Negombo Lagoon Book With Cover Page

ó.
uq l,mq igk
ó.uq l,mqfõ iS-maf,aka jHdmD;shg tfrysj

ck;dj osh;al, iudc jHdmdrfha .;slhka
cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrh
[1]
ëjr iyfhda.s;d
m%ldYk wxl: 34
ó.uq l,mq igk
ó.uq l,mqfõ iS-maf,aka jHdmD;shg tfrysj

m%ldYKh ( cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrh

wxl 10" u,aj;a; mdr" ó.uqj'
ÿrl:k ( ¬ 94 31 2239750
*elaia ( ¬ 94 314 870658
ISBN wxlh ( 978-955-8103-19-7
m%:u uqøKh ( 2013 fkdjeïn¾ 21
ljrh ks¾udKh ( rêld .=Kr;ak
uqøKh ( wl=r uqøK Ys,amsfhda iy m%ldYlfhda
263" Ydka; fcdaYma ùÈh" ó.uqj'
ÿrl:k 031-2233826
[2]
ó.uq l,mq igk
ó.uq l,mqfõ iS - maf,aka jHdmD;shg tfrysj
ixialdrl uKav,h
m%Odk ixialdrl : y¾uka l=udr
iyh ixialdrl uKav,h :
1. finia;shka úkaikaÜ m%kdkaÿ" YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkh, ó.uqj
2. kd,l frdihsfrda, cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrh, ó.uqj
3. m%ekaisia m%shxlr fldia;d, cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrh, ó.uqj
4. m%oSma ,laisß m%kdkaÿ" cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrh, ó.uqj
5. .S;d ,lañKS m%kdkaÿ" cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrh, ó.uqj
6. oSmd iqNdIsKS lu,kdoka, YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkh, ó.uqj
7. *%ekaisia rdcka, m%cd wNs,dIS cd,h,ó.uqj
8. ñ,skd l=udÍ m%kdkaÿ" YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkh, ó.uqj
9. udlia wekagks m%kdkaÿ" ó.uq l,mq ëjr ck;d ixúOdkh, msámk
wdrdê; f,aLlhka :
1. .re ir;a boaou,af.dv msh;=ud, Y%udNsudks ixioh, ,shkf.auq,a,
2. .re fIrdâ chj¾Ok msh;=ud, iuia: ,xld ëjr ck;d jD;a;Sh ix.uh, ¥j,
ó.uqj
3. .re f;dauia fldÉfÉß msh;=ud, f,dal ëjr ck;d iïfï,kh, flar,h,
bkaoshdj
4. .re wEka fmf¾rd meúos fidhqrsh, Y=Ojq mjqf,a meúos fidhqrsfhda, lgqkdhl
5. fu,ks udfk,a fmf¾rd fukúh, wdishdkq m%jD;a;s cd,h, lmqj;a;, cd-we,
6. ì%fgda m%kdkaÿ uhd, rhsÜ gq ,hs*a ixúOdkh, lgqkdhl
7. icSj pdñlr uhd, mdßißl ixrCIK Ndrh, jg mdr, kqf.af.dv
8. f*%ã l%siafgd .uf.a uhd, ómqr mqj;a m;, ó.uqj
9. fudfyduâ w,s Yd uhd, f,dal ëjr ck;d iïfï,kh, lrÉÑ, mlsia:dkh
10. ik;a nõñla uhd, vld, nx.,dfoaYh
11. iaàõ we,aiagka uhd, ,kavka, tlai;a rdcOdksh
[3]
mgqk
01' ye¢kaùu :''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''y¾uka l=udr
1'1 N+ñh" c,h yd jkdka;r we;=¿ iajdNdúl iïm;a ck;djf.a wkq,x>kSh whs;shls
1'2 iajdNdúl iñm;a u.ska wdydr"/lshd Ôjk ud¾. iemhSu
1'3 iajdNdúl iïm;a foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdihkag yd wdmod je,lSug m%;spdrhla f,i
02' rg h<s f.dvke.Sfï mYapd;a iqkdñ ixj¾Ok ls%hdoduh 2005-2009''''.S;d ,laïKs

2'1 fhdacs; há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh yd ck;dj wj;eka lsÍu - *%ekaisia rdcka
03' mYapd;a hqO ixj¾Ok ls%hdoduh -2009 isg wo olajd'''''''''''''''''''''m%shxlr fldaia;d
3'1 ixpdrl l<dm f.dvke.Su
3'2 uyd mßudK k.r l,dm f.dvke.Su
3'3 wêfõ.S ud¾. f.dv ke.Su'
3'4 .DydYS%; / cd;Hka;r .=jka f;dgqm<j,a f.dvke.Su'
3'5 id.r iïm;a ëjrhdg wysño? ;%Sl=Kdu,h mfrú ¥m; ixrlaIK l,dmh
04' ó.uq l,mqfõ iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh ixpdrl ie,eiafï m%Odk wx.hla f,i
kd,l frdihsfrda
4'1 h<s mqnqouq Y%S ,xld" rg fmrg yd uyskao Ñka;kh ;=,ska ó.uqjg meñKs c,pr .=jka
hdkd
4'2 uyskao Ñka;kh ^2005& ;=, ixpdrl jHdmdrfha .ukau.
05'ó.uq l,mq iS-maf,aka wr.,fha Èk igyka''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''y¾uka l=udr
ó.uq iS-maf,aka wr.,fha igkaldó;ajh
5'1 ó.uq l,mq igfka oskfmd;
5'2 kS;sfha msysg m;uqo@ ck;djf.a Yla;sh u; úYajdih ;nuqo@
5'3 lf;da,sl mshjrekaf.a ueosy;aùu
5'4 khslkafoa idlÉPdj } ëjr ck;d kdhlhkaj ñ,g .ekSug .;a W;aidyhka
5'5 k.r iNd Yd,dj ;=< igfka ;sj%;djh Yla;su;a ùu yd wr.,h ch.%yK udj;g
wj;S¾K ùu
5'6 l,mq igfka ;SrKd;aulNdjh( wms wfma osú mroqjg ;nd l,mq wïud úkdYfhka
.,jd.;suq
5'7 wr.,fha ch.%dyS ;SrKd;aul woshr uymdf¾oS fírd.;af;uq
6 ëjr ldka;djkaf.a ;SrKd;aul ueosy;a ùu''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''finia;shka úkaikaÜ

6'1 bkaødKs m%kdkaÿ - ;,d¥j
6'2 koSYdks ,lañKS - lfvd,alef,a
6'3 fïß YsrdKs - lfvd,alef,a
6'4 f.%agd m%kdkaÿ - uqkaklalrh
6'5 fïß l=iqud - isrsj¾Ok fmfoi
6'6 f.a%ia ueá,avd - lfvd,a lef,a
6'7 ks¾u,d m%kdkaÿ - uqkaklalrh
[4]
07' ëjr kdhlhkaf.a ;SrKd;aul odhl;ajh ''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' finia;h
s ka õkaikaÜ
7'1 wreK frdIdka; - msámk ùosh

7'2 ksu,a úhdks - fi;a;mamdvqj
7'3 ksfrdaIka m%kdkaÿ - uqkk
a lalrh
7'4 rxcs;a m%kdkaÿ - lemqkaf.dv
7'5 fcdaYma mSg¾ - W;=re msámk
08. ó.uq l,mq iS}maf,aka wr.,fha kshuqjkaf.a u;l igyka
8'1 YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkh - oSmd iqNdISKS lu,kdoka

8'2 m%.;sYS,s mQcl ix>h - ir;a boaou,af.dv msh;=ud
8'3 meúos fidhqßhkaf.a iydh - wEka fmf¾rd mejos fidhqßh
8'4 udkj ysñlï ixúOdk - ì%fgda m%kdkaÿ
8'5 mdßißl ixúOdk - icSj pdñlr
8'6 l,mq igk udOH ls%hdldÍka f.a weiska - fu,ks udfk,a m%kdkaÿ iy f*%ã ls%if
a gd .uf.a
09. ;SrKd;aul ch.%yKfhka miq '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''y¾uka l=udr
9'1 ëjr kdhlhka w;a wvx.=jg .ekSu

9'2 ó.uq k.r iNd Pkaoh
9'3 ëjr kdhlhkag Ôú; ;¾cK
9'4 ëjr jD;a;sh iñ;sh f.dvke.Su
10. wdishd;sl ck;d wr.,hka iy ch.%yKhka i|yd ck;d ls%hdldÍ;ajhka

10'1 bkaoSh ëjr ck wr.,h- f;dauia fldÉfÉß msh;=ud
10'2 nx.,dfoaY ëjr ck wr.,h- ik;a nõñla
10'3 mlsia;dk ëjr ck wr.,h- fudfyduâ w,s Yd
11' ixpdrl l¾udka;fha f.da,Sh m%jk;djhka yd m%cd uQ,sl ixpdrl l¾udka;hla i|yd fhduq
ùfï wjYH;djh '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''iaàõ we,siagka
12' ó.uq l,mqfõ fyg oji @''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ,laisrs m%kdkaÿ
13' miq jokla''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''y¾uka l=udr
weuqKqï(
1' udOH u.ska isoql, úúO m%pdrKhka
2' ixpdrl l,dm 45
3' wdrOkd ,smsh
4' {dKd¾: m%§mh l;=jelsh
5' fld<U moúfha lf;da,sl mshjreka ckdêm;sg hejQ ,smsh
[5]
1 mßÉfÊoh
ye¢kaùu(
wms iS-maf,aka wr.,h ms<sn|j ,sÅ; igykla ;eîug woyia lf,a wehs@
fuh ó.uq l,mqj úkdY uqLfhka .,jd .;a ñksiqkaf.a yd .eyeKqka ms,sn|j Tjqkaf.a
y`äkau lshk ft;sydisl l;djhs' ixj¾Okh kñka isÿlsÍug .;a úkdYldÍ;ajfhka
l,mqj fírd .ekSug ó.uqfõ wNS; ck;djf.a;a" Tjqkag iydh jQ ixúOdk" wd.ñl
kdhlhska" udOH lKavdhï jD;a;slhskaf.a odhl;ajh igyka lr ;eîuhs'
ck;dj ;u oyäfhka l÷,ska yd oeä wêIaGdkfhka ó.uq l,mqj /l.ekSug .;a
W;aidyh Tjqkaf.au jpkfhka wkd.; mrïmrdjkag oek.ekSug ,sÅ; igykla
;eîug fukau úúO mqoa.,hska úiska cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.S;djhg wLKavju lrk ,o
b,a,Su u;" fuu m%h;akhg iDcqj odhl fkdjqk;a fuu ch.%yKfha wdiajdoh ú|
.ekSug leu;s ish,a,kag tys oS ck;dj oelajQ wNS; ls%hdldÍ;ajhka Tjqka i;=j ;snQ
igkaldó cSj.=Kh yd lemùu;a w;a fkdyer igka lsÍfï Yla;sh;a igyka lr
;eîug ;SrKh lrk ,oS'
tfukau fï i|yd wm fmd<Ujk ,o m%Odku lreKq folla úh' wm ish,a,ka okakd

mßos mrdch wjcd;l jqj;a ch.%ykhg mshjre oyia .Kkla neúka miqld,Skj fuu
ch.%yKfha ienE Wreulrejka mfil isáhoS ch.%yKhg Wreulï lSug úúO
n,j;==ka ks¾,cacs;j W;aidy .;af;ah' ch.%yKhg cSú;h lemlr l,mqj fírd
.ekSug iQodkïjQ kdhlhska fukau igkg mkakrh oSug w;awvx.=jg m;aj jir
.kkdjla Widú .sh kdhlhska yd l,mq igkg kdhl;ajh oSu ksid md,lhskaf.a iDcq
;¾ckhg ,lajQ kdhlhska isáhoS" fuu ch.%yKh ;ukaf.a ymkalula hehs ;ukag
wjk; udOH u.ska lshjd .ekSug .;a W;aidyhg ck;dj ,jdu ms<s;=re oSu bka
m%Odku lreK jkafkah'
fojekak" fuh rfÜ mej;s NSIKldÍ ;%i; a jdohg tfrys hqoaOh yudr lr rfÜ
ixj¾Okh i|yd jk hqoaOh wdrïN l,nj m%ldYlrñka rch rgmqrd uyfmdf<dj"
uyuqyqo" jkdka;r" ¥m;a" jeõ wdoS ish¿u wdldrfha iajdNdúl iïm;a fld,a,hlg"
ixj¾Okh kñka isÿlrk ls%hdud¾. iS>%.dój osh;a l, wjosfha fuu ixj¾Okhg
tfrysùu cSú; ;¾cKhg ,lalrk" zziqÿ jEkaZZj, hdug isÿjk ;;ajhlaj ;sìh§
ish¿ w.;s.dó;ajhkag bvoS ksyvj isàug rfÜ ck;dj ;Ska÷ l, wjÈhl fuu
wNS; igkaldó ls%hdud¾.hg t,eöug ó.uqfõ ck;djg" úfYaIfhkau YS% úuqla;s
ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkh yd ne÷kq igkaldó ldka;d kdhlhkag mej;s ffO¾hh
ms<sn|j igyka lsÍughs'
ck;dj ;ukaf.a cSjk ud¾.hka wysñlrk jHdmD;Ska j,oS lsis÷ pls;hlska f;drj
cSú;h mrÿjg ;nñka igka lsÍug iQodkï nj ó.uq l,mq igfkaoS ëjr ck;dj
Tmamqlr fmkajk ,oS' fuh jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka W;=f¾ ck;dj ye`vjQ Nhxlr wdhqO
ksy`vù" jirla .;jk fudfydf;a rfÜu /äl,a igkaldó msßia fujka wr., j,g
wj;S¾K ùug fkdyelsj hqO ch.%ykfha isrlrejka njg m;aù ksy`vj isák
[6]
fudfyd;l rfÜu ck;dj wjoslrñka osh;a l, wr.,h ft;sydisl neúka th igyka
lr fkd;nkafka kï thg odhljQ msßig lrk wj;lafiarejlau jkafkah'
kuq;a" fuu igyk ;eîu l, hq;af;a flfiao? wm h<s;a fuu igkaldó lKavdhu
talrdYS lr.kafka flfiao? ó.uq l,mqjg wo t,a,ù we;s ;¾ck ch .ekSug tod
fukau wmg kej; tl;=ùug fuu n,fõ. wmj fmd,Ujk kuq;a" wms wo fnoS fjkaù
isáuq' ó.uq l,mqj /l .ekSug tlaj igka l, ck msßi yd tl fïihl jdäù rdcH
ks<OdÍka iu. m%YaKhla idlÉPd lsÍu m%;slafIam lsÍug ;rï wms fnoS úisÍ
we;af;uq' iudch mqrd m;=rejd we;s NGO ms<sn| NS;sldj ch.ekSug fkdyelsj 2010
fkdjeïn¾ udifhaoS;a wms fnoS" fjkaù isáhd kï ó.uq l,mqjg wo w;aùug kshñ;j
;snQ brKu h<s is;d n,k wjia:djla njg m;alr .ekSug fuu igyk ;eîug
wdrdOkdl, ish,a,kagu wms wjia:djla i,id ÿksuq' tneúka wms fufia fuu igyk
ish,a,kaf.a iduQysl m%h;akhla f,i ;eîu ;=,ska ó.uq l,mq wr.,hg odhljQ ieug
f.!rjhla fukau Yla;shlao imhuq' rfÜ ëjrhkaf.a bosß.uk Yla;su;a lrk
l%shdud¾.hla njg m;alr .ekSug fuu ,sÅ; igykg yelsjkafka kï th ó.uq
ëjr ck;djg mukla fkdj rfÜu iudc jHdmdrhkays Yla;shg fya;=jla jkq we;'
iS-maf,aka wr.,h ch.ekSfï fuu igyka ;eîu u.ska wms bosßm;a lsÍug wfmalaId
lrkafka uyuqyqo iy c,h fld,a,lEu u.ska ck;djf.a /lshd wysñùug fukau
csjk ud¾. wysñùug iDcq n,mEula isÿlrkafka flfiao hkak;a tfiau jl%j
mßirhg isÿlrk n,mEu;a foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdihkag yd wdmodjkag md;%ùfï
yelshdj;a igyka lr ;eîu;ah'
iS-maf,aka igk ms<sn| fuu igyk ;eîu u.ska wm wfmalaId lrk ;j;a lreKla
jkafka fuu wr.,h ëjr ck;djf.a hym; i|yd oelajQ odhl;ajh fukau" fujka
wr.,hkag ueosjQ ;j;a mSä; ck;djf.a wr.,hkag oelajQ W;af;ackh o" tfukau
mSä;hkaf.a cSjk ud¾. yd Tjqkaf.a cSú; iqrlaIs; lsÍug odhljQ wdldrh igyka
lsÍughs'
kuq;a" fuys ienE jeo.;alu ;j;a jeäjkqfha fuu wr.,h osh;a l, jgdmsgdjhs'
fuh yqfola m%cd;ka;%jdoS rdcHhl ck;dj ;u b,a,Sï oskd .ekSug .;a m%h;akhla
f,i ye¢kaúh fkdyel' m%cd;ka;%jdofha uQ,slu ,laIKhlajk úixjdohg we;s
bvlv yels,sh yels Wmßu iSudjg yl=,d oud we;s md,lhka" tA i|yd .kakd
m%h;akhka Wmßufhka úkdY lrñka we;s wjêhl" udOH Ndú;h Wmßufhka iSudlr
m%uqL udOHfõoSka >d;kh lr ;j;a fndfyda msßila rg yer f.dia fyda w;=reoyka lr
we;s wjêhl isú,a l%shdldß;ajhka rg fnoSfï m%h;akhka f,i yd ;%ia;jdohg
iyhjk ngysr l%uka;%K yd vhiafmdard l,a,sj, l%uka;%K f,i w¾:l:kh lrñka
u¾Okh lrk jgdmsgdjl rfÜ W;a;Í;r kS;sh yd kS;sfha wdêm;Hh tys m,a,gu
weo oud we;s iuhl" rfÜ md,kh md¾,sfïka;=fõ n,h 2/3 f,i l=uKa;%KldÍj
w;am;a lrf.k ;snQ iuhloS fuu wr.,h osh;a lsÍug ó.uq ck;djg yelsùuhs'
[7]
fuu ;SrKd;aul ch.%yKh ,sÅ;j igyka lsÍu u.ska wm fmkajdfok ;j;a jeo.;a
lreKla jkafka ck;djf.a lemùu yd ffO¾hh ;=,skq;a wjika ch.%yKh f;lau
iajd¾:h mfil,d wLKavj osh;a l, ldka;djkaf.a ;SrKd;aul ueosy;aùfukq;a fuu
ch.%yKh oskd.ekSuhs. tfiau ksjeros oelaula ;=, fufyhjk kdhl;ajhlska yd
igkaldó;ajfhka wr., osh;a lr ch.%yKh oskd.; yelsnj wmg ukdj mila
lrhs'
fuu m%ldYKh u.ska hqO ch.%yKfhka miqj 2010 § foaYmd,k mCI fíohlska
f;drj isÿlrk ,o iduqySl ck;d wr.,h ms,sn|j igyka lruq' isú,a iudc wr.,
b;sydifha iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh l,mqfjka bj;alsÍfï ch.%yKh fndfyda isú,a
l%shdldß;ajhkag uy;a W;af;ackhla imhk ,oS' fï ms,snoj fndfyda ljhka ;=,
idlÉPdjg .ekqkq w;r foaYmd,k mlaI w;r mjd ixjdo lrk ,oS'
fuu m%h;akh u.ska wms wfmalaId lrkqfha ó.uq l,mq wr.,fha isysjgk icSùj
mj;ajd .ksñka mq¿,aj iudc .; lsÍug;a ó.uqfõ b;sydih h,s f.dvk.ñka
wkd.; mrïmrdjkag Wreu lrÿka ó.uq l,mqj /l.ekSug cSú; mrÿjg ;nñka
isÿl, mß;Hd.hkq;a isysjgkhla f,i odhdo lsÍug;ah.
1'1 N+ñh" c,h yd jkdka;r ck;djf.a wkq,x>kSh whs;shls

