Teknologi Teknologi Indonesia 40 (1) 2017: 44–54

Indonesia
© LIPI Press 2017

THE SUBSURFACE STRUCTURE INVESTIGATION OF

DIENG PLATEUAU, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA
BY USING THE MAGNETOTELLURIC DATA

Eddy Z. Gaffar
Research Center for Geotechnology-LIPI
Jalan Sangkuriang Bandung
gaffar@geotek.lipi.go.id

ABSTRACT
Dieng Plateau area has a geothermal energy power station with a capacity of 60 MW. Research Center for
Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) tried to expand the productive areas in Dieng to other pro-
spective areas around Dieng Plateau using the Magnetotelluric method. Magnetotelluric measurement was done by
taking path stretching from east to west and from north to south comprising of 24 locations, each with a distance of
2 to 4 km. The tools used are Phoennix MTU-5A by using two kinds of coils, namely MTC-30 for high frequency
1,000–10.000 Hz and MTC-50 for low frequencies from 0.00001 to 400 Hz. Three lines for the two-dimensional
cross section were made. From the three cross-sections, there are rocks with resistivity value of ≤32 Ωm inter-
preted as soft rock or alteration rock and Dieng volcanic rocks as cap rock. Under the cap rock, there are rocks
with resistivity value between 64–1.000 Ωm with thickness of about 1,000–2,000 meters which are interpreted as
volcanic clastic rocks and lava from Jembangan, Damar, and Ligung Formation as reservoir rocks. In the very bot-
tom rock, there are rocks with resistivity value of ≥1,000 Ωm interpreted as igneous rock which still contain heat
from the Quaternary intrusion that are not exposed at the surface and the Kumbang Formation consists of andesite
and basalt lava. The developing structure is classified as normal fault structures as seen on all of the line that make
the reservoir trap better. On the western region, namely Wanayasa area and the north west area of Mangunan,
​​ there
were rocks with the same system and structure as found on the eastern area (Dieng prospect area). Therefore, in
addition to current productive Dieng area, there are also other prospective areas in Wanayasa and Mangunan area.
Keywords: geothermal, Dieng, resistivity

ABSTRAK
Daerah Dataran Tinggi Dieng memiliki pembangkit listrik yang berasal dari panas bumi hingga 60 MW. Pusat
Penelitian Geoteknologi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) mencoba untuk berpartisipasi mengem-
bangkan daerah yang sudah berproduksi di Dieng untuk memperluas daerah prospek dengan menggunakan metode
magnetotelurik. Pengukuran magnetotelurik dilakukan dengan mengambil lintasan yang berarah timur–barat
dan utara–selatan dengan jumlah lokasi pengukuran sebanyak 24 lokasi dengan jarak dari 2 sampai 4 kilometer.
Alat yang digunakan adalah Phoennix MTU-5A dengan menggunakan dua macam koil, yaitu koil MTC-30 untuk
frekuensi tinggi 1.000–10.000 Hz dan koil MTC-50 untuk frekuensi rendah 0,00001–400 Hz. Tiga linstasan dibuat
dari 24 titik pengukuran untuk menghasilkan penampang dua dimensi. Dari penampang tahanan jenis dua dimensi
dari semua lintasan, terdapat batuan dengan tahanan jenis rendah hingga ≤32 Ωm yang ditafsirkan sebagai batuan
lunak atau batuan alterasi dan batuan Gunung Api Dieng sebagai batuan penutup. Di bawah batuan penutup ini,
terdapat batuan yang memiliki tahanan jenis antara 64–1.000 Ωm dengan ketebalan sekitar 1.000–2.000 m yang
diinterpretasikan sebagai batuan klastik gunung api dan lava dari Formasi Jembangan, Damar, dan Ligung sebagai
batuan reservoir. Batuan yang paling bawah dengan nilai tahanan jenis ≥1.000 Ωm ditafsirkan sebagai batuan beku
yang masih mengandung panas, yaitu batuan dari intrusi kuarter yang tidak tersingkap di permukaan dan Formasi
Kumbang yang terdiri atas lava andesit dan basal. Struktur yang berkembang adalah struktur sesar normal seperti
yang terlihat pada semua lintasan yang membuat perangkap reservoir menjadi lebih baik. Di wilayah barat, yaitu
di daerah Wanayasa dan Mangunan di wilayah utara, terdapat batuan dengan sistem dan struktur yang kurang
lebih sama dengan yang terdapat pada bagian timur (daerah Dieng yang prospek). Dengan demikian, selain daerah
prospek Dieng yang sudah berproduksi, terdapat juga daerah prospek lain, yaitu daerah Wanayasa dan Mangunan.
Kata kunci: panas bumi, Dieng, tahanan jenis

