THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON MENTAL HEALTH OF SELECTED SENIOR

HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School

Lyceum of the Philippines-Batangas

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Subject

of Practical Research 2

Calingasan, Reimar T.

Macalaguim, Hariette Gwen C.

Tolentino, Janella M.

Villanueva, Jhulia Alessandra

and

Ms. Catherine B. Balmes

October 2020
INTRODUCTION

Over the fast-changing passage of time, modern civilization has been equipped

with various idealistic methods wherein convenient life is nearly possible. Through the

presence of the advancements in technologies manifesting the role of social media, it

has successfully impelled captivating changes in how people communicate, interact,

discover, and perceive knowledge. Moreover, social media platforms including

Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Viber, Messenger, etc., have been giving netizens a

chance to connect with other people regardless of distances. However, according to

Dhir, Yossatorn, Kaur, and Chen (2018), there are a wide array of users that have

departed themselves from excessive social media exposure due to social media fatigue.

This involves the stressors and grounds triggering the psychological behavior of

netizens, particularly to most young individuals. Moreover, based on the report of the

University Of Pittsburgh- School Of Medicine, adolescents who spend most of their time

surfing through social media are more likely to suffer from sleeping disorders and even

depression.

Use of social media platforms has become a growing trend and become an

important part of many people’s lives especially among students. Various harms and

impacts experienced by students in terms of mental health will act as the base of

conducting this research. According to Pantic (2014), few specialists have related social

networking sites with a few mental disorders which include depression, anxiety, and

other mental health disorders. Barrense, Akre, Jacot, Leeners, Morselli, and Suris

(2019) shared that social media is one of the most exceedingly terrible stages for young

adults where the younger’s use cyberbullying and trolling which is a hazard for
youngster’s mental health. Also, Thornicroft, Mehta, Clement, Evans, Doherty, Rose,

Koschorke, Shidhaye, O'Reilly, and Henderson (2016) given supposition that online

networking is very significant for teenagers lives since it gives incredible connection to

everyone, however some speculative portrayal thought of it as, an extraordinary hazard

and perilous for human's psychological wellness, also youth utilizes social media sites

for digital harassing, similar to ridicule others, mimicries, and so on as result others

lose their confidence and self-assurance. According to Patel, Chisholm, Parikh,

Charlson, Degenhardt, Dua, Ferrari, Hyman, Laxminarayan, Levin, and Lund (2016),

online networking is creating a problem like uneasiness, sorrow, and other issues.

Besides, the utilization of social media has turned out to be a progressively troublesome

issue for youngsters since they invest most of their energy looking over social media

applications and they don't get anything in return as it is being subjected as a huge

danger of youngster’s mental health. It is commonly discovered that unnecessary

utilization of SNS can prompt elevated misery, uneasiness, pain, depression, and

disappointment with life, in this manner falling apart psychological well-being.

Furthermore, this has been a current problem since young netizens are already

consumed and captivated by the system knowing that most of today's generation is

being dependent on social media wherein, they can express their thoughts and self

publicly sometimes with no boundaries at all. Although, it cannot be denied that it

provides a convenient and open environment to stay connected globally, it also has

consequences that mainly target the psychological aspects of the user. Considering that

young minds are somewhat more sensitive than adults, they are more inclined to suffer

from emotional breakdowns since they are in the stage of maturing and comprehending
perplexities little by little. Woods and Scott (2016) explained that adolescents who

occupy most of their leisure time or are emotionally invested in social media use are

likely to suffer from sleep deprivation, low self-esteem, and higher levels of depression.

Based on the records of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, suicide is the

second leading cause of death among youth. In addition, into this approach, McCrae,

Gettings, and Purssell (2017) suggested that one of the major causes of the increasing

population of suicide is the advent of social media.

Since the prevalence of social media has become a widespread health concern

particularly to youth, further knowledge should be disseminated in order to raise

awareness towards the risks brought by this issue. The researchers decided to focus on

this study considering that many people are more reliant on technology until today.