N+ñh" c,h yd jkdka;r ck;djf.a wkq,x>kSh whs;shlska hq;= iïm;afõ' fuh
jvd;a jeo.;a jkafka rgu fmdaIKh lrk f.dùka i;= N+ñh" ëjrhdg Wreuúh hq;=
uyuqyqo" l,mqj" jej fukau jkdka;r wdYS%;j cSú;h .eg .id.kakd wdoSjdiS
ck;djf.ka fuu iïm;a Wÿrd .ekSug rchla fyda rdcH wkq.%yh we;sj fm!
oa.,sl jHdmdßlhkag yqÿ ,dNh Wfoid fuu iïm;a ixj¾Okfha kdufhka mjrdoSug
W;aidy .kakd úghs'
“uyrc" fï rfÜ iïm;a" N+ñh" .yfld," c,fha whs;sh we;af;a fmdf,dfõ cSj;ajk
i;ajhdg;a" wyfia mshdir lrk mlaISkag;a" c,fha jik u;aiHhkag;ah' kqU tys
Ndrlre muks.”
fï" tod ñysÿ ysñhka foajdkïmsh;siai rcqg foaYkdl, uq,au oyuhs' wms fuu
foiqug b; is;skau tl`.fjuq' ck;dj i;=úh hq;= iïm;a Tjqkaf.ka Wÿrdf.k
jHdmdßlhska i;= lsÍu lsis|q wdldrhlska nqÿ oyug kï tl`. fkdjkakla nj
lsisfjl=g;a h,s isysm;a l, hq;= ke;' fn!oaO idrO¾u .ek Wfoa yji foaYkd lrk
lsis`ÿ md,lhl=g fuhska neyerùug lsis`ÿ iodpdrd;aul whs;shla ke;' kuq;a wo th
h<s h,s;a isysm;a lsÍug isÿùu ck;djf.au wNd.Hhls' ó.uq l,mqfõoS ëjr ck;dj
h,s;a u;lalr ÿkafka fuu iod;ksl mKsjqvhhs'
[8]
1'2 iajdNdúl iïm;a u.ska wdydr" /lshd yd Ôjk ud¾. iemhSu
fuu iajdNdúl iïm;a j,g we;s Wreuh wdydr ksmojk ck;djf.ka Wÿrd.ekSu
u.ska wdydr ksmoùug we;s yelshdj wysñlrk w;ru c, iïm; iSud lrñka
ck;djf.a fmdaIK .eg¿ W.%lrhs' jkdka;r wdYS%;j ,nd.ekSug we;s fT!IO
wysñ lsÍu u.ska ck;djf.a cSú; ;jÿrg;a wk;=rg weo ouhs' mßirh úkdY
lsÍu;a iu. ;jÿrg;a fuys cSj;a ùug we;s bvlvo wysñ lrñka iïm;a
fld,a,lEfuka wk;=rej ;j;a kejqï ìï fidhñka hEu wo y`ÿkajkafka kj
ixj¾Ok jHdmD;Ska f,isks' fuu udhdj miqmi we;s remsh,a" fvd,¾" hqfrda" fhka"
hqjdka u,qj, Wreuh n,j;=kag ysñjk w;r fuhg tfrys jkakkag ;u cSú;o
wysñ lrhs' fuh h<s h<s;a isÿùug wms bvosh hq;=o? ke; thg wms lsisfia;a bvosh
hq;= ke;' wka fndfyda ëjr ck;djf.a wr.,j,oS isÿjQjdla fuka fkdj iS-maf,aka
igfkaoS ,o úYd,u ch.%yKhla kï lsis`ÿ cSú; ydkshla fkdue;sj fuu wr.,h
ch .ekSuhs'
kuq;a ck;djg ;ukaf.a whs;sh wysñ lrkakkag tfrysj ls%hdlsÍug ffO¾hh

fkdue;s kï iïm;a iQrdlkakka w;g iïm;a ysñùu je,elaúh fkdyels nj wo
l,amsáh ¥m;a wdYS%;j isÿlrk iïm;a fld,a,h ukdj meyeos,s lr fohs' kuq;a"
ó.uq l,mqfõoS wmg mila lrÿkafka ck;dj tluq;=j igka lsÍu lsisod mrdch l,
fkdyels njhs' lsisu rdcHhlg ;ukaf.a ck;djf.a whs;sh wysñ lsÍug lsis`ÿ
iodpdrd;aul whs;shla fkdue;s w;ru lsis`ÿ jd;djrKhl tajd wysñ lsÍugo
whs;shla ke;' ish¿u ixj¾Ok jevigyka ys flakaøh ck;dj úh hq;= w;r
ixj¾Okfha lD;Ska ck;dj úh hq;=nj wms ;rfha úYajdi lruq'
ixj¾Okfha Wreulrejka jk m%cdj fkdue;sj lsisu ixj¾Okhla isÿ úh fkdyels

nj wms ;rfhau m%ldY lruq' “Without community there cannot be any
development”
1'3 iajdNdúl iïm;a foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdihkag yd wdmod je,lSug

m%;spdrhla f,i
ld,.=Ksl úm¾hdi iajdNdúl wdmod, wdmod l,uKdlrKh iy mdßißl
ixrlaIKh wo f,dj mqrd ixjdohg ,laj we;' fuh úfYaIfhkau f.da,Sh ixj¾Ok
kHdh m;%fha úfYaI ia:dkhla oskdf.k we;' tfiau iajdNdúl iïm;a iq/lSu
u.ska iajdNdúl wdmod ch.ekSug fukau tajd je,lSug;aa ld,.=Ksl úm¾hdihkag
m%;spdrhla f,iskq;a jeo.;a nj f,dju jgyd f.k we; ó.uq l,mqfõ iS-maf,aka
jHdmD;sh u.ska isÿ lsÍug kshñ;j ;snQ mdßißl úkdYh l,mq igk ch.ekSug
odhljQ fidnd ixrCIK Ndrfha icSj pdñlr fidhqrd ukdj iòyka lr we;'
úfYaIfhkau fuu.ska ëjr l¾udka;hg isÿlsÍug kshñ;j ;snQ úkdYh ëjr
kdhlhka fukau ëjr ldka;d kdhsldjkao meyeos<sj fmkajdoS we;'
uqyqÿ me,Eá j,g isÿlrk n,mEu lfvd,dk úkdYh fukau l,mq m;=, úkdY
lsÍu yd c, m%jdyhka ys fjkia lsÍï u.ska ëjr l¾udka;hg isÿlrk n,mEu
[9]
buy;ah' uq;=rdcfj, j.=reìu wdYS%; mlaISka g" u;aiH iïm;a ySk ùu wdoS lreKq
ish,a, iS-maf,aka jHdmD;shg tfrysùug ck;dj fm<UjQ lreKq w;r úh'
uv fndlal kñka ëjr m%cdj y÷kajk" l,mqfõ w;sYh iY%Sl m%foaYh ydrd úkdY
lr ó.uq l,mqjg iS-maf,aka nEug tfrysj ck;dj oelajQ úfrdaOh" woyia oelaùï
ish,a,lu igyka j we;'
fuu wr.,hg fmr isgu" lfvd,dk u.ska mßirhg bgqlrk fufyh úfYaIfhkau
iqqkdñ ld, iSudfõoS ixjdohg ,lalrk ,oS' iqkdñ jHikhg ,lajQ m%foaYhkays
lfvd,dk .yk wdYS%;j ck;dj yd foam, wdrCIdjQ wdldrh ixjdohg ,lalruq'
fï ms,sn|j isÿ lrk ixjdofha oS lfvd,dk mßirfha ldnka ;srlsÍfï m%udKh
ms,sno wOHk u.ska y÷kd f.k we;af;ao lfvd,dk .yKhl fylaghdrhl
ldnka ;srlsÍu f;;a l,dmSh jkdka;rhlska isÿlrk m%udKhg iudk njhs'
ñys;,h WKqiqï lrk yß;d.dr jdhQka(Green House gases) jdhqf.da,hg ksoyia

lsÍu foaY.=K úm¾hdihkag fya;=jk nj wo y÷kdf.k we;' fuu ;;ajh j,lajd
.ekSug yß;d.dr jdhQka m%udKh wju lsÍu ms,sn|j wo úYd, ixjdohla osh;a
lrhs' tla tla rgla jdhqf.da,hg ksoyia l,yels jdhq m%udKfha fldagdj yd fuu
m%udKh blaujd jdhq msglsÍu ioyd ;u fldagdjg wvqfjka yß;d.dr jdhQka ksl=;a
lrk rgj, we;s jkdka;r j,g uqo,a f.jd ;ukag ßisfia yß;d.dr jdhQka ksl=;a
lsÍug oshqKq f,i iïu; yd fuu jHikhg Wrfok rgj,a mshjr .ekSu tlai;a
cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh REDDiy REDD+ [Reducing Emmissisions from
Deforestration and forest Degradation] f,i wo idlÉPdjg f.k l%Shd;aul lrhs'
fuh ldnka jdhqf.da,hg uqod yeÍfuka isÿlrk ¥IKh ioyd ñ,la f.jñka ldnka
fj<ofmd,la ms,sn| ixl,amhla ;=,ska ¥Ilhdg ;u ldnka uqod yeÍu idOdrKh
lrk ls%hdj,shls'
kuq;a uydpd¾h ud,d wurisxy ó.uqj lfvd,alef,a m%foaYfha fylaghdr 13.5 l

lfvd,dk rlaIs;h wdY%S;j isÿl, wOHhkhlska fy,slrf.k we;af;a jirlg"
fuu lfvd,dk .yKh u.ska fuá%la fgdka 166'66 m%udKhla ;srlrk w;r th
ãi,a ,Sg¾ 273 x 1000 l m%udKhlska msg lrk ldnka m%udKhg iudk njhs.
(uydpd¾h ud,d wurisxy f,dal ixrlaIK ix.ufha lfvd,dk ixrlaIK jev
uq¿jloS)
ó.uq l,mqj /l.ekSug fmruqK .;a ck;djg fuu mßir moaO;sh /l.ekSfï
f.!rjh iu.skau f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh md,kh i|yd oekqj;aj fyda fkdoekqj;aj
isÿl, odhl;ajhgo Wmydrh wkd.; mrïmrdjka u.ska ,ndosh hq;=h' ta" fyg
cSj;ajk mrïmrdjkays meje;au fjkqfjka ó.uq l,mq igkg odhlfjñka fï
w.kd odhdohka iajdNdj O¾uhdgu Wreulr oSug wo oskfha isÿlrk ,o
odhl;ajh fjkqfjks'
[10]
2 jk mßÉfPaoh
rg h<s f.dvke.Sfï" mYapd;a iqkdñ ixj¾Ok ls%hdoduh 2005-2009
rcfha wdh;k j,g iqkdñfhka isÿjQ urK ms<sn| b,lalï ms<s.ekSug fkdyelsj
isáfhah' cd;sh kej; f.dvke.Sfï ld¾hh idOk n,ldh ksl=;a l, jd¾;djlska
lshd isáfha urK 40,000 la yd w;=reoyka ,ehsia;=fõ 6000 la isák nj;a"
ñ,shkhla ksjdi fkdue;sj wj;ekaj isák njhs' iyk lghq;= iïnkaëlrKh i|
yd m;alr ;snQ cd;sl l%shdkaú; uOHia:dkh ^CENTER FOR NATIONAL
OPERATIONS& u.ska urK ixLHdj 30"956 la f,i mjioa§" uyck wdrCIdj
ms<sn| wud;HdxYh th 38"000lg uola jeänj m%ldY lf,ah'
úfYaIfhkau iqkdñh ksid myrlEug ,lajQjka w;r ëjr mjq,a nyq;rhla úh' 2005
ckjdß 15 osk fâ,s ñr¾ mqj;am; jd¾;d lf,a ëjrhska 7"500 la ñhf.dia 5"600 la
w;=reokaù 90"000 la muK wj;ekaj we;s njhs' ëjr hd;%d 18"500 la muK
w,dNydks fyda úkdYhg ,lajQjdfiau ksjdi 250"000" mdie,a 312la yd frday,a 72la
úkdYhg m;a ù we;s njo j¾;d úh'
tjlg mej;s fmdÿ ck tlai;a fmruqKq wdKavqj" ksjdi wysñjQ ish`M mjq,a fj;
ksjdi o" remsh,a 5"000 l §ukdjla o wdmodjg ,lajQ ish`Mu mjq,a fj;
msßkeóug;a" tla mqoa.,fhl=g uilg remsh,a 2"500 l §ukdjla ,nd oSugo
fmdfrdkaÿ úh' iqkdñ wdOdr iDcq f,iu iqkdñfhka ;u Ôjfkdamdh wysñ jQjka
yg muKla iSudúh' w,dNydksjq ;u fndaÜgq yd wdïmkak ms<silr lr.;a ëjrhska
we;=`M /lshdjla we;s whg fuu iyk ,eîug yelshdjla fkdùh' ëjrhska yd ëjr
ixúOdk fuu jev ms<sfj,g tfrysj yd ydksj,g jkaÈ b,a,ñka ke.Sisàï
ixúOdkh lrkq ,eîh'
iqkdñfhka Èk 100la imsfrk ojfia cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.S;d jHdmdrh úiska

fmdaiag¾ jHdmdrhla yd mq`M,a udOH wdjrKhla iys;j ck;djf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka
Woaf>daIK jHdmdrhla wïmdr" yïnkaf;dg" ud;r" .d,a," l`M;r" ó.uqj yd
mq;a;,u hk m%Odk k.r wdYS%;j mj;ajkq ,eîh'
ó.uqj Woaf>daIKh ó.uq k.r uOHfha oyia ixLHd; ëjrhska yd iqkdñ

wj;ekajQjkaf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka isÿql, w;r tjlg isá ó.uq k.rdêm;sjrhd
fuu Woaf>daIKhg kdhl;ajh ÿka YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkfha
iïnkaëldrl ifydaoßhg yd idudðldjkag ;¾cKh lrk ,oS' kuq;a fuu ndOl
uOHfha iqkdñ úm;g uqyqKÿka ck;d y`v rgg biau;= lsÍug fuu jHdmdrh uy;a
odhl;ajhla fok ,oS'
tu wjia:dj jkúg ckdêm;s pkaøsld nKavdrkdhl uy;añh" ol=Kq yd ngysr

fjr< ;Srfha" uqyqfoa isg ógr 100 la we;=,; o" W;=re yd kef.kysr fjr< ;Srfha
ógr 200la we;=,;o ksjdi iE§u ;ykï lrñka yd ck;d wdrlaIdj" fya;=j f,i
fmrg ouñka fjr<drlaIl l,dmh [Coastal Buffer Zone] oeäj ls%hdjg kexùug
[11]
mshjr .kakd ,oS. fuu l,dmfha ;djld,sl boslsÍï mjd ys;=jlaldÍ f,i ;ykï
lrkq ,eîh' iqkdñfhka Èú /l .;a;jqka fjr< ;Srfhka tmsg" wdrCIs; ia:dk j,
kej; mÈxÑ lrjk njg rch fmdfrdkaÿ úh' tu kS;sh" wkd.; jHikhka
je,elaùug hula lrkd nj fmkaùug m%udo ù meñKs W;aidyhla f,i fmksks'
kuq;a th lsis÷ ie,eiaulska f;drj thska n,mEug ,lajk ck;dj ms<sn|j lsis÷
ioaNdjhlska f;drj wêldß n,h fhdojd isÿlrk ,oS'
uyuqyqog läkïj m%úYaG ùfï yelshdj iys;j" ;u wdïmkak wdrCId lr.ksñka

fjr< ;Srfha Ôj;ajQ ëjr ck;dj yd Tjqkaf.a mjq,a ;=, fï ms<sn|j mq`M,aj
úfrdaOhla f.dvke.S ;sìkss' l=vd f;a lv" fj<| l=á yd ixpdrlhska yg fj<\ï
lrñka cSj;ajQjkaf.a Ôjk ud¾. wysñ ùfï ;¾ckhg ,laúh'
cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrfha le|jqïlre iqkdñh;a iu.ska osh;a l, rg h<s