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INTRODUCTION
Indonesia has many resources of geothermal
energy derived from volcanic and non-volcanic
rock. Indonesia has 285 geothermal locations
with a potential total output of 28 gigawatts (GW)
of electrical energy, one of the biggest in the
world. Geothermal Power Indonesia states that
the current installed capacity is 1,341 megawatts
(MW) which puts Indonesia in the third posi-
tion in the world after United States (3,039 MW
installed capacity) and Philippines (1,904 MW).
[1]
Therefore, to develop the energy potential that
can be used as an alternative energy besides oil
and gas, more detailed researches are required.
Referring to the National Energy Road Map,
the Indonesian government is targeting that the
use of geothermal energy should be increased
from 807 MW in 2005 to 9,500 MW by the year
2025. This target is part of new and renewable
energy targets, i.e. 25% of the energy mix by
2025.[2] The development of geothermal projects
in Indonesia has been a challenge, but with the
new Law on Geothermal Energy, it is estimated
that the geothermal project progress will also be
accelerated.
PT Geodipa has already operated electricity
from geothermal energy at Dieng Plateau area
with a total capacity of 60​​ MW. However, there
is an urgent need for additional electrical power
from this area. PT Geodipa itself had carried out
research beyond existing prospect areas such as
geological and geophysical studies (gravity), but
had not carried out research for magnetotelluric in
the extension of Dieng prospect area. Therefore,
the Research Center for Geotechnology, Indo-
nesian Institutes of Sciences (LIPI), decided to
participate in helping to accelerate geothermal
development process in Indonesia by conduct-
ing geophysical research with Magnetotelluric
method. Of about 15 geothermal sites in Central
Java, only one of which is already generating
geothermal field, it is in Dieng area with a capac-
ity of 60 MW used for electricity generation.[3,4,5]
Eddy Z. Gaffar |­The Subsurface Structure...
GEOLOGY OF DIENG
PLATEAU COMPLEX
Dieng volcano complex is a volcanic arc that is
located on the backside of the northwest–south-
east Quaternary volcanic trending, including
Sundoro and Sumbing. Dieng volcanic complex
consists of two or more strato volcanoes with
the age of the Pleistocene to Holocene.[4,6] Dieng
old caldera is filled by a series of young cones,
lava domes, craters, and several lakes. Lava flow
covers a lot of plateau. Andesite volcanic activity
produces riodasite rocks.[4,6] On the surface of the
Dieng plateau, there are abundant geothermal
manifestations that could be interpreted as Dieng
geothermal prospect areas.
Volcano-stratigraphy of Dieng complex area
is divided into two parts, namely the complex of
old and young volcanic complex.[7] Dieng old
caldera volcano is indicated by the presence of
Mount Prahu formed on the age of the Pliocene
(3.6 Ma).[4,8] Later, this caldera collapsed during
the Pleistocene (before 0.5 Ma) and filled with
rocks monogenic eruptions. These monogenic
volcanoes stretch from the northwest to southeast.
The oldest caldera is Pagerkandang (0.46 Ma),
while the youngest is volcanic Saroja (0.06 Ma),
they are both dominated by phreatic eruption
products. Caldera collapsed was followed by
the formation of volcanic body known as the
Young Dieng Volcanic Complex formed by multi-
volcanic cones, such as Mount Bisma, Mount