Spending an extended amount of time in social media can possibly be a great cause of

depression/anxiety and low self-esteem of students, not knowing what one has been

doing staring at a screen of newsfeed in Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc. Everyone

who tends to spend most of their time on the phone can similarly reflect on harming

their own lives. They may also tend to be vulnerable in cyber bullying, health problems

(i.e., laziness, overweight, Itchy eyes, vision loss, and stress issues), getting hacked,

and any form of scam or misleading content they find. Having those experiences and

getting addicted to social media can be a big cause of various psychological health

problems, as people are not aware of what they might be doing online. They are also

prone to giving off their privacy to other people worldwide and risk getting hurtful

comments from them as well. Therefore, it is important to conduct a study that will
evaluate the problems associated with the excessive social media exposure knowing

that the majority of the victims involve the youth.

The researchers will conduct the study at the Lyceum of the Philippines

University (LPU) located at the city of Batangas- Riverside Campus. The researchers

would acquire a sufficient number of respondents in the said area wherein they will

entertain Senior High School students (with no particular strand and/or grade level

followed) based on their experiences and insights on how social media affects their

mental health.

This study is intended to identify the effects of social media that mainly pertain to

the mental health of the students engaged in this online platform. Social media serves

as the outlet for people who experience happiness, guilt, hope, anger, anxiety,

depression, and many other emotions. These reasons enable the researcher to conduct

study on the mental health effects of social media to online users especially students.

Findings of the study will serve as the basis for the researchers to plan interventions

and activities to better help the students. Moreover, through this research, the parents

will benefit from this study since most of today’s young generation are now engaged into

surfing through the internet and this will help them to guide their children against the

threats brought by the different networking sites. Lastly, teachers and other school staff

can also gain information correlating with the prevalence of the subject matter being

addressed, for them to be able to educate and assist students on what are the following

measures to prevent and to cope up with problems associated with social media.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

 The current study aims to determine the impacts of Social Media Networking

Sites in a modern-day world, affecting the Senior High School students of the Lyceum of

the Philippines University- Batangas towards mental well-being.

Particularly, in terms of the following objectives provided:

1. To present the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of:

1.1. Sex

1.2. Grade level

1.3. Strand

2. To identify the mental health effects of the exposure to Social Media among LPU-

B Senior High School which specifically determines:

2.1 . Immense Exposure/ Addiction

2.2 . Depression/Anxiety

3. To examine the distinction between the profile of the respondents and the effects

of Social Media correlating to the mental health.

4. To propose an action plan and interventions based on the result of the study.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Immense Exposure/ Addiction

In a modern-day generation, the appearance of social media has become a

companion to most individuals, especially to young minds who are presently equipped

with technology paving the way to a more convenient life. This platform has been a

common ground for communication purposes, businesses, entertainment, and

education hence, students and employees become engrossed in using social media in
their everyday lifestyle and become dependent on it. Prior to its extensive emergence

into the global community, life before was not somehow convenient in terms of

communication and sharing memories to people around the world as compared into the

modern realm with the presence of social media. It was more about physical interaction

and the manifesting traditional mode of conversation to reach out to people over long

distances. Dentzel (2013) explained that before the occurrence of the internet, most

individuals had to go to the market to buy newspapers to catch up with the latest news.

However, nowadays, with just a single click people can now view the news in its wide

variation and stay updated in any news source anywhere worldwide with just a minute

of uploading. In consonance with the idea, Dijck and Poell (2013) added that the

existence of social media platforms has profoundly entered the life mechanism of

internet users that impacts casual interactions, influential structures, and proficient

routines. To sum up, social networking sites have altered the conditions and guidelines

of social collaboration.