f.dvke.Sfï l%shdj,sh yd wdfhdaclhskag úfYaIfhkau fydag,a yd fjk;a há;,
ixj¾Okh iòyd jk ie,iqï wOHkh lr iqkdñ wdmodjg osk 100 la iemsfrk osk
ú.%yd;aul jd¾;djla imhk ,oS' fuh iqkdñfhka osk 100 lg miqj t,fUk
zzfojk iqkdñhZZ f,i kï lrk ,oS' fuu ,smshg ,o m%;spdr w;r f.da,Sh
Okjdohg tfrysj ,sms ,shk m%lg .;a l;=jßhl jk kfhdañ laf,aka YS% ,xldjg
meñK isú,a l%shdldÍka yd tlaj l, wOHkhlska miq mYapd;a iqkdñ ixj¾Ok
l%shdoduh ms,snoj “Disaster Capitalism”^jHikhkaysoS Okjdoh& kñka .%ka:hlao
iïmdokh lrk ,ÿj mYapd;a iqkdñ ixj¾Ok ls%hdoduh ;=, Okjdofha
ls%hd;aulùu ú.%y lrk ,oS.
hqfrdamd ix.ufha wdOdrfhka osh;a lrk YS% ,xldfõ iqkdñ m%;sixialrK

jevigyk ms,snoj" cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrfha leojqïlre iu.ska cd;sl
bvï yd lDIs m%;sixialrK jHdmdrfha f,alïj isá ir;a m%kdkaÿ ifydaorhd iu.
hqfrdamSh md¾,sfïka;=fõoS" tys uka;S%jreka yuqjk ,oS. fuu yuqfõoS YS% ,dxlsl
iïNjhla iys; md¾,sfïka;= uka;S%jrfhla hqfrdamd ix.ufha iqkdñ ixj¾Ok jev
igyk ms,sn|j meyeos,s lrk ,oafoa iqkdñfhka úm;g m;a ck;djf.a ixj¾Okh
i|yd we;s m%Odku Wmdhud¾.h kï Tjqkaf.a ksIamdok läkñka f,dal
fj<ofmd,g heùu nj;a fï ioyd wêfõ.S ud¾. f.dv ke.Su ioyd hqfrdamd
ix.ufha jevigyk u.ska wdOdr ,ndfok nj;ah. fuhska meyeos<s jk lreKla
jkafka mYapd;a iqkdñ ixj¾Ok jevms<sfj, yryd hqfrdamd ix.uho wfmalaId
lrkafka hqfrdamfha ixj¾Ok wdlD;sh YS% ,xldj u;o megùu njhs. jir 150lg
fmr bx.%Siska úiska YS% ,xldfõ j;= lïlre ck;dj ÿïßh ud¾. moaO;sh ;=,ska f;a
wmkhkfhka f,dal fj<ofmd,g iïnkaO l,;a Tjqkaf.a cSú; ;ju;a
oßø;djfha .s,S we;s whqre ir;a ifydaorhd meyeos,s lsÍu yuqfõ hqfrdamd
md¾,sfïka;= uka;S%jrekag ksy`v ùug isÿúh.
iuyr m%foaYhkayS fjr< ;Srh úYd, ixpdrl ksfla;k jeks jdkscuh wruqKq
fjkqfjka ksoyialr .ekSug rch È`.= l,la ie,iqï lrk ,oS' cd;sl ëjr
iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrh iqkdñfhka Èk 200la .;jk Èk" kej; jrla wdrCIs; fjr<
[12]
l,dm kñka ëjrhska t,jd ouñka ixpdrl l,dmhka kï lsÍug tfrysj
úfrdaO;djla fld<U fldgqfõ oS ixúOdkh lr mj;ajkq ,eîh' tysosS ëjr
iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrfha leojqïlre we;=¿ i.hska fofofkl= fmd,Sish úiska
w;awvx.=jg f.k Tjqkg tfrysj kvq mjrk ,È'
ck;djf.a úfrdaO;d ud,djla uOHfha" ckdêm;s l=udr;=x.f.a fjr< ;Srfha ;yku

;Èkau l%shd;aul lsÍug wdrCIl wud;HdxYh úiska 2006 ckjdß 15 od fmd,Sishg
ks¾foaY lrk ,oS' miqod" 300l muK ëjr msßila yïnkaf;dg§" ;ukaf.a wvla
wdmodjg ,lajQ ksjdi j,ska msgj hk f,i fmd,Sish l, n,mEug tfrysj úfrdaO;d
olajkq ,eîh' Tjqkaf.a leue;a;lska f;drju rch úiska Bg lsf,daóg¾ 3la wE;ska
msysá lcqj;a; keue;s m%foAYfha Tjqkaj h<s mÈxÑ lrkakg mshjr .;af;ah'
2006 ckjdß 19 Èk" yïnkaf;dg m%foaYfha uqia,sï ck;dj úfrdaO;djla meje;ajQfha

kj k.rhla f.dvke.Sug uyskao rdcmCI uy;d úiska uq,a.,a ;enQ f.dkafkdarej
m%foaYfha Tjqkaj mÈxÑ lsÍug we;s ie,iqïj,g tfrysjhs' f.dkafkdarej hkq
yqfol,djQ fkdÈhqkq" w,ska we;=`M kmqre jki;=ka .yk jkdka;r m%foaYhla úh'
ckjdß 22 Èk" fjr< ;Srfhka tmsg mÈxÑ lsÍïj,g tfrysj úfrdaO;d olajñka isá
iqkdñ wdmodjg ,lajQjka iu. nyska nia ùulg hEfï§ rdcmlaI uy;dj ;u Pkao
n, m%foaYfha§u iuÉp,hg ,laúh' fuys§ Tyqg t;ekska msgj hkakg n,flßK'
tÈku .d,af,a§ lv ysñhka úiska by; fya;=ju uq,alr .ksñka úfrdaO;djla olajkq
,eîh'
.d,a," nd,olaI udjf;a ck;dj bka bj;a lsÍug tfrysj cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d
jHdmdrfha idudcslhka ixúOdkh l, .d,af,a úfrdaO;djhg iyNd.sùug .d,a,
ol=fka ëjr ixúOdkfha wdrdOkfhka tys meñKs cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrfha
leojqïlreg ;¾ckh lr bj;a lsÍug ysgmq ëjr weu;s pkaøisß úfÊisxy W;aidy
ork ,os' fuu W;aidyh .d,a, ëjr ixúOdkfha ls%hdldÍka yd ck;dj;a iu.ska
fmd,sish tlaj j,lkq ,eîh.
iykdOdr fkdue;sùu" wêldÍkaf.a w;a;fkdau;sl jev ms<sfj, iïNkaOj wd§

fya;+ka j,go ck;dj úfrdaO;djka olajkq ,eîh' ckjdß 13 Èk" w,dN
;lafiarejla fyda ie,eiaula rys;j" ck;d woyia úuiSulska f;drj iqkanqka bj;a
lsÍu fya;=fjka l,auqfka§ 1000l muK msßila úfrdaO;djhl kshe,sks' wdKavqjg
;djld,sl ksjila fyda iemhSug fkdyelsj ;sìK' lsmqkq úfrdaO;d lrejka úiska
ksjdi yd bÈ lsÍï weu;skS" f*aßh,a wYafrd*a uy;añhf.a yd kef.kysr há;,
myiqlï ms<sn| wud;H" w;djq,, a d uy;df.a ksfhdað;hska mkakd oud ;sìK'
m%udkj;a iyk yd iykdOdr ,nd fkd§ug tfrysj nQiafia ck;dj úfrdaO;djl

kshe,sks' 300l muK wj;eka msßila wïn,kaf.dv Èia;%sla f,alï ld¾hd,h
bÈßmsg úfrdaO;djhl kshe¨fka yd,a" mßmamq" iSks jeks uQ,sl úh,s i,dl yd
l+vdrï wjYH;d ksisf,i imhk f,i n, lrñks' i;H f,i mSvdjg m;ajQjka fj;
ksis m%fõYhla fkdue;s kuq;a cd;sh f.dvke.Sfï ld¾hh idOl n,ldh fkdfyd;a
[13]
TAFREN kej; f.dvke.Sfï ld¾hh l%shdldÍ f,i isÿlrf.k .sfhah' iqkdñfhka
úkdYjQ há;, myiqlï moaO;sh ixj¾Okh lsÍu Tjqka wdrïN lf,ah' úm;g m;a
ck;djf.a kdufhka fydag,a f.dvke.Su" fjr< WoHdk we;slsÍu" wêfõ.S ud¾.
f.dvke.Sug wdrïN lsÍu" jdksc jrdhka" .=jka f;dgqm, mq¿,a lsÍu wdÈh fuhg
wh;aúh' Wodyrk f,i" ëjr ksYamdok jyd fld<Ug yd t;ekska wmkhkh
myiqlrñka ksYamdolhdg jeä ,dn w;alr §u i|yd lgqkdhl - fld<U yd .d,a,
fld<U fyj;a ol=Kq wêfõ.S ud¾. f.dv ke.Sug mshjr .eksks'
ldka;djka iïnkaO ù isÿl, ëjr l¾udka;h wdY%s; l=vd wdodhï W;amdok

l%shdj,Ska" l=vd lv fmd,j,a yd n;sla jevfmd,j,a úkdY ù .sh kuq;a Tjqkg
wjYH iyk yd iydh fkd,eìKs' ud;r Èlaje,a, yd ks,aje,a," .d,a,, Wkjgqk"
rÊ.u" fodvka¥j" fukau yïnkaf;dg yqïudkh yd ;x.,a," hdmkfha" W!re.duï"
j,slduï" wïmdf¾ fmd;=ú,a, l,auqfka yd uvl,mqfõ l,a,d¾ fukau ;%Su,h
fldals,dhs wd§ ish`M m%foaY j, ldka;djkaf.a ffoksl wdodhï ud¾. úkdYhg
,laúh'
cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrh, cd;sl bvï yd lDIs m%;sixialrK jHdmdrh,

iúia;%S ldka;d jHdmdrh, ckdjfndaO flakaøh tlaj iqkdñ m%;sixialrK l%shdj,sh
ioyd úêu;a m%;sm;a;suh ls%hdldÍ;ajhla f.dvke.Su wruqKq lr.ksñka rg h<s
f.dv ke.Sfï ld¾hh idOk n,ldh iu. ixjdohla osh;a lrk ,oS. fï i|yd
moku f,i by; ixúOdk tlaj ieliQ uyck ie,iqï fldñiu W;=r yd
kef.kysr m,d;a o we;=¿j rg jgdu osh;a lrk ,o wOHhkh u.ska úl,am
ixj¾Ok l%shdldß;ajhla i|yd ck;d fhdackd ud,djla bosßm;a lrk ,oS. fuu
l%shdldÍ;ajh u.ska rg h<s f.dvke.Sfï ld¾hhg odhljk jHdmdßlhkaf.a
meálsßh ukdj fy,s lsÍug yelsjQ w;r fuu ls%hdj,sh ;=, Tjqkaf.a jHdmdßl
miqìu u; rg h,s f.dv ke.Sfï tlu u.f,i ixpdrl jHdmdrh y÷kajd oSu
úu;shg lreKla fkdjQ w;r iqkdñ jeks" cd;sh mukla fkdj f,dju lïmdjg
,lal, jHikhlska ;u wNs,dIhka uqÿka m;a lr.ekSug Okjdoh ls%hd;aul ùu
ksfhdañ laf,aka b;d meyeos,sj YS% ,xldj wdY%h lr.ksñka fmkajd oS we;.
[14]
2'1 fhdacs; há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh yd ck;dj wj;eka lsÍu
ixpdrl l,dm 15la f.dv ke.Sfï mYapd;a iqkdñ fhdackdj,sh yd l,amsáh

ixpdrl l,dmh
l,amsáh w¾Ooaùmh jhU m,df;a" mq;a;,ï osia;s%lalfha msysgd we;s w;r tys m%Odk
¥m;a 14lska yd wjfYaI ¥m;a 31 lska iukaú; fjñka mq;a;,u l,mqj yd bkaoshka
id.rh fjkalrñka msysghs' fuu m%Odk ¥m;a 14 wdYS%; N+ñh fylaghdr 1672.67 la
^wlalr 4133.19la& mqrd me;sÍ we;'
fuu m%foaYh mqrd úysoS we;s iajdNdúl iïm;a w;r nd¾ fldr,a mrh ;eks;,duh
fjr< ;Srhla" ,jKye,a" idrj;a jhU lfvd,dk .yKh yd je,s l÷ me;sÍ mj;S'
fvd,amska" leianEjka iy fldr,a mr nyq,j fuu m%foaYh mqrd úisÍ we;'
2009 ix.kKhg wkqj l,amsáfha ck.yKh 64"908ls' f,dal wdydr yd lDIsl¾u

ixúOdkfha ix.kkhg wkqj fuhska 12"967lau iq¿ mkak ëjr ld¾ñlhkah' fuhska
25%lau ldka;djka jk w;r" Tjqka ëjr l¾udka;h wdYS%;j cSú;h f.kh;s.
jir 2003 oS y÷kajdÿka ixpdrl ixj¾Ok Wmdhud¾.hg wkqj l,amsáh m%foaYh

ixpdrl l,dmhla f,i kï lrk ,os. ta wkqj 2004 jif¾ pkaøsld nKavdrkdhl
rcfha leìkÜ ;Skaÿjla hgf;a ixpdrl l,dmh i|yd bvï wlalr 4133 la w;am;a
lr .ekSug mshjr f.k we;.
ixl,ams; ixpdrl uyd ie,eiaug wkqj l,amsáh m%foaYfha my; oelafjk há;,
myiqlï f.dvke.Sug fhdacs;h.
• kjd;eka myiqlï iemhSfï tall 6030ls' fuhska 5052lau ;re mx;s 4" 5" 6 wdYS%;
fydag,a ldur fõ' fuhg wu;rj tall 978 la iys; fldfáÊ 200la" Ief,a 183la"
ú,d 205la ^c,dYS%; nx.,d o iys;j&c,c hd;%duh ksjdi 135la fgkaÜ 115 la iy
lndkd 140la f,ihs'
• ixpdrlhska 100lg myiqlï iemhsh yels c, m;=f,a msysgk wjka y,la'
• mQ¾K myiqlï iys; wka;¾ cd;sl ;,fha f.d,a*a msÜgks 18 la
• .DydYS%; lS%vd ixlS¾Khla'
• ux;Sre 18 lska iukaú; ;=rÕ ;rÕ msáhla'
• iS-maf,aka hd;%dx.khla'
• lS%vdx.k 12 lska hq;= fgksia msáhla f,isks'
fuu jHdmD;sfhka idudkH ck;dj u; mSvkhla megù we;s w;r" m%cdj fuu
jHdmD;shg tfrysj úúO l%shdud¾. .ksñka isá;s' fuu ;;ajh ms<sn|j ck;djg
[15]
yd rgg fy,s lsÍug cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;djh wOHkhla osh;a lrk ,o w;r
m%%cd wNs,dIS cd,h cd;Hka;r uÜgfï f;dr;=re .fõIKhla u.ska fuys isÿflfrk
l%shdj,sh fy,sorõ lr we;.(http://prajaabhilashanetwork.blogspot.com/]
ëjr ck;dj úfrdaO;djhka oelaùug fya;= f,i fuu wOHkhka u.ska y÷kd f.k
we;s lreKq w;r my; lreKqo we;=,;ah.
• udoe,a ëjrhkag ëjr fufyhqï n,m;% ,nd fkdfoñka fuu N+ñ m%foaY ixpdrl
l%shdldÍ;ajhkag mjrd oSug mshjr .ekSu'
• iq¿ mkak ëjr ld¾ñlhkaf.a ëjr f;dgqm, wysñ lrñka lïì jeg .eiSfuka ëjr
l¾udka;hg ndOd isÿlsÍu'
• lfvd,dk úkdY lrñka m%úYaG ud¾. ;ekSu ixpdrl ksfla;k boslsÍu wdoSh ksid
ëjr l¾udka;hg jl% n,mEï isÿlsÍu'
• m%foaY jdiSkaf.a bvï n,y;aldrh fhdojd w;am;a lr.ekSu yd kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk
Tmamq iliñka ienE ysñlrejka bj;a lsÍug mshjr .ekSu'
• fydag,a wdYS%; wmøjH l,mqjg yd mßirhg tla lrñka isÿlrk mdßißl úkdYh
ksid ëjr l¾udka;hg n,mEula t,a,ùu'
• iajdNdúl mßirfha c,.e,au yrialrñka isÿlr we;s n,mEu ksid .ïjdiSka
.xj;=r jeks fuf;la uqyqk fkdÿka n,mEug ,laùu'
• fydag,a ysñhka ;u fydag,h wdYs%; fjr< wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd wkjir
.,ajeá oeófuka fjr< Ldokh iS>%j by, hdu'
fuu ;;ajhkag uqyqK oSu i|yd ck;dj .kakd mshjrhkag iyh ùug l,amsáh
óiï md,l mshku mshjr .kakd neúka" isú,a ixúOdk fyda fjk;a ëjr ixúOdk
iyh wkjYH nj m%ldY lr we;.
fuf;la ck;djf.a úfrdaO;djhka f.dkqlr foaYmd,lhska yd ks<OdÍka iu.