Pakuwaja, Mount Sikidang, Butak Mountains,
Mount Petarangan, Mount Seroja, and Sikunir
Mountains. The volcanic activity in this area is
constant to the southeast with Mount Sumbing
and Mount Sundoro (younger volcano activity).
The last eruption occurred in 1979 which emit
mostly CO2 (carbon dioxide) material. Based on
the carbon and sulfur isotopes, it was interpreted
that the source of this CO2 was derived from the
mantle.[4] This condition indicates that magmatic
activity in the complex of Dieng is still active
today. Dieng geothermal field is associated with
the last oldest caldera─Upper Pleistocene age
(Pagerkandang 0.46 Ma, Pangonan─Merdada
0.37 Ma), and are assumed as mature geothermal
systems.[9]
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Stratigraphy of this area from young to old
rocks is as follows: alluvial (Qa) consisting of
gravel, sand, silt, and clay; Sundoro volcanic
rocks (Qsu) consisting of andesitic lava, breccia
flow, and pyroclastic; Sumbing volcanic rocks
(QSM) composing andesitic lava, breccia py-
roclastic, and lava; Dieng volcanic rocks (Qd)
composing andesitic lava, andesite quartz, and
clastic rocks of volcanic.[10] Alluvial fan (Qf)
with materials was resulted from the destruction
of volcanoes; Lake Deposition (Qla) composing
sand, silt, mud, and clay, local tuff; Jembangan
Volcanic Formation (Qj) composing andesite lava
and clastic rocks of volcanic, Ligung Formation
(Qtlb and Qtlc) consisting of breccia volcanoes,
claystone tuff, and sandstone tuff; Damar For-
mation (Qtd and Tpds) consisting of claystone
tufaan, volcanic breccias, sandstones, tuffs,
and conglomerates; Kalibiuk Formation (TPB)
consisting of marl and claystone with an insert
tufa sandy; Tapak Formation (Tpt) consisting of
calcareous sandstones and marl old Pliocene;
Kumbang Formation consisting of andesitic lava,
basalt, tuffs, and tuff-breccia sandy from middle
Miocene–early Pliocene. Geologic Map of the
study area is shown in Figure 1.
The temperature of hot water in the study area
range from 43°C to 61°C, with pH of 6–7, and
Figure 1. Geological Map of Dieng Plateau Area[10]
46 
conductivity between 38–78 MeV. The type of
hot water are bicarbonate, sulphate and chloride.
The hot water in the reservoir based on the rela-
tive composition of the relative Cl-Li-B from four
different reservoirs indicates the temperatures of
the reservoir between 225°C and 300°C.[11] From
Radiometric age data and petrology, magma from
Dieng area can be divided into three types of
events that reflect the composition of the pre-
caldera ≥1 million years ago, forming the caldera
between 0.3 to 0.4 million years ago and the
youngest after 0.27 million years ago. These data
indicate that in this area there are different magma
sources.[12] Dieng prospect area is dominated by
high temperatures, water dominance reservoir in
Sileri which is estimated to produce electricity of
up to 190 MW.[13] Productive zones in geothermal
reservoirs are in the sequence of volcanic rocks
on the bottom and microdiorite intrusion.[13]
Simulation of the temperature in the wellbore
DNG-7 and DNG-9 shows that the temperature
reaches 300°C at 500 meters above sea level and
the simulation of the distribution layer G at 100
meters above sea level in the region of Sileri and
spreads towards the southeast Sileri.[14] The heat
source of the Dieng prospect area is the magma
from Holocene volcanic activity and is estimated

