. Chung, “Energy efficient suing the Ph.D degree at the same university.
transmission over space shift keying modulated MIMO chan- His research interests include MIMO systems,
nels,” IEEE Tran. Commun., vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 2950-2959, space-time coding and communication signal
2012. processing.
[18] S. S. Ikki and R. Mesleh, “A general framework for performance
analysis of space shift keying (SSK) modulation in the presence
of Gaussian imperfect estimations,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol.
16, no. 2, pp. 228-230, Feb. 2012.
[19] S. Sugiura and L. Hanzo, “On the joint optimization of dis-
persion matrices and constellations for near-capacity irregular
precoded space-time shift keying ,” IEEE Trans. Wireless
Commun., 2013, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 380-387, 2013.
[20] K. Ishibashi, W. Shin, H. Ochiai, and V.Tarokh, “A peak power
efficient cooperative diversity using star-QAM with coheren- Yue Xiao received a Ph.D degree in com-
t/noncoherent detection,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., munication and information systems from the
vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 2137-2147, 2013. University of Electronic Science and Technol-
[21] M. Di Renzo and H. Haas, “Improving the performance of ogy of China in 2007. He is now an associate
space shift keying (SSK) modulation via opportunistic power professor at University of Electronic Science
allocation,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 500-502, and Technology of China. He has published
Jun 2010. more than 30 international journals and been
[22] T. Handte, A. Muller, and J. Speidel, “BER analysis and involved in several projects in Chinese Beyond
optimization of generalized spatial modulation in correlated 3G Communication R&D Program. His re-
fading channels,” IEEE Veh. Technol. Conf. Fall, pp. 1-5, Sept. search interests are in the area of wireless and
2009. mobile communications.
[23] K. Ntontin, M. Di Renzo, A. Perez-Neira, and C. Verik-
oukis, “Adaptive generalized space shift keying modulation,”
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Network-
ing, pp.1-10, Feb. 2013.
[24] M. Maleki, H. Bahrami, S. Beygi, M. Kafashan, N. H. Tran,
“Space modulation with CSI: constellation design and perfor-
mance evalution,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.,vol. 62, no. 4,
pp. 1623-1634, 2013. Bo Zhang received his B.S. degree in In-
[25] B. M. Mthethwa and H. Xu, “Adaptive M-ary quadrature formation Engineering from National Univer-
amplitude spatial modulation,” IET commun., vol. 6, no. 18, sity of Defense Technology, China, in 2010.
pp. 3098-3108, 2012. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. de-
[26] L. L. Yang, “Transmitter preprocessing aided spatial modula- gree with the Communications, Signal Pro-
tion for multiple-input multiple-output systems,” IEEE 73th cessing and Control, School of Electronics and
Veh. Technol. Conf. - Spring, pp.15-18, May, 2011, Budapest, Computer Science, University of Southamp-
Hungary. ton, Southampton, UK. His research interests
[27] A. Stavridis, S. Sinanovic, M. Di Renzo, and H. Haas, “Trans- in wireless communications include design and
mit precoding for receive spatial modulation using imperfect analysis of cooperative communications and
channel knowledge,” IEEE Veh. Technol. Conf. - Spring, May network-coded networks.
6-9, 2012, Yokohama, Japan.
[28] L. Lampe, Noncoherent coded modulation, Ph.D thesis, Dept.
Elect. Eng., University of Erlangen, Germany,2002.
[29] X. Dong, N. C. Beaulieu, and P. H. Wittke, “Error probabilities
of two-dimensional M -ary signaling in fading,” IEEE Trans.
Commun., vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 352-355, Mar. 1999.
[30] L. Szczecinski, H. Xu, X. Gao, and R. Bettancourt “Efficient
evaluation of BER for arbitrary modulation and signaling in Shaoqian Li is a lecturer in the Electronics
fading channels,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 55, no. 11, pp. and Computer Science in the University of
2061-2064, Nov. 2007. Southampton. He received his BEng degree
[31] A. Goldsmith, Wireless communication. New York: Cambridge in Electrical Engineering from the American
University Press, 2005, ch. 5. University of Beirut, Lebanon in 2004. He
[32] Y. T. Kim, H. Lee, S. Park, and I. Lee, “Optimal precoding then received an MSc in Radio Frequency
for orthogonalized spatial multiplexing in closed-loop MIMO Communication Systems and PhD in Wireless
systems,” IEEE Journal Sel. Areas in Commun. vol. 26, no. 8, Communications both from the University of
pp. 1556-1567, Oct. 2008. Southampton, UK in 2005 and 2008, respec-
[33] S. Chen, S. Sugiura, and L. Hanzo, “Semi-blind joint channel tively. Following the PhD, he joined Imag-
estimation and data detection for space-time shift keying sys- ination Technologies as a research engineer,
tems,” IEEE Sig. Proc. Lett., vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 993-996, Dec. where he worked on designing and developing the BICM peripherals
2010. in Imagination’s multi-standard communications platform, which
[34] Y. Xiao, Q. Tang, L. Gong, P. Yang, and Z. Yang, “Pow- resulted in several patent applications. In January 2012, he joined the
er scaling for spatial modulation with limited feedback.” Electronics and Computer Science in the University of Southampton
[Online]. Available: http://downloads.hindawi.com /journal- as a lecturer in the Communications, Signal Processing and Control
s/ijap/aip/718482.pdf. research group. He is the recipient of several academic awards and has
[35] S. H. Nam, O. S. Shin, and K. B. Lee, “Transmit power published a Wiley-IEEE book and in excess of 40 journal and inter-
allocation for a modified V-BLAST system,” IEEE Trans. national conference papers. His research interests include machine-
Commun., vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 1074-1080, 2008. to-machine communications, mm-wave communications, large-scale
MIMO, cooperative communications and Radio over fibre systems.
IEEE 10