Over the past few years, there has been an enormous improvement in

technology. And the usage of social media has become a way of life and users became

dependent on it. According to Rajeev (2015), many individuals, including students,

especially female students, connect, communicate, and socialize in learning institutions

has changed. As most frequently referred to the new media offers good connectivity,

collaboration and sharing of content between students and the rest of society. Students

may now engage in social discussions, posting comments, photographs, videos,

sharing opinions, and much more. At this point, one can say that social media affects
the daily life path of young people and it makes them more addictive in engaging in

social platforms.

Social networking sites are increasingly increasing in popularity in this

"information age," particularly among students as most young people are rapidly moving

from electronic media to social media. In diverse forms, it influences human

experiences. To connect and keep in contact with relatives, acquaintances, and even

strangers, young people use social media. This craze has led to a host of questions

about social media use trends among students and their effect on their daily life

performance. Yeboah & Ewur (2014) discovered that social media such as whatsapp

distracted young adults from completing their tasks, damaged their language abilities

and disturbed their classroom concern. Furthermore, Sharma & Shukla (2016) also

found that social media has adversely affected the academic performance of students.

Students faced challenges arising from their frequent use of social media, including the

need to immediately respond to messages, exposure to false or unregulated data or

media content, mobile connectivity and addictive behaviors that disturbed their studies.

The engagement with various social media applications has come to be a

prevalent phenomenon encompassing all types of age groups predominantly among

teenagers and young adults. Thus, social media has been performing a huge part of the

daily routine affecting the change of lifestyle and behavioral aspect that evolves within

modern society. According to O'Keeffe and Clarke (2011) indulging in social media

usage is among the most shared activities of today’s generation and these networks

have served as a source of entertainment and communication through gaming,

messaging, commenting, and expressing which displays the common mutuality and
interests among teens. For this reason, O’Keeffe et al. (2011) emphasized that despite

all, much attention and awareness are needed among parents towards their children

knowing that various natures of social media sites are not all exhibiting suitable

environments for adolescents with a freedom to accessibility.

In everyday lives of young adults, social media occupies more and more space.

Since online interactions have become more popular than face-to-face interactions,

social media has begun to have a significant effect on the way of life, connectivity,

vocabulary, desires, and psychology of individuals. Although social media and internet

addiction are not defined among the DSM diagnostic criteria as behavioral addictions

due to lack of empirical evidence, their phases (conflict, relapse, etc.) expose

themselves as behavioral addictions such as addictions to shopping or gambling.

According to Andreassen and Pallesen (2014), social media addiction is defined as

"being overly concerned about social network sites (SNSs), being motivated by a strong

motivation to log on or use SNSs and spending so much time and effort on SNSs that it

impairs other social activities, research/job, interpersonal relationships, and/or

psychological health and well-being." Several factors can lead to addiction to social

media, such as neurobiology, the philosophy of self-determination (the need for

competence, autonomy, and connectedness), personality traits (neuroticism,

conscientiousness, narcissism, etc.), cognition (automatic thoughts, self-esteem),

learning (reinforcement, social learning), community, etc.

With the advancement of information technology in recent decades, especially

with the rapid proliferation of Internet-based social media, the ways of interpersonal

communication have changed dramatically. The ubiquitous social media platforms and
easy access to the Internet create the potential for addiction to social media, namely,

the irrational and excessive use of social media to the extent that it interferes with other

aspects of everyday life. According to Balakrishnan & Shamim (2013) that many studies

have shown that the signs of addiction to social media may be manifested in physical

and emotional responses, attitude, perception, and interpersonal and psychological

issues. Several research on the use of social media and mental wellbeing have shown

that the extended use of social media such as Facebook is positively related to mental

health issues such as stress, anxiety and depression and is negatively linked to long-

term well-being says Malik & Khan (2015).