to be at a depth of 5,000–10,000 meters.[15] The
prospects of the Dieng Plateau area is expected
to generate electric energy to 350 MW.[16]
METHODOLOGY
Magnetotelluric (MT) method is a method of
electromagnetic (EM) to determine the subsur-
face resistivity structure by measuring the electric
field of passive components (E) and magnetic (H)
nature that change with time. The electromagnetic
field has a frequency range with frequency band
that is able to remotely investigate from depths
of several tens of meters to tens of thousands of
meters below the Earth’s surface. The lower the
selected frequency, the deeper the penetration
will be.
Sources of high frequency EM fields (> 1 Hz)
comes from the thunder and lightning activity
occurring in the Earth’s atmosphere as a whole
(the whole world). Sources of EM field of low
frequency (<1 Hz) comes from microwaves
(micropulsation) due to the interaction between
the solar particles (solar wind) with the Earth’s
magnetic field. EM microwave field period
ranges from the order of hours, days to the year.
MT measurements in the Dieng research area
were performed at 24 points which are scattered
on the three lines, one line from east to west (D1
to D8) and two lines from north to south (D9 to
D16 and D17 to D24) of Dieng Plateau Complex
to the area (Figure 2). Measurements were made
using two units of MTU-5A Phoenix System. EM
wave measurements was carried out on average
between 17.00 until 07.00 local time the next
day (an average of 12 hours). At the same point,
measurements were performed with AMT (Audio
MT) method that uses high frequency of 10.000
Hz to 400 Hz in the day time and conducted for
one hour. AMT measurements were performed to
record data to a depth of 1.500 meters above the
ground, while the MT measurement capability
can be to a depth of more than 10.000 meters.
MT measurements were carried out on the night
until the next morning because the noise level is
low, especially at the time of recording data at
very low frequencies. The location of the mea-
surement point can be seen in the image below.
Research magnetotelluric, geochemical, and
Eddy Z. Gaffar |­The Subsurface Structure...
drilling as well as data on the temperature ramp
on other geothermal prospect areas conclude that
the upper limit of the reservoir area is located on
the resistivity value of ≥30 Ω.m.[17] Geophysical
method has physical properties that are related to
some geothermal system components. Magneto-
tellurics (MT) method uses resistivity values as
physical properties which are used to determine
the existence of a geothermal system components
like cap rock and reservoir and heat source. In this
study, the MT data processing was performed by
2D inversion process.
RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
Data recorded of MTU 5A equipment are raw
data in a time series format. The vertical axis
is the magnitude of the Ex, Ey, Hx, Hy, and Hz
that are the results of the recording component
of the electric and magnetic field. The horizontal
axis is the sampling time recording at the time of
collected data. Figure 3 shows an example of the
raw data field. The raw data record seemed very
good, while there were several data which is not
ideal, the noise effects could be minimized by
using SSMT 2.000, MT Editor and Win GLink
software to produce good result. The position
of line one to three can be seen in the following
figure (Figure 2). Point D8 is located at the high-
est contour around 2.100 meters above sea level
in the vicinity of the Dieng prospect area, while
D16 is at the lowest point located at about 1.000
meters above sea level.
Based on Gaffar,[18] there are three apparent
resistivity chart patterns as the vertical axis to the
horizontal axis as the frequency as depicted in
the diagram below, the first pattern is represented
by point 3 (Figure 4) that starts with a resistivity
value which is quite high, about 100 Ohm-m
and then decreases to 20 Ohm-m at frequency of
1,000 Hz. Then, it increases steadily up to 1,000
Ohm-m at frequency of 0.1 Hz and from 0.1 Hz
to 0.01 Hz decrease up to 10 Ohm-m. The pattern
of apparent resistivity values is increasing at a
frequency of 0.1 Hz and then decreasing, it is a
phenomenon called the “dead band” at the equator
where the signal at a frequency of 0.1 is so small
that it is not a pattern chart with resistance values
of actual natural kinds. In the next process, the
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 Teknologi Indonesia 40 (1) 2017