ixjdo meje;aùug ;snQ mqrjeis whs;sh" ks, lf;da,sl iNdj ysñlrf.k we;. fuu
ixjdohkag iNdjg wjk;j lghq;= lrk isú,a l%shdldßlhka yd ixúOdk muKla
iïnkaO lr.kS.
wo jkúg ck;djf.a cSjk ud¾.j,g muKla fkdj iudcSh yd ixialD;sl

jYfhkao wys;lr n,mEï t,a,fjñka mj;S. fuu úkdYldÍ;ajhg uqyqK oSug
ó.uqj l,mq igfka w;aoelSu fnod .ksñka ck;dj talrdYs lr.ksñka úkdYh
wju lsÍu i|yd taldnoaO ls%hdldÍ;ajhla f.dvke.Sug cd;sl ëjr
iyfhda.S;djfha lKavdhu .;a W;aidyhg m%foaYfha ro.=re;=udf.kao hym;a
m%;spdrhla fkd,eìks.
[16]
3 jk mßÉfþoh
mYapd;a hqO iufha ixj¾Ok l%shdoduh - 2009 isg wo olajd
jir 30lg wdikakj mej;s hqoaOh oyia .kkska Ôú; yd foam, ydks
isÿlrñka 2009 uehs udifha§ wjika úh' fndfyda ck fldgia iekiqï iqiqï
fy¨fõ kej;;a fujka ld,hla Wod fkdfjkq we;ehs is;ñks' W;=re kef.kysr
muKla fkdj uq¨ rfÜu ck;dj" ck;djdoS ixj¾Okhla ;=,ska ;u whs;Ska
nqla;sú£u iòyd isysk uejQy' kuq;a wo jk úg tu ck;djg uqyqK oSug isÿj
we;s ;;ajh ú.%ylr .ekSu b;du;a jeo.;ah'
2009 oS" l=ßre hqoaOfha ksudj;a iu.u wvmkù ;snQ jHdmD;Ska h<s
mk.kajk ,o w;r kj jHdmD;Skao Kh moku hgf;a ls%hd;aul lrk ,È.
wêfõ.S ud¾. ;ekSu" ixpdrl l<dm f.dvke.Su" l=vd" uOHu yd uyd mßudk
k.r f.dvke.Su;a" m%uqL jQ ixj¾Ok ls%hdoduh uyskao Ñka;kh kñka 2005 oS o,
uyskao Ñka;k bÈß oelau kñka 2010oS o fõ.j;a lrk ,§' tfukau" fuf;la
W;=rg yd kef.kysrg fkd.sh fuu l%shdj<sh hqoaOfhka wj;eka jQ ck;djf.a
Ôú; f.dvke.Su uqjdfjka kef.kysr Wodkh iy W;=re jika;h kñka bÈßm;a
úh' ta ;=, wdishdfõ wdYap¾hhg ,`.dùug wruqKq lr.ksñka há;, myiqlï
f.dvke.Su m%uqLj 2030 olajd cd;sl fN!;sl ie,eiaula o ms,sfh, lrk ,oS .fuh
ck;djf.a wNs,dIhka u; yd oefjk m%YaK u; mokï fkdjQ ixj¾Ok
l%shdoduhls'
3'1 ixpdrl l<dm f.dvke.Su

2013 jkúg rg ;=, ixpdrl l,dm 45la kïlr we;s w;r 2020 jkúg
ixpdrlhska ñ,shk 4la wm rgg f.k tau;a thska fvd,¾ ì,shk 8l wdodhula
,nd.ekSu;a wfmaCIdj nj uyskao Ñka;kfha ioykah' îs;shï wxl 01&
[17]
is;shï wxl 1
is;shu( 2005 ixpdrl l,dm ie,eiau

3'2 uyd mßudK k.r l,dm f.dvke.Su'
ksjdi yd fmdÿ myiqlï wud;HdxYfha

fN!;sl ie,iqï fomd¾;fïka;=j ieliQ
cd;sl fN!;sl ie,eiau 2030 g wkqj kj
k.r ixlS¾K 9la" fufg%d l,dm fyj;a
fu.d ixlS¾K 5 la ;=, f.dvkexùug
;SrKh lr we;'
hdmkh" W;=re ueo" kef.kysr"

yïnkaf;dg" yd ngysr fufg%d l,dmhka
f,i ixj¾Okh jk w;r fïjd tla tla
l,dmhg ,dlaIKsl iqúfYaI;d u; mokï
fjñka f.dvke.Sug kshñ;h'
hdmkh, ;%sl=Kdu,h, fmdf,dkakrej,
oUq,a,, wkqrdOmqrh, uvl,mqj, wïmdr,
yïnkaf;dg, yd fld<U fuu k.r
ixlSrKhka fõ'
is;shï wxl 2 uQ,h: cd;sl fN!;sl ie,iqï

m%;ms ;a;sh yd ie,iqu 2010-2030 jHdmD;s fhdackd
[18]
3'3 wêfõ.S ud¾. f.dv ke.Su'
is;shï wxl 03 g wkqj rg jgdu úysÿk wêfõ.S ud¾. moaO;shla f.dvke.Sug
cd;sl fN!;sl ie,eiqug wkqj ;SrKh lr we;s nj fmfka' fuu ie,iqu ;j;a
oshqKq lrñka cd;sl wêfõ.S ud¾. moaO;sh wdishdkq l,dmfha cd;Hka;r wêfõ.S
ud¾. cd,hg iïnkaO lsÍug fhdacs;h' fuu wêfõ.S ud¾. ieliSu i|yd
úfoAYSh Kh uqo,a ,nd.ekSug yer fjk;a foaYSh úl,amhla fõ kï tho foaYSh
nexl= wdYS%;ju ,nd.; hq;=h' fï ish,qu Kh fmd,sho iu. f.ùug isÿjkafka
j;auka yd wkd.; mrïmrdjkag nj fkdryils.kuq;a ta jk úg fuu jHdmD;sj,g
wod, fldñia uqo,a wod, mqoa.,hskaf.a .sKqï j,g nerù yudrh'
is;shï wxl 3 fhdacs; wêfõ.S ud¾. cd,h cd;sl fN!;sl ie,iqï

m%;sm;a;sh yd ie,iqu 2010-2030 jHdmD;s fhdackd
[19]
is;h
s ï wxl 4 : fhdacs; wdishdkq wêfõ.S ud¾. cd,h yd YS% ,xld wêfõ.S ud¾. moaO;sh noaO lsÍu
uQ,h ( cd;sl fN!;sl ie,eiau ^2010-2030&
uyskao Ñka;kh bÈßoelafï wdrïNfha isgu rfÜ n,OdÍkaf.a m%uqL;djh ysñjQfha ud¾.
moaO;sh f.dvke.Sughs' ud¾. moaO;sh f.dvke.Sfï§ ,nd.; yels úYd, fldñia uqo,a
ms<snoj l:dnyg ,laù ;sfí' flfia fj;;a by; is;shñka fmkakqï lrk wdldrhg rg
mqrdu Èfjk wêfõ.S ud¾. moaO;shla fukau th rg wNHka;rfhka fkdkej;S ukakdru
yd bkaoshdfõ ;ñ,akdvq m%dka;h hdlrñka wdishdj olajdu mq¿,a lsÍfï jEhula oelsh
yelsh' fuho h<s isys.kajkafka hqfrdamd ix.ufha md¾,sfïka;= ux;S%jrhd iqkdñ
m%;sixialrK jevms<sfj, ;=, wêfõ.S ud¾. moaO;sh ixj¾Okh lsÍu u.ska os<s÷ ëjr
ckhdf.a ksIamdok f,dal fj<ofmd,g heùu u.ska Tjqkaf.a wd¾Ólh h<s f.dvke.sh
yels nj;a hqfrdamd ix.uh tA i|yd wdOdr lsÍug ls%hd;aul ùug iQodkï njg l,
m%ldYhhs'
,dNh mukla b,lal lr.;a fj<|fmd, wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsÍu m%uqLjQ kj ,snr,a
wd¾Ól ls%hdj,sh jir 35la ls%hd;aul l, rglajk YS% ,xldj ;=," we;s ke;s mr;rh tal
mqoa., Kh nr" ukaofmdaIKh .%dóh ÿmam;alu jißka jir by, .sh wdldrh ixLHd
f,aLK u.ska fy,slr we;. fuu ;;ajh ch .ekSug ls%hdud¾.hla f,i rfÜ mßirh
úkdY lrñka yd l=vd ksIamdolhka wj;eka lrñka ixpdrl jHdmdrh oshqKq lsÍug há;,
myiqlï ieliSug mshjr .ekSu hkq jir 35 lg;a jvd wm wkq.ukh l, wd¾Ól
ls%hdud¾.fhau h,s;a .uka lsÍu yd th wêfõ.fhka lsÍug hdu ;=, rg úm;g fy,Su
fõ.j;a lsÍula jkq we;.fuu ixj¾Okh ;=, foaYSh f.dúhdf.a wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsÍula
fyda foaYsh ëjrhd fyda lïlrejkaf.a wd¾Ólh f.dvke.Sula wfmalaId l, fkdyel.
[20]
3'4 wNHka;r/ cd;Hka;r .=jka f;dgqm<j,a f.dvke.Su'
u;a;, cd;Hka;r .=jka
f;dgqm, bÈlr we;;a oekgu;a
th iqÿ w,sfhla njg m;aù
yudrh' ys`.=rlaf.dv ;j;a
cd;Hka;r .=jka f;dgqm,la
boslsÍug ie,iqï lr we;s w;r
cd;sl fN!;sl ie,iqug wkqj
2030 os rg jgdu .=jka f;dgqm,
19 la w¨;ska f.dv ke.Sug
fhdacs;h'
2009 hqoaO ch.%yKfhka miqj
y÷kajd ÿka by; iòyka ish¨
ixj¾Ok ie,iqï ck;dj
wfmaCIdl, foaj,a fkdfõ' fuh
rfÜ wd¾Ól ie,iqï ;=, ,ndosh
hq;= m%uqL;djfha l=uk ia:dkhla
.;hq;=o hkak wm ;ju ú.%y
lrf.k ke;. ck;dj
wfmaCIdlf,a Ôjk ud¾.
f.dvk.d .ksñka ;ukag wysñ
jQ uQ,sl wjYH;d imqrdf.k
uQ,sl whs;sjdislï nqla;s ú¢ñka"
ksoyfia Ôj;a ùughs'
is;shï wxl 5: fhdacs; yd oekg mj;akd .DydY%s; .=jka f;dgqm,

yd cd;Hka;r .=jka f;dgqm, uQ,h: cd;sl fN!;sl m%;sm;a;suh
ie,eiau osh;a lsÍu yd YS% ,xld ie,iqu 2010-2030 jHdmD;s fhdackd
[ksjdi yd uyck Wmfhda.s;d wud;HdxYfha fN!;sl ie,iqï fomd¾;fïka;=j]
rg mqrd wlalr oyia .kka bvï w;am;a lr .ekSï" yuqod n,h fhdojd bvï meyer
.ekSï" jkdka;r fukau fjr< ;Srh w;am;a lr .ekSï yd c,c mßir wdl%uKhka ;j
ÿrg;a isÿfjñka mj;S' j;auka ixj¾Ok l%shdoduh ;=, fmdÿ ck;dj lnf,ka ,smg
jeáks' rcfha bvï" ck;djf.a fm!oa.,sl bvï"mdrïmßl bvï" bjla njla fkdue;sj
fld,a, lEu" wjeis kï kS;s Í;s fjkia lsÍu mjd isÿlrhs' fuu ld¾hfha§ wdrCIl
wxYj, n,y;aldrh ;=,ska ck;djf.a úfrdaO;djhka hgm;a lr ouhs'
W;=f¾ hdmkh Èia;%slalfha j,slduï m%foaYfha 1990 isg wj;eka jQ ck;djg ;ukag whs;s
bvï j,g hdug fkdyelsj wog;a ^2013 fkdjeïn¾& iqNidOk lòjqre j, Ôj;a fú' fuu
m%foaYfha mukla wlalr 6831la ck;djg ,ndfkd§ w;am;a lrf.k we;'
[21]
tfukau ukakdrï Èia;%slalfha uq,a,sl=,u mdrïmßl .ïudkh kdúl yuqod uQ,ia:dkhla
lr ;sîu;a" mdku Y%dia;%fõ,s m%foaYh n,y;aldrh fhdojñka ixpdrl l¾udka;fha
há;, myiqlï j¾Okh kñka fydag,a f.dvke.Sug fhod.ekSu;a jd¾;dfõ.
;%sl=Kdu,fha idïmQ¾ .%dufha ck;djg whs;s bvï wlalr 1200lg wêl m%udkhla .,a
w.=re n,d.drhla we;=¿ l¾udka; mqrhlg bkaoshdjg w;am;a lr §u;a" mq;a;,u"
l,amsÜh ¥m;a 14la úfoaYSh iud.ïj,g iy foaYSh wdfhdaclhkag ixpdrl jHdmdrh
iòyd mejÍu;a" fidaudj;sh rlaI;
s fhka yd fudKrd., osia;s%lalfhka wlalr oyia .kkla
lejekaáia flfi,a j.d jHdmD;Ska ioyd fvda,a iud.ug ,ndoSu;a Bg wu;rj rg
wNHka;rfha jkdka;r yd N+ñh õõO jQ jHdmD;Ska iòyd jHdmdßlhkag wlalr oyia
.kka w;am;alr §u;a isÿfõ'
tfukau jdlf¾ l<mqj;a mq;a;,u l,mqj wdY%s; ìï lsis÷ mdßißl we.hSulska f;drj
h,s;a biaika j.dj iòyd wdfhdaclhskag ,nd§u isÿfjñka mj;S' mq;a;,ï Èia;%slalfha
isÿl, mdßißl úkdYfha w;aoelSu fkdi,ld yßñka uvl,mqj we;=¿ W;=re kef.kysr
l,mq wdY%s; m%foaYj,o fuu jHdmD;s wdrïN lsÍu u.ska mßir ixfõ§ m%foaY" lfvd,dk
wdY%s; ìï ëjr l¾udka;h yd iq¿mkak ëjrhd úkdY ùu fkdje,elaúh yelsh'
rg jfÜu isÿjk ixpdrl l<dm f.dvke.Su iòyd;a wksl=;a jHdmD;Ska f.dvke.Su