Correlating to the pervasiveness with the utilization of social media, it has come

to a point that the avid users of these networks are now known for its name as

“netizens” which is a combination of the word’s “net” and “citizen”. This predominantly

designates a person and/or group of people who are actively participating in the online

societies to stay updated with regards to the latest happening inside a virtual

community. In keeping with the notion, Tripathi (2017) deliberated that most of the youth

netizens enthusiastically share an extremely open environment where different types of

emotions are mainly highlighted such as adoration, hatred, aggression, and even

violence. He also explained that most teenagers are now prone to a violent virtual space

where harsh judgments are being disseminated which negatively influence the behavior

among users. In addition, Irshad and Soomro (2018) established an indication that the

evolution of people under the influence of social media has contributed to performing

fraud and other immoral acts under online activities involving the presence of identity

theft.
 In consonance with the depicting idea, prevalence of the various social media

sites widely influences the brain’s role of the users making them more addicted to

engage in this activity. With the captivating presence of entertainment through the use

of photos, videos, messages, and thoughts surfing online, the time being consumed is

almost performed through its manipulation without noticing it at all. In relation with this,

frequent social media usage may lead to widespread reaction across the reward center

of the human brain within the nervous system. Based on the study done by the

Association for the Psychological Science (2016), when the teen users are receiving

numerous likes and compliments from the social media, the reward center of the brain

called nucleus accumbens lights up. This involves the subjective “fondness” reactions to

some pleasurable events and positive stimuli. With the excessive engagement, this kind

of episode can prepare the brain to release too many rewarding chemicals such as

dopamine, same conception to taking drugs, being shopaholic, and gambling.

Furthermore, they also explained that it may lead to a complication due to the thought of

when someone uses social media frequently, the more they come to expect and

necessitate this conformity effect in order to feel happy and satisfied.

Depression/Anxiety

Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and

loss of interest which is also subjected as major depressive disorder that generally

affect how individuals think, feel and behave.According to Primack, Shensa, Escobar,

Barrett, Sidani, Colditz, and James (2017), the use of social media platforms have

proved that it is interdependent towards the symptoms associated with depression due

to its harmful contributing factors to humans. On the other hand, anxiety is how bodies
respond to stress and it is a feeling of fear or apprehension about what is yet to come,

and it can be due to the occurrence of online societal settings. Rector, Laposa, Kitchen,

Bourdeau, and Massiah (2016) deliberated that a health condition called anxiety can be

normally experienced by all types of ages especially to youth. However, it can be

considered alarming if it already causes distress and the cognitive/behavioral symptoms

show persistency and severity in one’s life to the point that it adversely affects his/her

will to focus on important matters.

Social media is a big contributor to one’s body-image in a technology-equipped

society wherein countless modern-day activities take place in the online environment

finding it more difficult to detach the media or superficial view from individuals’ authentic

selves. As claimed by Hanna, Ward, Seabrook, Jerald, Reed, Giaccardi, and Lippman

(2017), Facebook, one of the widely used social media platforms, has positive and

negative influences on well-being. One of those adverse factors is manifested by social

comparison and self-objectification which result in lack of self-esteem, body shaming,

and mental health problems. Modern day youth are subjected to the need to fit in due

to social pressure, conventional beauty standards, idealistic portrayal of beauty and

insecurity. Based on the data analyzed by Anderson and Jiang (2018), although some

teens see online world as comforting, several number of them believe that sharing their

life virtually can add up to social burdens: Around four-in-ten say that they feel a lot

pressured when they are posting fine contents about them only to be seen good by the

eyes of the viewers (43%) or share random posts online that will obtain a great number

of likes and comments.It does not just forcibly alter what one look like and how

someone “decorate” their bare selves, but also how their minds perceive their temples.
Mental health is as vital as physical health. A negative body-image can lead to its

instability.