Note: Yellow colors indicate magnetotelluric line, D 01 Indicates measurement point.

Figure 2. Magnetotelluric Measurement Locations
Magnitude of Ex, Ey, Hx, Hy and Hz

ng
Time Samplin

Note: Vertikal axis were magnitude of electricity component (Ex and Ey) and magnetic component (Hx, Hy, and Hz), meanwhile
horizontal axis was time sampling.
Figure 3. Magnetotelluric Raw Data of Site D-22

value of the “dead band” pattern will be lowered
by following the chart pattern before and after
to get the value of the actual apparent resistivity
at a frequency of 0.01 Hz. The second pattern is
represented by point 1 (Figure 5) that starts with
a low value of resistivity of about 10 Ohm-m
and decreases up to 1 Ohm-m at a frequency
of 1 Hz. The subsequent increases steadily until
50 Ohm-m at a frequency of 0.01 Hz. The third
pattern is represented by the measurement at

48 
 Eddy Z. Gaffar |­The Subsurface Structure...

Figure 4. Results of Measurement at Point 3 (Resistivity as Y axis and Frequency as X axis)

Figure 5. Results of Measurement at Point 1 (Resistivity as Y axis and Frequency as X axis)

point 6 (Figure 6) that starts with a low value of
resistivity of about 10 Ohm-m which increases
sharply to 100 Ohm-m at a frequency of 1,000
Hz. It decreases up to 8 Ohm-m at a frequency of
10 Hz and increases again up to 10,000 Ohm-m at
a frequency of 0.01 Hz. The depth of a particular
signal in MT can be calculated using the follow-
ing equation below:
ρ ,
δ = 503
where δ isf the skin depth in meter and f is the
frequency of the signal. Skin depth for site D-01

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Figure 6. Results of Measurement at Point 6 (resistivity as Y axis and frequency as X axis)

Figure 7. Chart of Rho App. and Phase Versus Frequency with TE and TM Calculated and Observed of Site D-02

on frequency 0,1 Hz is 5,000 meters. Therefore, it
is enough to get the data until 0,01 Hz to describe
the hot rock.
The researcher did fitting process for TE and
TM data between observed and calculated data
in order to make the calculated and observed
data closer. The results of the fitting processed
could be seen in the graph between resistivity
app. and phase versus frequency in the figure 7.
After fitting data processed, the researcher run
inverse process with Win GLink Software.
Resistivity contours profile 1 (Figure 8) is the
result of inversion using the number of iteration
120 times the RMS error of 4,55% and amount
to 1239,5 roughness. Resistivity contour profile
2 (Figure 9) is the result of inversion using the
number of iteration as much as 134 times the

50 
 Eddy Z. Gaffar |­The Subsurface Structure...

Figure 8. The Cross-section of 2-dimensional Resistivity of Line 1

Figure 9. The Cross section of 2- dimentional Resistivity of Line 2

RMS error of 3.235% and amount to 576.6
roughness.
Resistivity contour profile 3 (Figure 10) is
an inversion using the number of iteration as
much as 132 times the RMS error of 3.677%
and amount to 437.4 roughness.
All 24 of measurements in Dieng area consist
of three lines. Line 1 is measurements from D1
to D8 (east–west line), line 2 is measurements
from D9 to D16 (north–south line), and line 3
is measurements from D17 to D24 (north–south
line).
Line 1 starts from Dieng Prospect area toward
Wanayasa (Figure 8). Penetration was done with a
depth of 8,000 meters below sea level and enough
to indicate the hot rock. Rock with resistivity
value of ≤32 Ω.m (red to yellow) is conductive
rocks, located on the west and east at depths up

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 Teknologi Indonesia 40 (1) 2017
Figure 10. The cross section of 2-dimentional of line 3
to 5,000 meters from the surface. At the center of
this line, the conductive rock looks thin around
point D 3. These conductive rocks are interpreted
as soft rocks, alteration rocks, and Dieng volcanic
rocks. Rock with resistivity value of between 32
Ω.m–1,000 Ω.m (green to blue) is a reservoir
rock, interpreted as the product of volcanic rocks
from Jembangan Volcano. The reservoir rock has
a thickness of up to 2,000 m in the western and
eastern parts and very thick in the middle of the
line. Rocks with resistivity value ≥1,000 Ω.m
(blue to dark blue) which are resistive rocks as
heat source, located on the west and east at a
depth of 5,000–11,000 m from the surface. At the
center of the line 1, resistive rock is visible up to
a depth of 1,000 m above the ground. The heat
source rocks are a Quaternary intrusion that is not
exposed at the surface and Kumbang Formation
consists of andesite and basalt lava. Resistivity
pattern of the line 1 is divided into three parts that
are western, central, and eastern patterns. The
developing structure is normal fault structures
as seen on the line 1 that make the reservoir trap
better. Eastern region of the prospect area Dieng
is already generating electrical energy as much
as 60 MW. In the western area (area Wanayasa),
there is also a pattern and structure which is
similar to the eastern area, meaning that the
Wanayasa area can also become the prospect area
for expansion of the existing Dieng prospects.
52 
Line 2 begins from D9 to D16 (Figure 9).
The penetration depth is 8 km below sea level.
Rocks with resistivity value of ≤32 Ω.m (red to
yellow) is conductive rocks, located on the north
and south at depth up to 4000 m from the surface.
At the center of this line, the conductive rocks
look thin between points D 12 and D 13. These
conductive rocks are interpreted as soft rock,
alteration rock and Dieng volcanic rocks. Rock
with resistivity value between 32 Ω.m–1,000 Ω.m
(green to blue) is a reservoir rock, interpreted as
the product of volcanic rocks from Jembangan
Volcano. The reservoir rock has a thickness of
up to 2,000 m.
As can be seen from Figure 9, the middle
area consists of a very thick reservoir rock of up
to 8,000 m. Rocks with resistivity value ≥1,000
Ω.m (blue to dark blue) are considered as resistive
rocks interpreted as heat source, located at a depth
of 2,500 m from the surface in the north and 6,000
m from surface in the south. The heat source
rocks are Quaternary intrusion that is not exposed
at the surface; Kumbang Formation consists of
andesite and basalt lava; Damar Formation; and
Ligung Formation.
Resistivity pattern of the line 2 is divided into
three parts, namely western, central, and eastern
patterns. The developing structure is normal fault
as seen on the line 2 that make reservoir trap