iòyd;a ck;djf.a úfrdaOh uev meje;aùug wdrCIl wxY fhdod.kakd nj fmro
iòyka lrk ,§' fuys Nhdklu ;;ajh ù we;af;a mßmd,k fCIa;%fha lghq;=j,g
foaYmd,ksl lghq;=j,g wdrCIl wxYj, ueÈy;aùuhs. W;=re kef.kysrg mukla iSudjQ
yuqodlrkh wo ol=K olajdo jHdma;ù yudrh' Bg wdikaku Wodyrkh je,sfõßh
r;=miaj, isÿjQ wjdikdjka; isoaê oduhhs' ol=Kg hqoaOhla rys; úgoS fufia i,lhs kï
tod hqoaOh we;s úgoS W;=f¾ ck;djg flfia i,lkakg we;soehs ol=fka hula is;sh yels
nqoaêu;a ck;dj f;areï f.k yudrh.
W;=re kef.kysr ck;dj fukau ol=fka ck;djf.ao" Ôj;aùfï whs;sh hgm;a lrñka
f.dvkef.k fuu ixj¾Ok l%shdoduhka idOdrkSlrKh lrñka ishü udOHka Tiafia
f.khk m%pdrhka ;=,ska idudkH ck;djf.a ú{dkh fudglr we;' tfy;a fldaÜ .kka
Kh .ksñka há;, myiqlï f.dvke.Su ck;djf.a wfmaCIdj fkdjk nj 2013
iema;eïn¾ 21 W;=re m<d;a md,k Pkaoh ;=,ska ck;dj mKsúvhla § we;'
tfukau" wo YS% ,xldfõ mqrjeishka ke;. cSj;a jkafka hg;ajeishka muks' tfia fkdfõ
kï" w;a;fkdau;sl f,i n,h Ndú; lrk úOdhl ckdêm;s jrfhla isák rgl ;j;a
tlS ;k;=f¾ n,;, mq¨,a lr.;a 18 jk ixfYdaOkh iïu; lr .ekSug mlaIj fm,md,s
hñka" iajdëk fldñIka iNd msysgqùug md¾,sfïka;=jg ;snQ n,h úOdhl
ckdêm;sjrhdgu h<s mjrdoSug ls%hd fkdlrkq we;. kuq;a ck;d n,h ish¨ n,hka
wNsnjd hk nj ck;dj f;areï .;a odg iy tA fjkqfjka l%shdl, úg ish,a, fjkia l,
yelsnj u;l ;nd.; hq;=h' thg we;s tla idCIshla jkqfha ó.uq l<mqj fírd.eksu
iòyd ó.uq ck;dj l< ùfrdaOdr wr.,fha ch.%yKhhs.
[22]
3'5 id.r iïm;a ëjrhdg wysño? ;%Sl=Kdu,h mfrú ¥m; ixrlaIK l,dmh
id.r ixrlaIK l,dm y÷kajdoSu wo id.r iïm;a iq/lSfï Wmdh ud¾.hla f,i
jeo.;anj wújdos;h. kuq;a fuu ixrlaIK l,dm y÷kajd oSfï ienEu wruqK id.r
iïm;a iq/lSuo ke;fyd;a ixpdrl jHdmdrh i|yd ixpdrl wdl¾YKhg jeo.;a ;j;a
há;, myiqlï iemhSulao hkak iSreudrefjka ie,lsh hq;=h. f,dalfha meje;au ms<sno
yd wkd.; f,dalfha ck;djf.a cSj;aùu iy;sl lssÍug fhdod.; hq;=j ;snQ ßfhda ñys;,
iuq¿jo fuu wjia:dj u.yer .sh nj wmf.a úYajdihhs'
1992 oS n%iS,fha ßfhda k.rfha mej;s ;sridr ixj¾Okh ms<sno ñys;, iuq¿fjka úis
jirlg miqj 2012 jif¾oS f,dal rdcH kdhlhska tlaj Rio +20ysoS h<s wjOdrKh lf,a
wms ñys;, iuq¿fjka y÷kd.;a uQ,O¾u fldf;la wkq.ukh lrhso" bka wm.ukh ù
we;so@ tneúka wms w;am;a lr.;a mdßfNdackjdoS ixj¾Okh ñksidg fukau wksl=;a
ish¿u cSùkag;a fldf;la ÿrg Tfrd;a;= foao hkafka;a ixjdohhs. tneúka mdßißl
moaO;sSkag ydkslr fkdjk mßos Green and Blue Economies moku f,i fhdod .ksñka
f,dal ck.yKfha hymeje;au yd iudc iudkd;au;dj ie,iSu flfiaúh hq;=o hkak;a
ms,sno ixjdo lrk ,oS.
fujka miqìul id.r iïm;a wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd wjYH mshjr .ekSu ldf,daÑ;h. kuq;a
jeo.;a lreK jkafka fuu ixrlaIKh lrk id.r iïm;a l,ukdlrKh yd md,kh
lsÍu, m%;s,dN ,eîu yd ysñldß;ajh wjika jYfhka Wreujkafka ldg o hkakhs.
wo id.r iïm;a wdrlaId lsÍug fjka lrk ,o id.r ixrlaIK l,dmhka fuu iïm;a
oS¾> ld,Skj mßyrKh lrñka, ;ukaf.a cSúldjo mj;ajd .ksñka, iïm;a Ndú;h ;=,ska
mdßißl ydks wju lr .ksñka cSj;ajQ msßig fuu iïm;a wysñù hduhs. w;sYh ixfõoS
wdikaku WodyrKh ;s%l=Kdu,h uqyqo wdYS%; mfrú ¥mf;a isÿùuhs. wo mfrú ¥m; ëjr
ckhdg ysñ ke;. wyïnhlska fyda ëjr ld¾ñlfhl=f.a lru,a oe,la fuu ¥mf;a iSudjg
mdù .shfyd;a ovhlg hg;aùug isÿfõ. kuq;a ixpdrlhkag yd ixpdrl jHdmdrhg fuu
¥m; újD;j we;.
fuu ixj¾Ok ls%hdj<sh ;=, ks;ru mSvdjg m;ajk iudcfha my,u wdodhï ,dNSka fyda
wj-jrm%ido iys; ckfldgi ms<snoj ie,ls,a,g fkdf.k isÿlrk ie,iqï fyda
jevms<sfj, ;=, wjika m%;sM,h yd m%;s,dN ,nd.kafka jHdmdßlhska yd foaYmd,lhska
jeks by, jrm%ido iys; msßila nj h,s;a wmg milalr foa. tneúka fuu
ish¿ ie,iqï ;=, wj-jrm%ido iys; ckmsßi ms,sno iú{dKslju wjOdkh fhduqlsÍu
yd ie,iqï lsßï ioyd ck iyNd.s;ja h ,nd.ekSu ms<snoj wms wjOdrKh lruq.
[23]
4 jk mßÉfÊoh
ó.uq l,mqfõ iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh ixpdrl uyd ie,eiafñ m%Odk
wx.hla f,i
PdhdrEm wxl 01 iS-maf,aka f.dvnEu
4'1 h<s mqnqouq Y%S ,xld" rg fmrg yd uyskao Ñka;kh ;=,ska ó.uqjg
meñKs c,pr .=jka hdkd
jir 2001 foieïnrfha§ n,hg m;a jQ rks,a úl%uisxy uy;d f.a rcfha" rg
lrùfï m%;sm;a;sh jQ h<s mqnqouq YS% ,xld jev ms<sfj, ;=, m%uqL ld¾Hhka ù ;snqfka
ta jk úg oYl folla mqrd Èfjñka mej;s hqoaOh wjika lsÍu i|yd ms<shï
fiùu;a w.dOfha m;=,u jeà ;snQ rfÜ wd¾Ólh f.dv k.d .ekSu;a úh'
ZZhqoaOh yd iduhZZ w;r foda,kh fjñka ;snQ Y%S ,xldfõ" ixpdrl l¾udka;fha
úNjh ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOfhka isá rks,a úl%uisxy rcfha" wd¾Ól úfYaI{hska"
wdfhdaclhskayg úfYaI jrm%ido yd myiqlï iys;j" wdl¾IKSh m%foAY uq,alr
.ksñka “ixpdrl l,dm” ixl,amh uq,a jrg t<s oelajQfha h<s mqnqouq Y%S ,xld jev
ms<sfj, ;=,sks' ú/lshdj uev,Sfï yd tal mqoa., wdodhu kxjd,Sfï yelshdj
úYd, jYfhka ixpdrl fCIA;%fha j¾Okfhka ,`.d lr .ekSu wfmaCIdj úh'
fm!oa.,sl wxYh flfrys oeä úYajdihlska l%shdl, tlai;a cd;sl mCI rch
ixpdrl fCIa;%fha ixj¾Okh flfrys f.dv kexjQ jev ms<sfjf,a jeä ld¾hNdrhla
o fm!oa.,sl wxYh k;=lsÍug wjYH kS;s flgqï m;a yd miqìu ieliSug
mshjr ;enQ kuq;a th iïmQ¾K lrkakg ;rï tu rch l,a mej;sfha ke;' tjlg
ixpdrl wud;HdxYh ñ,skao fudrf.dv wud;Hjrhd hgf;a mej;s w;r" ixpdrl
l¾udka;fha m%j¾Okh i|yd oeä lemùulska Tyq lghq;= lf,ah'
ñ,skao fudrf.dv uy;dg lrkakg fkdyels jQ foh 2005 Tlaf;dan¾ 18 jk Èk jk

úg iïmQ¾K lsÍug tu wjêfha úfoaY lghq;= yd ixpdrl wud;H jrhdj isá"
keiS .sh wkqr nKavdrkdhl uy;d hgf;a yels úh' tlai;a ck;d ksoyia
[24]
ixOdkfha ckdêm;sjrK fmdfrdkaÿ m;%h jQ uysko a Ñka;k jev ms<f
s j, t<s oelajQ
Èk udOH fj; woyia olajñka wkqr nKavdrkdhl uy;d m%ldY lr ;snqfka Bg Èk
follg fmr t<s oelajQ ixpdrl uKav, mk; ckdêm;sks pkaøsld nKavdrkdhl
1999§ ;enQ mshjrl m%ÓM,hla njhs' ixpdrl jHdmdrh kej; mk .kajd .ekSug
t;=ñh úiska m;a lrkq ,enQ ckdêm;s ld¾hh idOl n,ld lñgqj úiska bÈßm;a
lr ;snQ fhdackd u; fuh f.dv ke.+ nj lsheúks' Tjqka lr ;snQ fhdackd w;r
jvd;a n,mEï iys; fhdackdjla jQfha fm!oa.,sl wxYfha úfYAI{ Ndjh ixpdrl
l¾udka;fha l<ukdldÍ;ajhg ,efnk mßÈ ixpdrl uKav,h m%;sjHqy.; lsÍuhs'
fufia" 1968 wxl 14 ork ixpdrl ixj¾Ok mk; ixfYdaOkh lrjQ w;r fuu
mk; u.ska tf;la ^jir 40la& mej;s 1966 wxl10 ork ixpdrl uKav, mk;
iïmQ¾Kfhka wfydais lr ouk ,È'
flfia kuq;a" rch ì|jeàu ksid pkaøsld rcfha 1999 fhdackd Tjqka úiskau l%shdjg
kexùug wjia:djla fkd,enqkq w;r tu fhdackd ;j ÿrg;a j¾Okh lrñka yd
tf;la ;snqkq fhdackd n,d;aul lrñka" kj kS;s jHjia:dms; lrñka" 2001È n,hg
meñKs tlai;a cd;sl mCI rch wkd.; Y%S ,xldfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;hg ysñ ;ek
lrd fufyhùug mshjr .;af;ah'
ixpdrl jHdmdrh i|yd 2005 wxl 38 ork ixpdrl mk; l%shdjg kexùu wdrïN
jQfha jir 2007§ jk w;r tjlg ixpdrl wud;H jrhdj isá" fmdÿ ck tlai;a
fmruqKq rchg tlajQ ck;d úuqla;s fmruqfka ysgmq f,alï kkaok .=K;s,l uy;d
mkf;a fm!oa.,sl wxYhg ;snQ jeä bvlv yd n,;, ms<sn|j fkdleue;af;ka isá
w;r th ixfYdaOkh lr ixpdrl uKav, mk; kej; l%shdjg kexùfï oeä
Wjukdjlska l;d l, kuq;a" rcfha Wjukdj" mk;a yd tcdmfha h<s mqnqouq Y%S
,xld jevms<sfj, o wNsnjd hkakla úh'
fmdÿ fmruqfKa ue;sjrK fõÈld j,§ tlai;a cd;sl mCI rcfha l%shd ms<sfjf;a
fodia oelaùu i|yd mÜg .eiQ h<s mqnqouq Y%S ,xld jev ms<sfj, ;=, jQ wd¾Ól
j¾Okh b,lal lr.;a ishhg wkQjla muK jQ fhdackd msßisÿ f,iu l%Shdjg
kexjQfha fmdÿ fmruqKq wdKavqj úisks' yïnkaf;dg jrdh" fld<U jrdh ol=Kq
mrahka;h f.dv kexùu" kef.kysr m,d; i|yd jQ T¨ú,a ëjr jrdh" je,a,jdfha
bÈ lsÍug fhdackd jQ û;a;, bÈl,& fojk cd;Hka;r .=jka f;dgqm," oCIsK
wêfõ.S ud¾.h we;=`M wêfõ.S ud¾. moaO;sh fïjd w;ßka lemS fmfkk
l%shdldrlï lsysmhla muKs'
ixpdrl jHdmdrfha j¾;udk wdl%ukYS,S j¾Okhg iqkdñ jHikho úYd, rel=,la

njg m;alr .ekSug tjlg mej;s uyskao rdcmCI uy;d w.ue;sj isá pkaøsld
nKavdrkdhl rch jyd mshjr .;af;ah' tlai;a cd;sl mCIfha ixpdrl ixj¾Ok
jev ms<sfj, ;j ÿrg;a j¾Okh lrñka mßkduhg ,la lrkq ,enQfõ pkaøsld rcfha
ZZrg fmrgZZ m%;sm;a;sh ;=<k
s s'
tlai;a cd;sl mCIfha ixpdrl ixj¾Ok jev ms<sfj, ;=, ixpdrl l,dm f,i
jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug fhdackd ù ;snqfka l`M;r, fnkaf;dg" fírej," kqjrt,sh"
[25]
WKjgqk" .d¨ fldgqj" yslalvqj/ ó.uqj hk m%foaY jk w;r iqkdñ jHikfhka
wk;=rej úúO kï hgf;a j¾Okh lr rg fmrg jev ms<sfj, njg m;a lr.;a
uyskao rdcmCI w.ue;s jrhd yd pkaøsld nKavdrkdhl ckdêm;s jßh hgf;a jQ
rcfha fhdackdj,sh ;=, wdre.ïfí yd l,amsáh ¥m;a o we;=¨j fuh m%foaY 14la
olajd jeä úh'
iS-maf,aka fkdfyd;a c,pr .=jka hdkd ms<sn|j" tcdm fhdackdj,sh ;=, iDcqj i|
yka fkdjQ kuq;a wNHka;r .=jka ixprKh myiqlï m%j¾Okh i|yd fm!oa.,sl
wxYh iyNd.S;ajfhka l%shd;aul jk .>K hd;%dx.k folla iy .=jka hdkd
myiqlï m%j¾Okhg fy,sfldmag¾ hdkd wdÈh tla lrkd njg fhdackd we;=,;a
ù ;sìks.
wdikak w;S;fha uq,a jrg c,pr .=jka hdkd ms<sn|j wdkafoda,kd;aulj l;d nyg
,lajQfha igka úrduh w;r;=r" 2002 iema;eïnrfha §" tjlg úuqla;s fldá
ixúOdkfha kHdhdpd¾h jrhd jQ wdpd¾h wekagka nd,isxyï uy;d idu l;d ny
i|yd meñKsfha yd kej; ud, Èjhskg msgj .sfha c,pr .=jka hdkhlska neúks'
tu ld, jljdkqfõ§ tu .uk .ek jd¾:d iemhq fndfyda mqj;a m;a j, Tyq meñKs
.=jka hdkh ms<sn|jo úfYaIfhka l;d nyg ,la flßK' bka jir follg miq
iqkdñ jHikfhka wk;=rej cd;Hka;r iyk lKavdhï tlla fyda lsysmhla iyk
lghq;= fõ.j;a lsÍu wrNhd" úfYaIfhka ol=Kq m,d; yd fld<U w;r .ukd
.ukhg fuu j¾.fha .=jka hdkd 4la muK fhdod .kakd ,È' W;=f¾§ wekagka
nd,isxyï f.k wd hdkh f.dv nEu yd .=jka .;ùu brKuvq jefõ isÿ jQ w;r
ol=fKa§ fï i|yd úfYaIfhka fld.a., l,mqj Ndú; úh'
2005 jif¾ fkdjeïnrfha§ n,hg meñKs uyskao rdcmCI ckdëm;s jrhd “fï .y
fld< fï uy fmd<j Tnf.ah" tfy;a ta ish,a, Tnf.a muKla fkdj Tnf.a u;=
mrmqr fjkqfjka o /lsh hq;=h” hkqfjka mjiñka wdrïN lr ;snQ ;u ixj¾Ok
kHdh m;%h jQ uyskao Ñka;kh ,shú,a, ;=, fyda fojeks jr n,hg m;aùu i|yd
bÈßm;a l, uyskao Ñka;kh bÈß oelau ixj¾Ok kHdh m;%fhao c,pr .=jka hdkd
ms<sn| úfYaIs; i|ykla fkdjQ kuq;a ixpdrl l¾udka;h k.d isgqùu ms<sn|
fhdackd lsysmhla igyka fldg ;sìK' uyskao Ñka;k uq,a fhdackd j,sfha§ mßir
ys;ldó ;srir ixpdrl l¾udka;hla ms<sn|j b`.s lrñka" kuq;a “Y%S ,xldfõ
mdßißl yd ixialD;sl wdl¾Ykhkaf.ka Wmßu m%fhdack .ekSu msKsi oekg we;s
ie,iqï hdj;ald,Sk lrñka bÈß jir my ;=, ixpdrl l¾udka;h by,u ;,hlg
f.ktau i|yd wjYH ie,iqï ilia lrkafkñ” hkqfjka igyka fldg wu;r
fhdackd lsysmhla o we;=,;a fldg ;sìK'
jir 2005 jkúg ;snqkq ie,iqï jkafka 2001 - 2004 rks,a úl%uisxy wdKavqj úiska
l, fhdackd yd tajd jeä ÈhqKq lrñka ilid ;snQ pkaøsld – uyskao wdKavqfõ rg
fmrg fhdackdjka fõ' i;H jYfhka neÆ l, uyskao Ñka;kh hkq me,eia;r
lsysmhla oud jdlH fjkia fldg lmd fldgd w,jd yd w`M;ska iq`M fldgia lsysmhla
tla fldg msg ljrh fjkia l, rks,a úl%uisxy wdKavqfõ Regaining Sri Lanka
[26]
fkdfyd;a “h<s mqnqouq Y%S ,xld” kñka isxy, ck;dj w;g m;al< wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok
jevigyku nj meyeÈ<sh' ixpdrl l¾udka;fha ixj¾Okhg wNHka;r .=jka
.uka yd tys j¾Okho fuys i|yka lr ;snQ tla wx.hla úh'
tf;la ^jir 2005 wjika jk úg& 14lg iSud ù ;snQ ixpdrl l,dm m%udKh w;s
úYd, jYfhka jeäjQ w;r th fï jk úg l,dm 45 olajd by, f.dia ;sfí'
^weuqkqu 2& b,lal .; ixpdrlhskaf.a meñKSu m%udkhg ^jir 2010 § 1"500"000
ixpdrl meñKSula wfmaCId lr ;sìK& wjYH há;, myiqlï j¾Okhg rch oeä
wdl%ukYS,S;ajhlska lghq;= lrñka isáfhah' tys wksgq úmdl ck;dj u; m;s;
fjñka mj;S' rch úiska bvï jkdka;r yd c,c mßirh wdl%uKh lrkq ,eîh'
ke;fyd;a wdfhdaclhskag ta ioyd bv i,ik ,oS'
ixpdrl jHdmdrfhka fvd,¾" mjqï" hqfrda yd fhka Wmhd .ekSfï m%Odk wx.hla
f,i m%jdyk myiqlï iemhSu u.ska ixpdrl wdl¾YkSh m%foaY fj; ,`.dùug
fukau rg mqrd ixpdrl .ukdka; i|yd yqjudre ùug myiq yd ,dN bmhsh yels
fukau wdl¾YkSh u.la f,i c,pr .=jka hdkd fhdojd .ekSug rch mshjr
.;af;ah' miq.sh jljdkQj,§ fuu hdkd Ndú;fha ;snQ w;aoelSïo fuhg rel=,la
jkakg we;s njg is;sh yel'
lgqkdhl cd;Hka;r .=jka f;dgqm,ska rgg msúfik ixpdrlhka yg ;u b,lal

m%foaYhg myiqfjka <`.dúh yels yd .uk wjikaj kej; msg;aj hEug
lgqkdhl .=jkaf;dgq m, fj; ,`.dùug fukau ó.uqj wdY%s;j kjd;eka .kakd
ixpdrlhska yg wfkl=;a m%foaY fj; ,`.d ùug wjYH myiqlï iemhSu u.ska uqo,a
bmhSu rcfha wfmalaIdj úh fuysoS oyia .kka ëjrhska Ôúldj ißlr .kakd
ó.uq l,mqjo fvd,¾ W,am;la f,i y÷kd .ksñka ixpdrl l¾udka;h i|yd
fhdod .ekSug rch fkdj,yd lghq;= lf,ah' rch" tys§ jákd c,c mßirh
úmßhdihkag ,la lsÍu ;=,ska isÿjk wd¾Ól" iudcuh fyda mdßißl úkdYh
ms<sn|j ;elSula fkdl,dla fukau ;u m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkh ;=, we;s iajfoaYSh
ckhdg we;s c,fha whs;sh ms<sn|j m%ldYkh fyda" ëjr l¾udka;fha j¾Okh
fukau ;srir mdßißl ixl,amhka lsisjla i,ld ne,Sulska f;drju Wu;= jQjka
fuka l%shd;aul úh'
2010 jif¾ oS ó.uq l,mqfõ È. yerefka 2002 jif¾ isg ,shjqkq w;a msgm;l
cjksld fm,la muKs' ;j;a cjksld rdYshla rg mqrd fï jk úg;a È. yefrñka
;sfí' ck;djf.a c,hg we;s whs;sh fukau bvï whs;sho wuq wuqfõ W,a,x>kh
fjñka mj;S'
flfia kuq;a" wdhqO n,h fukau hqO ch.%ykh yryd rchg ,eî ;snQ nyq;r ck;d
ms<s.ekSu foaYmd,k n, Wkaudohla njg m;alr .;a j;auka rch n,y;aldrh
u;ska ;u fykaphshkag yd uqo,a n,h we;a;jqka yg ck;djf.a iïm;a
úkdYlrñka iqrd lEug .;a W;aidyfha m%:u mrdch ó.uq l,mqj ;u wNsu;hg
Ndú; lrkakg f.dia isÿ lr .;af;ah'
[27]
ó.uq ëjr ck;dj m%uqL igkaldó wr., lrejka wdrïNfha§u th mrdch
fkdl,dkï ó.uq l,mqj hkq Èklg jeäfhkau c,pr hdkd f.dv niaik
.=jkaf;dg ùu fkdje,elaúh yels lreKla jkjd fkdwkqudkh' Tjqka Èú
mrÿjg ;nd /l .;af;a yqfola mßir moaO;shla iy ëjr /lshdjka lsysmhla
muKla fkdj wkd.; mrmqrl Wreuhhs'
is;shu wxl 6( c,pr .=jkahdkd .ukdka; yd .=jka ud¾.