If pressure can be involuntarily implied online just by viewing something that

people cannot possess, the more it is harmful when done with will to jeopardize

somebody. Cybercrimes are rampant in the present age and the best example of this is

cyber bullying. The absence of physical interaction in virtual connections might reduce

the subconscious accountability of people to the ones they interact with online. Based

on the study examined by Whittaker and Kowalski (2015) pertaining to prevalence rates

of cyberbullying among college students, it was revealed that texting/messaging and the

posts in the news feeds manifested through social media are two of the most common

venues in performing cybercrime. It was also found out that features of the target of

cyber aggressive comments influenced perceptions of cyber bullying. People tend to be

too impulsive and brave behind the screen, that they neglect how actual lives can be

affected or influenced by their virtual decisions. As people privileged enough to

experience the benefit and convenience of technology usage, users must keep in mind

that opportunities are also responsibilities. As observed by the records of *United

Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) (2019), it was shown that online violence specifically

cyberbullying affect 70% of the youth globally and a recent poll from 15-24 years of age

coming from more than 160 countries prompted the agency’s encouragement in relation

to a series of student-led #ENDviolence Youth Talks. Starting within oneself, one must

be responsible media users for our online faces are reflections of our authentic

identities. Cyber bullying or any cybercrime in general is subjected to face constitutional

punishments and must be reprimanded at all costs.

 Though modern technology is undeniably purposeful and gives access to

countless social media platforms, its toxicity increased along with media exposure and

development. Media tend to focus more on commercialization and capacity as opposed

to the environment they provide to netizens. Leite, Silva, Bontcheva, and Scarton (2020)

explained that offensive content and toxicity are one of the common concerns of social

media platform users causing harm to mental health. The prevalence of various

networking sites has hugely promoted negative encounters relating to inadequacy of

outlooks and appearances. Thus, some active users are being careful of whom to add,

follow, and to interact with in a wide virtual environment to avoid toxicity. Based on the

data displayed by Anderson et al. (2018), it was recognized that 44% of teens declare

that they often unfriend or unfollow other people in social media that they find posting

hateful posts and sharing toxic contents. When they are asked the reasons upon doing

it so, 78% reported that most of those are creating too much drama online, while 52%

say that it is due to cyberbullying experiences.

Many studies already proved that commoditizing social status through comments

and likes is harmful to one’s mental health. This is one of the prevailing factors of its

toxicity: man’s subconscious urge to conform to the majority and seek validation from

responses to their virtual identities. According to Gallagher (2017), online individuals

were anxious if they did not obtain as many likes as they thought they would get on their

posts. They potentially have higher chances to experience anxiety or even depression

and low self-esteem in a view of the fact that they believe that nobody appreciates them

as they are. With that being said, envy and insecurity are promoted in environments

intended for entertainment, information and social interaction. Correlating with the
published article written by the PR Newswire, it was determined that there is an

approximately 40% of social media teen users who feel that their physical appearance

is criticized more strongly on social media compared to real life basis and another 40%

cited that it is way more difficult to express their thoughts and photos on these popular

media sites.

Privacy breaches are also the new norm and it is toxic how some people update

social media platforms more than actual connections that they can rely on in case

something happens. Data is valuable and can be utilized for both negative and positive

agendas. Therefore, publicizing them is subjected to be done rationally. Madden,

Lenhart, Cortesi, Gasser, Duggan, Smith, and Beaton (2013) believed that teens

nowadays display an extensive range of personal information about themselves on

social media resulting in careless transparency. This platform is built to promote

connection; however, the majority of the adolescents fully indulge themselves in a

further public approach. Knowing what to share and what to keep is a vital process to

remember. Each personal identity is better when they are not one click away. Though

one’s online selves are just one aspect of who someone is, it tells a lot about a person’s

individuality. In keeping with the notion, Sheldon, Rauschnabel, and Honeycutt (2019)

discussed that the over presence of publicity within social accounts can result in cyber

stalking and identity theft with a tendency to control and imitate others without proper

access consent and permission. Some of those who are performing this crime are

subjected to threaten/blackmail the victim in return for a greater amount of cost. This

substantially manifests a wide array of adverse impacts triggering one’s psychological

well-being.
 Truly, social media has affected the users’ lives most particularly to mental

health. Numerous cases of depression have been recorded associated with the ability of

the virtual world to manipulate personal life in an undesirable aspect. Based on the

study of Maglunog and Dy (2019), there is an inclination between the time spent surfing

in Facebook and depression level and that the activities done online have its linkage to

high chance of acquiring mental health disorders due to various triggering factors.