Figure 11. 2-D cross section of all line in pseudo 3D
better. The north area (Mangunan area) also has
a similar pattern and structure to the eastern part
of the line 1. It means that the Mangunan area
can be prospect area for expansion of the existing
Dieng prospect.
Line 3 starts from D17 to D24 (Figure 10).
Penetration depth was 10 km below sea level.
Rocks with resistivity value of ≤32 Ω.m (red to
yellow) are conductive rocks, located on the north
and south at depths up to 2,500–5,000 m from the
surface. At the center of this track, the conductive
rocks look thicker between points D 19 and D
21. These conductive rocks are interpreted as
soft rocks, alteration rocks, and Dieng volcanic
rocks. Rocks with resistivity value of between
32–1,000 Ω.m (green to blue) are reservoir rocks,
interpreted as the product of volcanic rocks from
Jembangan Volcano. The reservoir rock has a
thickness of up to 3,000 m, while it looks thin up
to 2,000 m in the center. Rocks with resistivity
value ≥1,000 Ω.m (blue to dark blue) are resistive
rocks interpreted as heat source, present in all
cross sections beginning with a depth of 5,000
m below sea level. The heat source rocks are a
Eddy Z. Gaffar |­The Subsurface Structure...
Quaternary intrusion that is not exposed at the
surface; Kumbang Formation that consists of
andesite and basalt lava; Damar Formation; and
Ligung Formation. The developing structure is
considered as normal fault.
2D cross-section of all line can be seen in
block diagram. It seems that all areas have cap
rock, reservoir, and heat source and also normal
fault that make better reservoir trap and becomes
the path for fluids to go up the surface. It is found
that the Wanayasa and the Mangunan geothermal
prospect area have similar system with Dieng
existing geothermal area. It means that they can
be prospect areas for expansion of the existing
Dieng prospect (Figure 11).
CONCLUSION
From the two dimensional resistivity cross-
section of all of the lines, there are low resistivity
rocks (≤32 Ωm rock) that are interpreted as cap
rocks consisting of soft rocks, alteration rocks,
and Dieng volcanic rocks; medium resistivity
rocks (32–1,000 Ωm) which are interpreted as
reservoir rocks consist of volcanic clastic rocks,
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 Teknologi Indonesia 40 (1) 2017
and lava from Jembangan, Damar, and Ligung
Formation; and high resistivity rocks (≥1,000
Ωm) are interpreted as hot source rocks consist-
ing of Quaternary intrusion rock that are not
exposed at the surface and Kumbang Formation
that consists of andesite and basalt lava.
The geology structure is normal fault as can
be seen on all of the lines that make the trap
reservoir better and becomes the path for fluids
to go up the surface. The western area of line 1
(Wanayasa) and northern area in line 2 (Mangu-
nan) are alternative areas to extend Dieng Plateau
complex area.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research was conducted by the Research
Center for Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute
of Sciences (LIPI). Therefore, the researcher
would like to thank PT Geodipa Energy for
the permission to get MT acquisition in the PT
Geodipa Energy area. Likewise, he would like
to thank his colleagues who have helped in field
data collection and processing, among others,
Mr. Yayat Sudrajat and Sunardi.
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