uQ,h: www.srilankan.com
4'2 uyskao Ñka;kh ^2005& ;=, ixpdrl jHdmdrfha .ukau.
“YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg ixpdrl jHdmdrfhka ,nd.; yels odhl;ajh

úYd,h' tfy;a foaYfha iajNdúl yd udkj iïm;a ie,iqï iy.; f,i fuu
l¾udka;h i|yd úoHdkql+,j fhdod .ekSula ;ju;a olakg fkdue;' ck
ixprKh fjkqjg mßir ys;ldó ;sridr ixpdrl l¾udka;hla we;s lsÍu uf.a
n,dfmdfrd;a;=jhs'”
“Y%S ,xldfõ mdßißl iy ixialD;sl wdl¾Ykhkaf.ka Wmßu m%fhdack .ekSu

msKsi oekg we;s ie,iqï hdj;ald,Sk lrñka bosß jir my ;=< ixpdrl
l¾udka;h by<u ;,hlg f.k tau i|yd wjYH ie,iqï ilia lrkafkñ'”
“2010 j¾Ih jkúg úfoaY ixpdrlhska 1"500"000 la Y%S ,xldjg f.kajd .ekSfï
b,lalhla yUdhdu i|yd jHdmdßl ie,iqula ilikafkñ' ta i|yd oekgu;a
[28]
ixpdrlhka meñfKk rgj,a j,g wu;rj bka§h" Ök" ueo fmrÈ. iy reishdkq
ixpdrlhka b,lal .; flf¾'”
“fuu w;sf¾l ixpdrl m%udKh ord.ekSu i|yd wjYH fydag,a l¾udka;h

we;=¿ wfkl=;a há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okhg wjYH uQ,H wkq.%yh ,nd fokafkñ'”
“ixpdrl lafIa;%h wdY%s; úêu;a we.hsulg ,la ù fkdue;s uÕ fmkajkakkag ksis

mqyqKqj ,nd §ugo Tjqka ixpdrl uKav,fha ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍugo mshjr .kafkñ'”
“yïnkaf;dg" l,amsáh" wre.ïfí we;=¿ ixpdrl l¾udka;h i|yd wdl¾YkSh

m%foaYhkays tu l¾udka;h ÈhqKq lsÍug mshjr .kafkñ'”
fíf¾ jejrjqu" ,kafoais we, m%foaYh ixpdrl l¾udka;h i|yd m%uqL;dj ,efnk
mßÈ ixj¾Okh lrñ'
Wmqgd .ekSu - uyskao Ñka;kh bÈßoelau yd ixpdrl l¾udka;h
j.=j wxl 1: wfmalaIs; ixpdrl meñKSu yd wdodhï
wfmalaIs; wfmalaIs;
wdodhu
jir ixpdrlhska
ixLHdj [fvd,¾ ì,shk]
2010 1, 500 000 2
2015 2, 500 000 5
2020 4, 000 000 8
uQ,h: uyskao Ñka;kh bosß oelau 2010 [165 msgqj]
uyskao Ñka;kh bosß oelau ;=, i|yka mßos" fuysoS b,lal lrk ixpdrlhska
jkafka by, ia:rfha ixpdrlhskah.fuu.ska wfmalaId lrkqfha ixpdrlfhl=f.a
oskl úhou fvd,¾ 200l uÜgul mj;ajd .ekSuhs.
kuq;a" fuu ixpdrl ie,eiaug uq¿ukskau mriamrh wkq.ukh lrñka oekg

isÿlrk ixpdrl há;, myiqlï iemhSfï ls%hdldÍ;ajh ;=,ska wo isÿj we;af;a
idudkH ck;dj fkdi,ld yßñka mSvdjg m;a lsÍuhs. rgl ixj¾Ok ie,iqï ;=,
m%Odku wjOdkhla osh hq;= wdmodjkag md;% ck;dj wu;l lrk ixj¾Okhla
lsisfia;a ;srir fkdjk w;r w;S;fha wm rg bf.k .;a mdvï lsisfia;au
iqNodhl tajd fkdjk nj wms fufia igyka ;nuq. úfYaIfhkau W;=f¾;a ol=fKa;a
ler,s follg uqyqKoS oyia .kka Ôú; wysñlr.;a rgla jk wmsg fuu.ska
lshdfokafka w;S;fhka mdvï bf.k .ekSug wms ;ju;a iQodkï ke;s njhs.
[29]
5 jk mßÉfÊoh
ó.uq l,mq iS-maf,aka wr.,fha Èk igyka'
5.1 ó.uq l,mq iS-maf,aka wr.,fha igkaldó;ajh'
ó.uq l,mqjg iS-maf,aka jHdmD;shla y÷kajd oSug hk nj;a th 2010 fkdjeïn¾

jkúg osh;a lrk nj;a uq,skau wm oekqj;a lf,a YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d
ixúOdkfha finia;shka úkaikaÜ ifydaorhdhs. bka wk;=rej mej;s ëjr
iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrfha fufyhqï lñgqfõ oS" YS% úuqla;s ixúOdkfha iqNdYsks
fidhqßh;a" ó.uq l,mq ëjr ixúOdkfha iNdm;s udlia wekagks ifydaorhd;a fuu
lreK h<s wjOdrKh lrk ,ÿj ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrh f,i fuu wr.,hg
wmo ueosy;aa jqkd'
fuu wr.,fha cSj.=Kh uq, isgu r|d mej;=fka ëjr ldka;djkaf.a yd

msßñkaf.a igkaldó lemùu ;=,hs' fuysoS ëjr ldka;djkaf.a lemùu b;du;a by,
;,hl mej;=kd' wdrïNfhaoS mrdcs; ukilska wr.,hg msúis ieug Yla;sh
ÿkafka fï ldka;djka yd Tjqka iu. isá msßñkah. fndfyda fofkl=f.a woyi jQfha"
fuh rcfha jHdmD;shla neúka fuh ch .ekSu lsisfia;a l, fkdyelalla njhs'
kuq;a ldka;djkaf.a yd msßñkaf.a wêIaGdkh yd lemùu ta ish,a, wNsnjd .shd.
tfia fkdjkakg wmg fuu ch.%dyS igyk ;eîug wjia:djla fkd,efnk nj
taldka;hs.
[30]
fkdje' 17 Èk l,mq wr.,fha wjia:djla
kuq;a fuu ls%hdj<sh ;=, ck;dj talrdYs lsÍfï isg ixúOdk wr.,hg f.dkq
lsÍu" udOH yd .Kqfokq lsÍu" lf;da,sl mshjreka yd mejos fidhqßhkaf.a iyh oskd
.ekSu" ks<OdÍka iu. jdo újdo lsÍu" foaYmd,lhska yd oeä u;jdoS wr., osh;a lsÍu
olajd uy;a ld¾hh Ndrhla osh;a lsÍug isÿúh. fuu ld¾hh i|yd oeä lemùulska ls
%hdl, YS% úuqla;s ldka;d ixúOdkfha finia;shka úkaikaÜ, oSmd iqNdYskS, ñ,skd l=udß,
bkaødKs m%kdkaÿ, koSYdks, ks¾u,d m%kdkaÿ wdoSka fukau" l,mq ëjr ixúOdkfha udlia
wekagks fidhqrd;a, ëjr iyfhda.s;d ld¾hdxYfha m%shxlr fldaia;d, ,laisß m%kdkaÿ, *%ekaii
s a
rdcka fidhqrkaf.a fuu ls%hdj<sh mqrd oelajQ odhl;ajh" fuu osk igyka ;=, wvx.= lr
we;af;a wju jYfhks. thg fya;=j fuu wr.,h osh;a l, ld,h mqrdjgu Tjqkaf.a
odhl;ajh igyka lf,a kï" iEu osklu l=uk fyda .ïudkhl osh;a l, oekqj;a lsÍï
;=, fuu igyk msÍ hk neúks. fuysoS wmf.a wjOdrKh kï" fuu ls%hdj<sh ;=,
iduQySlj osh;a l, l%shdldrlï yd iudc jHdmdrh f.dvke.SfïoS isÿjq úúO .;slhka yd
thg odhljQ msßi ms,sn|j igykla ;eîuhs.
5.2 ó.uq l,mq iS-maf,aka igfka oskfmd;

2010.07.08
ó.uqj uyùosh foajia:dkfha cqì,s Yd,dfõoS ksfhdacH wud;H ir;a .=Kr;ak uy;df.a
ksfhdacs; jrfhla yd ëjr ck;dj w;r ixjdohla fld<U moúfha ëjr lghq;= WmdOH
f,iag¾ fkdaksia msh;=ud úiska ixúOdkh lrkq ,eîh. fuu /iaùfïoS iS-maf,aka
jHdmD;sh;a" tu.ska ó.uq l,mqjg isÿjk wys;lr n,mEu;a ms,sn|j msh;=ud meyeos,s
l, w;r" YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkfha idudcsldjka 35la fuu yuqjg iyNd.s úh.
[31]
2010.07.09
cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrh" f,i iS-maf,aka ms,sn|j idlÉcd lr" ls%hdldÍ lñgqjla
m;alr .;af;ah. fuu lñgqfõ idudcslhka f,i udlia" iqNdYskS" ,laisß" m%shxlr" .S;d
iy y¾uka bosßm;aúh. f,iag¾ fkdaksia msh;=udj iy ó.uq l,mqj jgd óiïj, md,l
msh;=uka,d" ëjr ldka;djka yd ëjr ld¾ñlhska oekqj;a lsÍu fukau fmdaiagrhla
ks¾udKh lsÍug fuys§ ;SrKh úh.
2010.07.13
YS% úuqla;s ixúOdkfha ls%hdldÍka" ómqr mqj;amf;a lKavdhu" ëjr iyfhda.s;djfha msßio
we;=¿j 15l lKavdhula fmßhuq,a, foajia:dkfhaoS f,iag¾ fkdaksia msh;=ud uqk.eisks.
fuu yuqfõoS ck;dj oekqj;alr wjYH ueosy;aùu ,nd .ekSu ms<sn|j idlÉcd lrk ,oS .
fkdaksia msh;=ud m%ldY lf,a l,mqj jgd óiï wdYS%; mshjrekaj oekqj;alr" ck;dj
wr.,hg odhllr .ksñka fuu jHdmD;sh mrdch l, yelsnj;a" ;jÿrg;a rch wmf.A
y`vg ijka fkdfokafka kï" w.ro.=re ;=ud u.ska ckdêm;sjrhdg oekqï oSfuka jHdmD;sh
ó.uq l,mqfjka bj;al, yels njhs.
2010.08.20
cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.S;d mqyqKq uOHia:dkfhaoS YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkfha
kdhsldjka yd iuia: ,xld ëjr jD;a;sh ix.ufha kdhlhska msßila iu. iS-maf,aka
jHdmD;sh ms<sn|j oekqj;a lsÍfï jevigykla meje;aúh.
YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkfha m%dfoaYSh lñgqj
fuosk m%Odk jYfhka idlÉPd lrkq ,enqfõ l,mqfõ bos lsÍug iqodkï jk c,c .=jka
m:h ms<sn|jhs' tfiau mqrjeisfhl= f,i wm fujeks m%YakhloS uqyqK osh hq;= wdldrh yd
tajd úi|d .ekSug ieuf.a iyfhda.h ,ndoSfï jeo.;a lu ms<sn|jo oekqj;a lf<ah'
[32]
2010.08.25
YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkfha uyd iNd /iaùfïoS ldka;djka 700la bosßfha oS
f,iag¾ fkdaksia msh;=ud" iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh ms,sn|j oekqj;a lsÍu.
iS-maf,aka jHdmD;shg tfrysj ls%hd;aul ùu i|yd ó.uq l,mqj jgd l=rei isgqjd
ixfla;d;aul úfrdaO;djh oelaùu. iS-maf,aka ms,sn|j oekqj;a lr iyh ,nd.ekSug
l,mqj jgd óiï mshjre yuqùu. udOH u.ska úfrdaOh oelaùug;a, w;am;s%ld yd fmdaiag¾
u.ska ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍug ;SrKh lrk ,oS'
2010.10.19
ómqr mqj;amf;a Tlaf;dan¾ l,dmh iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh ms,sn|j oekqj;a lsÍug lemlsÍu'
fuys b;d jeo.;a lreKla f,i fldrhd fldñiu u.ska ó.uq l,mqj ;=, hdka;S%l fndaÜgq
Odjkh mjd ;ykï lsÍug oS we;s ks¾foaYh bosßm;a lr we;'
iS-maf,aka jHdmD;shg tfrysj ls%hd;aul jk ish¿u ixúOdk ls%hdldÍkaf.a yuqjla ó.uq

cqì,s Yd,dfõoS ixúOdkh flßK' fuys le|jqïlrejka f,i YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d
ixúOdkh" ó.uq l,mq ëjr ixúOdkh yd ckdjfndaO flakaøh wdYS%; je,a,ùosh idka;
wkaf;daks ëjr iñ;sh ls%hdlrk ,oS' ^wdrOkd ,smsh" weuqKqï wxl 3&
fuu yuqjg lf;da,sl yd ls%ia;shdks mshjreka meúos fidhqßhka we;=¿ 150lg wêl msßila
iyNd.s úh. fuu yuqfõ m%ÓM,hla f,i ó.uq l,mqj iq/lSfï ixOdkh ia:dms; lrk ,o
w;r ëjr iyfhda.s;djfha y¾uka l=udr yd YS% úuqla;s ixúOdkfha §md iqNdYskS ixOdkfha
le|jqïlrejka f,i f;dard .kakd ,È.
2010.10.24
iS-maf,aka igkg iyh ,nd .ekSu wruqfKka wreK" iqNd" ud¾lia" l=udß" yd y¾uka
we;=¿ ixOdkfha ls%hdldÍka msßila ó.uq l,dmSh wkqkdhl meá%la fcdaYma msh;=ud
yuqùug ld¾osk,a l=f¾ uOHia:dkhg .sho" t;=ud fkdisáfhka ,smshla u.ska t;=ud
we;=¿j ks, lf;da,sl iNdfõ iyh b,a,d isák ,os.
2010.10.30
ëjr weu;s fodia;r rdcs; fiakdr;ak" ó.uqfõ /iaùulg meñKs wjia:dfõ iS-maf,aka
.eg¿fjka ó.uq l,mqj fírd fok f,i b,a,d Y%S úuqla;s ëjr ixúOdkfha ksfhdað;
msßila ,smshla Ndr oSug lghq;= lf,ah. iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sfhka l,mqjg ydkshla fkdue;s
nj;a" tjekakla mj;S kï ckdêm;sjrhd yuqù lreKq bosßm;a lrk f,i;a weu;sjrhd
m%Ópdr olajk ,oS.
[33]
2010.10.31
iS¥j l=re¿lef,a foajia:dkfha ux., foaj fufyh
iS¥j l=re¿ lef,a idka; cQâ ;foajqia uqks;=udf.a foajia:dkfha jd¾ISl ux., fufyh
;=,oS" 2000 lg wêl ck;djlg iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh osh;a lsÍfuka ó.uq l,mqjg isÿjk
ydksh ms<sn|j oekqj;a lf,ah. fuu fufyhg ëjr fndaÜgq 800 la yd f;mamï yd Tre 200
lg wêl ixLHdjlska ck;dj iyNd.sùu. wkqkdhl meá%la fcdaYma msh;=ud m%Odk;ajfhka
mej;s ux., foaj fufyfhaoS f,iag¾ fkdaksia msh;=ud ck;djf.a uki yd yoj; folgu
wduka;%Kh lrñka" wdfõ.YS,S foaYKhla isÿ lrk ,È.
nhsn,fhka Wmqgd olajñka “iajdñkS, iajdñkS, wms úkdY jkakghs hkafka" wmg iyh
jkak.” [Æla: 8: 24]m%ldY lrk ,oS.
iS¥j l=re¿lef,a foajia:dkhg /iajQ ck;djf.ka fldgila
fuu yuqqjg meñKs udOHhka w;ßka BBC, isri" forK" ish; yd fk;a FM kd,sld
yryd ;u úfrdaO;djh rggu fy,s lsÍug iqNd, l=udß, udlia yd ;j;a lsysm fofkl=gu
wjia:dj ,eìks.
[34]
2010.11.03
ó.uq l,mqj iq/lSfï ixOdkfha lñgq idudcslhska w;ßka ir;a boaou,af.dv msh;=ud"
fkdfh,a l%siaàka meúos fidhqßh" udlia m%kdkaÿ" y¾uka l=udr iu. ;j;a 16 fofkl=
fmßhuq,a, foajia:dkfhaoS f,iag¾ fkdaksia msh;=ud yuqù" mej;s /iaùul oS" iS-maf,aka
wr.,hg w.ro.=re;=udf.a iyh ,nd .ekSug w.ro.=re;=ud yuqùug ;SrKh lrk ,oS.
2010.11.04
cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.S;d fufyhqï lñgq yuqfõoS" iS-maf,aka wr.,h ms,sn|j lñgq
idudcslhka oekqj;a lsÍu yd fuu jHikfhka ëjrhka uqojk f,i b,a,d ckdêm;sg yd
ëjr weu;sg ,sms heùug ixúOdk ish,a, ;SrKh lrk ,È'
2010.11.05
iS-maf,aka wr.,hg iyh olajk f,i b,a,d w.ro.=re ue,alñ rxð;a ysñku yuqùug
ëjr kdhlhska 7 fofkl= iyNd.S úh. ñ,skd l=udß" udlia m%kdkaÿ" wreK frdIdka; iy
y¾uka l=udr fuu msßig wh;ajQ w;r fi;a;mdvqj ksu,a úhdks uq,ajrg fuu lKavdhug
tlaúh.
ó.uqj k.r Yd,dfõ§ iS-maf,aka ms<sn| idlÉPdjg iyNd.S jQ foaYmd,lhska yd .re mshjreka
2010. 11.11.
[35]
jrdh yd .=jka fiajd ksfhdacH wud;H ohdY%S; ;sfiard, rdcH iïm;a yd jHjidhl;aj
ixj¾Ok ksfhdacH wud;H ir;a .=Kr;ak, m,d;a iNd wud;H ksu,a ,xid we;=¿j"
wkqkdhl meá%la fcdaYma msh;=ud m%uqLj mshjre úYd, ixLHdjla o iu. ó.uq uy k.r
iNd Yd,dfõoS /iaùula meje;aùh.
j¾Idj uOHfha ksfhdacH wud;H ohdYS%; ;sfiard f.a meñKSu m%udoùu;a iu. meñK isá
ck;dj ó.uq k.r Yd,dj bosßfha oejeka; Woaf>daIKhla Èh;a lf,ah'
ksfhdacH weu;s ohdY%s; ;sfiard meñKSfuka wk;=rej" /iaùu wdrïNfhau isú,a .=jka
fiajd wud;HdxH ks<OdÍka ùäfhda o¾YKhla bosßm;a l, w;r iS-maf,aka u.ska bgqlrk
fiajdj bosßm;a lrk ,oS. fuys§" ëjr ck;dj fjkqfjka ksu,a úhdks" fcdaYma mSg¾" rxcs;a
m%kdkaÿ" yd y¾uka l=udr we;=`M msßila iNdj weu;Sh.
y¾uka l=udr k.r Yd,dfõ§ yuqj wu;ñka
YS% úuqla;s ixúOdkfha iNdm;skS Ysrdks m%kdkaÿ" ;u oeä úfrdaO;djh igykA