These contributing factors are brought by the negativities being displayed in this

platform such as posts about suicide that someone may feel less appreciated and that

ending life can be a way to escape boundary situations. Thus, Gramigna J. (2020)

explained that social media risks identified that self-harm could possibly be a great

impact of over exposure to mass media and even the threat of suicide.

Social media is versatile and broad. Every click matters. Thus, it is reprimanded

that one should be responsible media users. Empathy and righteousness can also dwell

online. Actual humans are sustaining platforms behind the screen. In consonance with

the data presented by Girolamo (2019), it was reported that the abuse of social media

has extensively increased by nearly 200% in 2018 and that it is expected to rise in the

upcoming years. According to JagWire (2019), social media use is very beneficial in

almost all sorts of things, however, being addicted to it is a big problem. Being

responsible in using the time for social media will allow everyone to gather all the

advantages with fewer consequences. In this way, social interaction and communication

only may be viewed as a safe place by more.

METHODS
Research Design

The researchers will make use of a quantitative and a descriptive type of method

in performing this study. As described by Apuke (2017), quantitative research deals with

the process of quantifying and examining provided variables in order to get the results.

It encompasses the utilization and scrutiny of various numerical data by using statistical

techniques. On the other hand, descriptive research as stated by Nassaji, H. (2015)

deals with the depiction of a certain phenomenon and its distinctive characteristics.

Hence, the data gathered may be collected in a qualitative manner however it is

oftentimes analyzed quantitatively with the presence of various schemes such as

percentages, frequencies, averages, and other statistical analyses to determine

relationships. Moreover, the two methods will be utilized as it will serve as the main

approaches for gathering factual information and evaluation of the responses of the

students involving LPU-B Senior High School Department.

Participants

The population of the aforesaid setting is 911 coming from the Senior High

School Department-Grades 11 and 12 consisting of 7 strands. The researchers

executed a calculation of sample size obtained by the Raosoft software, acquiring a

confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 5%. Based on the calculation

presented, the recommended sample size needed to be focused on shall comprise 271

participants, both male and female in order to gain a high chance of accuracy in terms

of the results. With a total of 25 sections in all strands, the researchers divided the

sample size (271) by the number of sections (25). Upon performing it, 11 students per
21 sections and another 10 students from 4 sections will be asked to take part as the

respondents to answer the distributed questionnaires.

Data Gathering Instruments

The researchers will gather the data in the study by submitting questionnaires to

several respondents in each classroom. The questionnaires will then be returned to the

researchers to observe and verify the data received from the respondents. This ensures

not only legitimate data but also a way to keep the identity of the respondents’ unknown

to the study, according to Abawi (2013).

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers had allotted vigorous time, effort, and cooperation in developing

and editing the questionnaire to serve its intended respondents. The survey contains

suitable questions modified from related research. A total of 271 questionnaires were

distributed online via Google Forms to Senior High School students of Lyceum of the

Philippines University-Batangas. Moreover, participants were given time to respond and

afterwards the researchers collected the survey questionnaires. The data gathered from

the research instrument were tallied and computed for interpretation with accordance to

the degree of approvability to each item checked by the participants.

Data Analysis

In consonance to the utilization of various analytical methods such as ranking,

weighted mean, Independent Samples Test, Post HOC Test and Variance Analysis, the
collected data measured, encoded, and proved (ANOVA). The abovementioned

instruments focused on the research objectives of the report.

Ethical Consideration

To maintain the confidentiality among the intended respondents, the researchers

provided consents which have a statement of the certain goals and nature of the study

to ensure that the answers and profiles will be kept safe with utmost responsibility in

upholding the purpose of the research. Correlating with the process, data privacy

consent forms were virtually distributed to the participants. The researchers also

submitted a letter to the principal of the Lyceum of the Philippines University-Batangas

to preserve formalities in relation with the consigned study.

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