lrñka i|yka lf,a; “fuys isák lsisfjla ó.uq l,mqjg iS-maf,aka f.k tkjdg tl`.
keye. wms lsisfia;a iS-maf,aka ó.uq l,mqjg oeóug bv fkdfokafkuq. wms wmf.a cSú; /l
fok ó.uq l,mqj úkdY lsÍug lsisfia;a bv fkdfouq. ó.uq l,mqj wmf.a wïudhs. wmf.a
wïud úkdY lrkakg lsisfjl=g;a wms bv fkdfouq” f,ihs.
ckdêm;sjrhd yuqùug hdug ëjrhskaf.ka iukaú; lñgqjla m;alsÍug weu;sjrhd

W;aidy lrk ;SrKd;aul fudfyd;loS y¾uka l=udr ueosy;a fjñka ioyka lf,a" “wmg
lshkakg we;s ish¿u foa wms i|yka l,d. wm ck;djf.a y`v b;d meyeos,shs. ó.uq
l,mqjg iS-maf,aka tmd. ck;djf.a Pkaofhka f;aÍ m;ajQ Tn,d wmf.a ksfhdacs;hska f,i
ckdêm;s;=udg wmf.a úfrdaO;djh m%ldY lr wmg idOdrKh bgqlr fokak”.
[36]
kuq;a ksfhdacH weu;sjrhd wjOdrKh lf,a ckdêm;s yuqjg lñgqjla wksjd¾hfhkau
wjYH njhs.kuq;a fuu wjia:dfõoS;a y¾uka h<s ueosy;a úh;
“wms ckdêm;s;=ud yuqùug lñgqjla m;alr .ekSug iQodkï. kuq;a ta tl fldkafoaishla

u; Tn;=ud oeka m%ldY lrkak l,mqfõ lekSï kj;d" l,mqfõ iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh ms<sn|
ckdêm;s;=ud yuqù ;Skaÿjla .kakd f;la w;aysgqjk njg. tfia ke;skï wms lrk
idlÉPdj, lsis÷ m,la keye l,mqj úkdY ù yudr ksid”
fuu ;SrKd;aul fudfydf;a ksfhdacH weu;sjrhd ;u ks<OdÍka iu. idlÉPd lr

;djld,slj l,mqfõ lekSï lghq;= w;aysgqùug ;SrKh lrk ,oS.
fuh l,mq ëjr igfka ch.%dyS udj;g wj;S¾Kjq fudfyd; f,i ye¢kaùu
w;sfYdala;shla fkdfõ.
iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh ;djld,slj w;aysgqjk njg m<l, m%ldYh
2010.11.12.
[37]
l,mq ëjr ixOdkfha /iaùula ixúOdkh lrk ,oS. ó.uq l,mqj yEÍu
;djld,slj w;aysgqjk njg ksfhdacH weu;s ohdYS%; ;sfiard fmdfrdkaÿ jqjo" l,mqj
lekSï lghq;= wLKavj isÿùu ms,sn|j .egqula hka;% ls%hdlrejka yd ëjr kdhlhka w;r
l,mqfõoS isÿúh.
2010.11.15
ëjr kdhlhskaf.a mqj;am;a idlÉPdj
fuoskg ue,alï rxcs;a w.ro.=re;=udf.a Wmkaoskh fhoS ;snqk neúka t;=udg u,a
l,Ula msßkud Wmkaosk iqN me;=ï fhduql, ëjr kdhlhska yd YS% úuqla;s ldka;d
ixúOdkfha ldka;djka" ro.=re;=ud iy wfkl=;a mshjrekaf.ka iS-maf,aka Wjÿfrka
;uka .,jd.ekSug WmldÍjk f,i;a, ckdêm;s jrhd yuqù ;ukag isÿlrk widOdrKh
j,lajk f,i;a b,a,d isák ,oS. fuysoS ck;djf.a b,a,Sug m%;spdr f,i ue,alï rxcs;a
w.ro.=re ;=ud i|yka lf,a" ;ukag tjekaklg n,hla fkdue;s nj;a, ;uka fï rfÜ
ckdêm;s fkdjk nj;a, iS-maf,aka folla oekgu;a f.kú;a we;s neúka fuu jHdmD;sh
wksjd¾hfhkau ls%hd;aul lrk neúka ksyvj isák f,ihs'
fuu jd;djrKh ms<sn|j rfÜ ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍug ixOdkfha udOH yuqjla iudcSh yd
iduhsl flakaøfha oS meje;ajQ w;r thg rxcs;a m%kdkaÿ" ksu,a úhdks, wreK frdIdka; iy
ñ,skd l=udß iyNd.súh.
2010.11.16
[38]
45 l muk ldka;d" msßñ ksfhdackh lrñka l,mqj iq/lSfï ixOdkfha /iaùula
ixúOdkh l, w;r 17 osk ó.uq l,mqfõ mj;ajk Woaf>daIK jHdmdrh ms,sn|j ixúOdk
lghq;= osh;a lrk ,oS.
wreK frdIdka; l,mq igk ixúOdk lghq;= ms<sn| bÈßm;a lrñka
fIrdâ chj¾Ok msh;=ud, kS;s{ úkaikaÜ nq,;aisxy, iy y¾uka l=udr f.a

iyNd.s;ajfhka fcHIaG kS;s{ fÊ' iS' je,swuqK iu. idlÉPdjla ixúOdkh lrk ,oS.
je,swuqK uy;d olajk ,o woyia wkqj" rfÜ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh jeks úIhkaysoS ck;djg
isÿjk widOdrKhkag wod,j Widúfhka idOdrK ;Skaÿ wfmalaId lsÍu ÿIalr lreKla
úh.
rxð;a m%kdkaÿ, wreK frdIdka;, ksu,a úhdks we;=,;a ëjr kdhl lKavdhula l,mqj jgd
ëjr .ïudk j, ck;dj yuqù fyg [17 osk] isÿlrk Woaf>daIKh ms<sn|j oekqj;a lr
iyNd.s;ajh wfmalaId lrk ,oS.
[39]
l,mqj ;=, wr.,fha wjia:djla
2010.11.17
6000 lg wêl ck;djla iu.ska ft;sydisl l,mq igk Woaf>daIK jHdmdrh ó.uq
l,mqfõ fmrjre 7.00 isg osh;alrk ,o w;r ëjr msßñka hd;%d Ndú;fhka l,mqfõ;a,
ldka;djka l,mq bjqf¾ yd lgqkdhl uxikaêfha;a Woaf>daIK jHdmdrhg iyNd.súh.
mq;a;,u - flddaIKh hgm;a lsÍug wdrlaIl wxYfha
by,u ks<Odßhdf.a isg my,u ks<OdÍkq;a" ;=jlal= w;e;sj l,mqfõ yd uymdf¾ isá
fmd,sish yd fid,aodÿjkq;a" .=jfka isg uy y`v foñka .uka .;a l*S¾ hdkd;a msßi
NS;shg m;a lrk ,oS. jeo.;a foh kï fï jkúg hqoaOh wjika ù jirlg;a wêl
ld,hla .;ù ;snq neúka l*S¾ hdkd .=jka .; lrkafka ìhm;a lr uyck;djf.a
Woaf>daIK hgm;a lsÍug nj ck;dj wjfndaO lr f.k ;sîuhs'
[40]
l,mq igfka igkaldó ck;dj
ó.uq l,mqfõ meh 6lg wêl ld,hla .; lsÍfuka miqj ëjr kdhlhska laIKslj ;SrKh
lr l,mqfjka bj;aùug isÿjQ w;r thg m%Odk fya;=j jQfha l,mqfõ isá kdúl yuqod
ks<Odßhl=f.a cx.u ÿrl:kh yryd fIrdâ chj¾Ok msh;=udg wdrlaIl wud;HdxYfha
f,alï jrhdf.ka ,enqkq ÿrl:k mKsjqvh;a" ;j ÿrg;a l,mqfõ ld,h .; lsÍfuka
wfmalaIS; m%Óm,h ,`.d lr .ekSug fkdyels nj ck;dj jgyd.;a neúks.
meh 6 lg wêl ld,hla lgqkdhl uxikaêfha oS m%Odk ud¾.h yria lr isÿ lrk ,o
Woaf>daIK jHdmdrhg miajre 4.00g muk kdúl yuqod by, ks<Odßfhl=f.ka ,enqkq
ch.%yKfha mKsjqvfhka wk;=rejo l,mqj yEÍfï hka;% bj;alr .kakd ;=reu
úfrdaO;djfha kshe¨kq msßi m'j' 6.00 g muk ch.%dySj úisßks.
2010.11.18
ëjr ixúOdk ksfhdacs; msßilf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka /iaùula ixúOdkh lr 17jk osk

ch.%yKh ms,sn|j;a fuu igfka bosßmshjr ms,sn|j;a idlÉPd lrk ,oS . l,mq igfka
ch.%dyS mshjr ish¿u udOHhkays ixjdohg f.k ;sìKs.
2010 11 19
ó.uqj l,mqj iq/lSfï ixOdkh ëjr iyfhda.s;djfhaoS /iaõ l,mq igfka bosß mshjr
ixjdo lrk ,oS. ó.uq l,mqj jgd óiï md,l mshjre uqK.eiS bosßfhaoS u;=úh yels
;¾ckhkag iyh b,a,d isàug;a, w.ro.=re ysñ yuqù ó.uq l,mq igfka ch.%yKh
ms<sn|j oekqj;a lsÍug;a, ëjr ck;djf.a wr.,hka yd lïlre wr.,hka taldnoaO
[41]
lsÍug;a, .ïmy osia;%sla ixj¾Ok ie,iqu ,ndf.k wOHhkh lsÍug;a, ó.uq l,mq igk
ms<sn|j jd¾;d.; lsÍug;a ;SrKh lrk ,oS.
fuhg wu;rj fuu ls%hdldÍ;ajh bosßhg f.k hdu i|yd wjYH wruqo,a /ialr .ekSug
l%ufõohla f,i fi;a;mdvqj m%foaYfha udoe,a f;dgqm, 3l udoe,a weoSug ;SrKh
lrk ,oS. wmf.a b,lalh remsh,a ,laI 2l wruqo,la f.dvke.Su úh.
tfiau bosß ld,fhaoS hï ixjdohlg wdrdOkd ,ofyd;a ksfhdacs; msßila f,i iyNd.s
fkdùug;a" mq¿,a ixjdohla i|yd mukla iyNd.S ùug;a ;SrKh lrk ,oS.
iS-maf,aka ó.uq l,mqjg wkjYH nj ioyka lrñka ó.uqfõ ish¿u ixúOdkj, w;aikska
ckdêm;sjrhdg ,smshla ,sùug;a fuu ixjdofhaoS ;SrKh úh.
2010.11.20
ó.uq l,mqfõ jeo.;alu wOHkh lr jd¾;d lsÍug mdßißl ixrCIK Ndrfha icSj
pdñlr iy wcka;d m,syjvk iyNd.sjQ w;r" udlia m%kdkaÿ wjYH flafIa;% iyh
,ndfok ,oS.
2010.11.21
cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.S;djh" ;s%l=Kdu,fhaoS f,dal ëjr oskh ieurE w;r ó.uqfõ
iS-maf,aka jHdmD;shg tfrys wr.,hg YS% úuqla;s ldka;d ixúOdkh ,ndÿka odhl;ajh
bkaødKs m%kdkaÿ bosßm;a lrk ,oS. fuysoS bkaødKas m%ldY lrk ,oafoa “wms wfma n;a m;g
je,s odkak rchg fyda fjk;a lsisjl=g lsisfia;a bvfkdfouq. ó.uq l,mqj hkq wmf.a
cSú;hhs. wks;a iEu l¾udka;hlau wu;l lr oud ixpdrl l¾udka;fhka wfma rg oshqKq
lrkak ie,iqï lrkjd lshk tl ySkhla mukhsZZ hkqfjks'
2010.11.22
ksu,a úhdksg meñKs,a,la úNd. lsÍu i|yd ó.uq fmd,Sisfha fmkS isàug oekqï § ;sìK'
fï w;r" ó.uq l,mqfõ ixrCIK wruqo, f,i remsh,a ,laI 2l uqo,la /ialr .;anj
ëjr kdhlhska oekqïfok ,oS. fï i|yd ÿka.d,amsáh - rcje,a,, fi;a;mdvqj - uyje,a,,
yd lemqïf.dv - mqxÑje,a,, udoe,a f;dgqm, j,oS oe,a oeóu isÿlr we;.
2010.11.23
ksu,a úhdks iy rxcs;a m%kdkaÿ g isÿ l, oekqï oSug wkqj ó.uq fmd,sisfha fmkS isák ,oS.
2010.11.24
[42]
iS-maf,aka .eg¿j ms,sn|j idlÉPdjla l=rK kdúl yuqod l|jqf¾oS ie,iqï lr we;s nj
ëjr kdhlhska oekqï fok ,oS. miqj" fuu idlÉPdjg iyNd.sjQ yd woyia oelajQ ish,a,ka
ùäfhda .;l, nj jd¾;dúh.
2010.11.25
iS-maf,aka .eg¿j ms,sn| idlÉPd lsÍug lgqkdhl khs lkafoa /iaùula foaYmd,lhkaf.a
ueosy;a ùfuka ixúOdkh lr we;.
ó.uq l,mqj iq/lSfï lñgqj ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrfha ld¾hd,hg /iaù" ó.uq l,mq
igfka bosß mshjr idlÉPd lrk ,oS. fuysoS fkdjeïn¾ 27 osk ó.uqj rd;s% fmd, b,lal
lr.ksñka ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍug w;am;%sldjla ieliSug;a ;SrKh lrk ,oS.
Èjhsk mqj;am; 23'11'2010
[43]
ó.uqj k.r uOHfha w;am;%sld fnoñka
2010.11.27
ls%hdldÍka 100 lg wêl msßilf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka w;am;%sld 5000 la fnod yßñka

ó.uqfõ ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍfï jevigyk osh;a lrk ,oS.
2010.11.28
rdcH úfrdaë ls%hdldrlïj, ksr; ùu;a ck;dj ler,s .eiSug fm,Uùu;a hk fpdaokd
u; wreK frdIdka; yd udlia wekagks hk ëjr kdhlhskaj fmd,sia w;awvx.=jg
.kakd ,ÿj wem u; ksoyia lrk ,oS.
2010.12.02
l,mq igfka bosß mshjrhkag cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrfha ueosy;aùu ixjdo
lrk ,ÿj foieïn¾ 14 osk wreK yd udliaf.a m%:u kvqjdrhg Wmßu ck ixLHdjla
iyNd.sùug ;SrKh úh.
2010.12.03
md¾,sfïka;=fõ iNdjdrh l,a;eîfï fhdackdjla f,i ó.uq iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh ms,sn|j

fodia;r ch,;a chj¾Okf.a bosßm;a lsÍu ksÍlaIKh lsÍug ì%fgda, iqNdYskS, l=udß,
fÊiqodika iy y¾uka we;=¿ ó.uqfõ lKavdhula iyNd.s úh.
2010.12.06
wreK frdIdka; jD;a;Sh iñ;s uOHia:dkfha mej;s /iaùug iyNd.S fjñka cd;Hka;rj
l,mqj iq/lSfï igk bosßhg f.khdu ms<sn| ixjdo lr iyh b,a,d isák ,oS.
[44]
2010.12.09
l,mq igfka kdhl lKavdhula jD;a;Sh iñ;s kdhl nd,d ;ïfmda we;=¿ jD;a;Sh iñ;s
ksfhdacs; msßila iu. ;j;a ixjdohla osh;a lrk ,o w;r jD;a;Sh iñ;s kdhl ,Skia
ch;s,l fuu ixjdoh ixúOdkh lr ;sìks.
2010.12.10
ó.uq l,mq l,ukdlrK lñgqj yd kdúl yuqodj, YS% ,xlka .=jka iud.fï ksfhdacs;hka
w;r l=rK kdúl yuqod l|jqf¾oS yuqjla ixúOdkh lr ;sìks. YS% ,xlka .=jka iud.fï
ksfhdacs;hka" ck;d úfrdaO;djh uOHfha jqjo iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh ó.uq l,mqfõu osh;a
lsÍug lrk ie,iqï fy,slrk ,oS.
2010.12.11
ó.uq l,mqj wdYS%;j jD;a;Sh iñ;shla f.dvke.Sfï m%h;akh ms,sn|j ksu,a úhdks, ir;a
boaou,af.dv msh;=ud, wreK frdIdka; yd lKavdhu ixjdo lrk ,oS.
2010.12.14
w;awvx.=jg .;a ëjr kdhlhskaf.a kvqj úNd.hg .;a w;r kS;s{hska 20 fofkl=
kvq .dia;= rys;ju kvqjg bosßm;a úh. kvqYd,dj msÍ b;sÍ hk f,iska YS% úuqla;s ëjr
ldka;djka 200la iyNd.s úh. 2011 ckjdß 31 oskg kvqj l,aouk ,os'
2010.12.16
wreK frdIdka; iy fcdaIma mSg¾ CMU jD;a;Sh iñ;sfha uOHu lñgqj yuqjQ w;r l,mq
igkg wjYH iyh ,ndoSug tl`.jk ,oS.
YS% úuqla;s ëjr ixúOdkfha m%dfoaYSh lñgqj" ldka;djka 40lf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka tu

ld¾hd,fha§ mj;ajk ,o w;r ó.uq l,mqfõ igk ms,sno cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.S;djh
ksmojk ,o ùäfhda mgh m%o¾YKh lrk ,oS.
2010.12.29
ó.uq l,mqfjka o`vq.ï Thg iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh f.k hk njg niakdysr m,d;a iNd
wud;H ksu,a ,xid /iaùula leòjñka ëjrhskag iy lf;da,sl mshjrekag oekqï fok ,oS.
[45]
2011.01.02
mqj;am;a u.ska m,d;a iNd wud;Hjrhdf.ka lrk úuiSuloS weu;sjrhd oekqï fokafka"
fï olajd l,mqfjka iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh bj;alsÍu .ek wjika ;SrKhla f.k fkdue;s
njhs.
5.3 kS;sfha msysg m;uqo@ ck;djf.a Yla;sh u; úYajdih ;nuqo@
wmsg ó.uq l,mqj /l.ekSug kS;sfha irK me;sh fkdyelso? fï fkdlvjdu l,mqj
ydrñka n,OdÍka lrk úkdYh ÿgq ck;dj wLKavju u;=l, m%YaKhls. ó.uq l,mqj
úkdYh ksid isÿjk wd¾Ól, iudÔh, mdßißl, n,mEu l,mq ëjr ck;djg muKla
fkdjk nj ish¿u fokd oek isáhy. fuu.ska we;sjk n,mEu uqyqfoa /lshdj lrk
iq¿mkak ëjrhdg;a rfÜ wd¾Ólhg;a w;sYh n,mEula isÿlrk neúka wksjd¾hfhkau
kS;sfha ms,sirK;a wêlrKfha wjOdkh;a ;u idOdrK y`vg ,eî idOdrKh bgqflfrk
nj;a fï ;rï ck;djla mSvdjg m;alrk jHdmD;sj,g bvla fkdoS ck;d y`v ms,snòj
wêlrKh ie,ls,a,g .kakd nj ëjr ck;djf.a úYajdihg fya;=jla úh.
j;aufka" rfÜ mj;sk kS;sfha wdêm;Hh ì| jeàu ms,sn| yd kS;sfha wdêm;Hh h<s
ia:dms; l,hq;=h hk ixjdofha ksr;ù isák isú,a l%shdldÍka, kS;s fõoSka, foaYmd,k
ls%hdOrhka, rfÜ ;SrKd;aul ldrKd ms<sn|j ks;sfha yeisÍu ms<sn|j ;u w;aoelSï u;
l=uk u;hl isáho idudkH ck;dj ;ju;a fï ms<sn|j mq¿,a wjfndaOhl ke;. iS-maf,aka
wr.,h osh;ajQ 2010 jir fuka fkdj 2013 jif¾ ckjdß udifha oS 43jk
w.%úksYaphldr ;=ñhg tfrysj osh;al, widOdrK fodaYdNsfhda.fhka miqjo fuu lreK
mq¿,aj idudkH ckhd w;r ixjdohla ke;. w.%úksYaphldr;=ñhg tfrys
fodaIdNsfhda.fhaoS we;sjQ wr.,h idudkH ck;dj w;r w¾: olajkq ,enqfõ yd udOHfhka
biau;= lrkq olakg ,enqfka kS;shg t,a,jQ ;¾ckhla fyda kS;sfha wdêm;Hh ì| jeàug
tfrys igkla f,i fkdj" by, me,eka;sfha kS;s{hka yd úksiqrejka ;ukaf.a mx;shg
isÿjQ widOdrKhlg tfrysj isÿl, wr.,hla f,ihs.
ta wkqj 2010 fkdjeïn¾ ui jk úg W;=f¾ hqoaOh ksuù jirla ;=, oS isÿl, l,mq
ck;djf.a igfka ksr;jQ kdhlhkaf.a yd ëjr ck;djf.a udkisl uÜgu ms<sn|j
jgyd .ekSug wmyiqjla ke;.tneúka ó.uq l,mqj iq/lSfï ixOdkh /iajQ jdr
.kkdjloSu ëjr kdhlhska u;=l, lreKla jQfha iS-maf,aka igkg idOdrKh
bgqlrjd .ekSug wm fYA%IaGdêlrKhg hd hq;= njhs.
fï ms<sn|j oS¾> jYfhka ixjdo lsÍfuka wk;=rej ó.uq l,mqj iq/lSfï ixOdkfha
ksfhdacs;hska f,i" fYa%IaGdêlrKfha kS;s{ fÊ'iS' je,swuqK uqK.eiSfï j.lSu fIrdâ
chj¾Ok msh;=udg;a, ks;s{ úkaikaÜ nq,;aisxy, yd y¾uka l=udrg;a mejßks. ck;djf.a
n,j;a b,a,Su u; fuu ls%hd ud¾.hg t<eöug wm fhduql, m%Odku jeo.;a lreK kï
ó.uqfõ ëjr ck;dj;a, isú,a ls%hdldÍkq;a wLKavj fuu wr.,h w; fkdyer bosßhg
f.k hk njg wm ;=, mej;s úYajdihhs. ck;djf.a mSvdjlg tfrys m%N, ck;d y`vla"
iudc jHdmdrhla we;súg wêlrKho hï wjOdkhla olajk nj wm w;aoelSfukau jgyd
f.k isá neúks.
[46]
tneúka" l,mqfõ osh;a lsÍug kshñ; oejeka; ck;d Woaf>daIKh miq oskg kshñ;j
;sìhoS;a fkdjeïn¾ 16 osk fcHIaG kS;s{ je,swuqK yuqù kS;sh bosßfha wmg we;s jdis
fyda wjdis ;;ajhka ixjdo lf,uq.
kuq;a je,swuqK uy;df.a m%;spdrh jQfha “ck;djf.a Yla;sh u; úYajdih

;nkak.wêlrKh fuu ls%hdj,sfha wjidku ;=reïmqj f,i i,lkak. cd;sl wd¾Ólfha
j¾Okhg iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh wjYH wx.hla f,i i,ld fYa%IaGdêlrKh ;Skaÿjla
,ndÿkfyd;a ish¿u ck;d ls%hdldÍ;ajhka wjika lr thg wjk;ùug wmg isÿjkq we;s”
hkakhs'
wm wfmalaId l, iS-maf,aka wr.,h oskd.ekSu wêlrKfha iajdêm;Hh ia:dms; lsÍfï

wr.,fhka yqol,dj isÿl, fkdyels nj milalr .ekSug fuho wmg w;sYh jeo.;a
wjia:djla úh. kuq;a fuu wr.,h ;=,oS ck;dj w;rg fuu w;aoelSu yryd kS;sfha
wdêm;Hfha jeo.;a lu f.khdug fkdyelsùu wmf.a ÿ¾j,;djhla nj wo wm iajhx
úfõpkhla lr .;hq;=h. fujeks lreKq ish,a,u wjidkfhaoS ó.uq k.r iNd ckaofhaoS
ck;djf.a ckaoh h,s;a ;ukag mSvdl, mSvlhdf.a ms,u h,s n,hg f.k taug
fhdod.ekSu idOdrKSlrKh lrhso?
5'4 lf;da,sl mshjrekaf.a ueosy;aùï
.re fgrkaia msh;=ud" wEka fmf¾rd meúÈ fidfydhqßh we;=¿ ëjr kdhlhska l,mq igfka
1997 udrejla ,nd" ¥j óiug uu meñKsfhñ' ta jk úg ¥j óifï nrm;,u .eg`Mj

f,i ;snqfka ¥j óifï we;s Y%S l=rei m%;u
s dj ms<snò w¾nqohhs' ukqIhHd úiska ks¾udKh
lrk ,o m%;sudjla fjkqfjka tod ck;dj fnoS isáhy' tfy;a Bg jvd nrm;, w¾nqo
rdYshla mej;sh;a ck;djf.a wjOdkh tu w¾nqo flfrys fhduqù ;snqfka ke;s ;rïh'
[47]
ñksid úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o m%;sudjlg urd.;a; ck;dj foúhka jykafia úiskau
ks¾udKh lrk ,o foaj ueú,a,g isÿ jk foa ÿgqfõ ke;' óifï fukau ó.uqj ck;dj
w;súYd, msßila ;u nvúh; /l.;af;a uqyqÿ /lshdfjka yd l,mq /lshdfjks' tfy;a
Tjqka ;uka hefmk cSúldj imhd fok foaj ueú,s jq uqyqo yd l,mqj úkdY fjk whqre
ÿgqfõ ke;' ñksia ks¾udKhla jq m%;sudjg jvd jeä wjOdkhla ienE m%YaKhjQ foaj
ueú,a, jk uqyqo yd l,mqj flfrys fhduq lsÍu wNsfhda.h úh'
tys m%;sM,hla f,i ñ.uq l,mqjg isÿjk úkdYh .ek ck;djf.a wjOdkh fhduq lrkak
wms fhduq jqfkuq' uf.a u;lh ksjerÈ kï m<uqfjkau fuu igk wdrïN jqfka ó.uq
l,mqj jgd bÈfjñka mej;=kq biaika fmdl=Kqj,g úfrdaOhka fmkajñks' biaika
fmdl=Kqj, Ndú;d lrk ,o ridhk øjH l,mqjg uqod yeßks' lfvd,dk lmdouñka
mßirh úkdY lrk ,È' fuu wmrdOh .ek l,mq ëjr ck;dj ±kqj;a lrñka Tjqkaj
tla /ia lsÍu uq,skau wdrïN lrk ,È' neflda hka;% fhdoñka l,mqj ydrk úg ta
ia:dkhgu wms f.dia Bg tfrys úh' ëjr ld¾hd,hg fmd,sia ia:dkhg meñKs,s lrk ,È'
fuu igk fldmuK id¾:l jqfka±hs lsjfyd;a wo jk úg ó.uqj l,mqj jgd biaika
fmdl=Kq ke;s ;rïh' ó.uq l,mq igk tod tfia wdrïN úh'
l,mq ¥mf;a fydag,hla

B<`. igk jqfka ó.uq l,mqfõ ¥m;l bÈ lrkakg ie,iqï lrñka isá fydag,h
bÈùu kj;d .ekSuhs' tu úfrdaO;djhg fya;= jqfha fuu fydag,h ksid mßirhg isÿjk
ydksh" ëjr /lshdjg isÿjk ndOd" m%foaYfha ixialD;shg" iodpdrhg isÿjk n,mEu
hkdÈ lreKqhs' wod< ÿm;g ysñlï lshk Okj;a jHdmdßlhl= i;= Tmamq ;srmamq ;snqk;a"
ëjr ck;dj n,fhkau ¥m;g we;=,a ù lfvd,dk ms<sn|j yd l,mqfõ iqkaor;ajh fukau
jákdlu ±fkkakg ie,eiaùu iòyd l,mqj jgd yd tys ÿm;aj,g l,mq pdßld
úfYaIfhkau mdi,a orejka iòyd ëjrhkaf.a fufyhùfuka ixúOdkh úh'
fydag,hg úfrdaO;djh m, flrefjdah' tys m%;sM,h jqfha Okj;a jHdmdßlhd ëjr

ck;djg tfrysj fmd,sishg meñKs,s lsÍuhs' wmf.a mshjre ;sfofkl=g;a, l,mq ëjr
kdhlhkag;a Widúfha ú;a;s l=vqjg k`.skakg isÿúh' kvq jdr j,È l,mq ëjrhka we;=¨
m%foaYfha ck;dj Widúhg ish .kkska /iaúh' ó.uqfõ ishü ks;S{fhda ëjr ck;dj
fjkqfjka kvqfõ§ fmkS isáhy' lreKdÔj .=Kodi we;=`M kS;s{jre yd" ì%fgda m%kdkaÿ
hk wh tysÈ kdhl;ajh ±rEy' ëjrhka ish .Kkla l,mq ÿm;aj,g ëjrhkag we;s
ysñlu ;yjqre lrñka Èjqreï fm;aiï ÿkay' ó.uq l,mqj flfrys ó.uq ck;djf.a
muKla fkdj uq`M rfÜu ck;djf.a wjOdkh fhduq úh' flfia fj;;a ëjr wmf.a
md¾Yjh kvqfjka merÈks' tfy;a igk ch .eksks' wog;a ó.uq l,mq ¥m;a ÿIKh lrñka
lsisÿ f.dvke.s,a,la bÈ lrkakg lsisjl=g;a yelshdjla ,eî ke;' “zl,mqfõ ¥m;a whs;s
ëjrhkag ñi jHdmdßlhskag fkdfõ” hk u;h ó.uqfõ ;yjqre úh' mdokuialdr"
Wmjdi, foúÿkag lrk ,o hdÈks .S;sld M,odhs úh' t;ekska fkdkej;s bosßhgu hdug
ck;djg Yla;sh f.dvke.sks'
ó.uq l,mqj flfrys m%foaYfha ck;djf.a wjOdkh Èfkka Èk mj;ajd ;nd

.ekSug l%shdldrlï lsysmhla ixúOdkh úks' zl,mqj wfma wïudhZ hk f;aud mdGh
we;sj ëjrhskaf.a yd Tjqkaf.a orejkaf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka úáka úg l,mqj Y=oaO mú;%
[48]
lsÍfï uy Y%uodk meje;aúKs' fmd,s;Ska" wmøjH fgdka .Kkska tl;= úh' bßod in;
ëjrfhda ÈjH mQcdjg iyNd.s ùug muKla fkdj foaj ueú,a, wdrlaId lsÍugo fhÿy'
zzl,mqj uf.a wïudhZZ hk f;audj Tiafia l,mq .S;h ks¾udKh úh'
l,mq .S;fha f;audj Tiafia mdi,a orejkag wNHdi fmd;la ks¾udKh úh'
m%foaYfha mdi,a orejkag tu fmd;a idOdrK ñ,lg wf,ú úks' ó.uq l,mqfõ iqkaor;ajh
yd Bg isÿfjk ydksh úoydmdk PdhdrEm m%o¾Ykhla o meje;aúKs' fï ish,a,u isÿ lf,a
ëjr ck;djf.a remsh, fol tl;= lrñks' Y%u odhl;ajho Tjqkaf.au úh'
fufia meñKs ó.uq l,mqj wdrlaId lr .ekSfï igfka ;SrKd;aul wjia:djla jqfha
ó.uq l,mqjg iS-maf,aka ^c,pr .=jkahdkd& neiaiùfï jHdmD;shg tfrys ùfï wjia:djhs'
hqoaOfha ksudj;a iu`. rcfha m%Odk f;audj jqfka iS>% ixj¾Okhhs' tu ixj¾Ok
ie,iqïj, m%Odk lafIa;%hla jqfha ixpdrl jHdmdrhhs' tu ie,iqï l%shd;aul jkakg
wdrïN jqfka idudkH ëjr ck;djf.a tÈfkod ëjr lghq;=j,g ndOd muqKqjñks' iS-
maf,aka jHdmD;sh ó.uq l,mqfõ l%shd;aul ùu ;=< ëjr /lshdj ksoyfia lrf.k hdug
ndOd we;sjk nj ilaiqola fia meyeÈ,s úh' fuh l,mq wïudj ÿIKh lrk jHdmD;shla
nj ëjr ck;dj uq,oSu ÿgy' tneúka biaika fmdl=Kq" l,mq ¥m;aj, fydag,a hk
wjia:dj, úfrdaOh olajkakg tl;= jq ëjr ck;dj kej; jdrhka fuu iS-maf,aka
jHdmD;shg tfrysj ;u lgy`v wjÈ lrkakg mgka .eksks' fuys úfYaI;ajh jqfka óg
fmr igkaj,g tl;= ù fkdisá ëjr ldka;djkao ish .Kkska fï igkg tl;= ùuhs'
fuys§ Tjqkaf.a odhl;ajh úYd, f,i n,mEfõh' tfukau fuu igfka we;s nrm;,lu
ksidu m%foaYfha we;s fjk;a ëjr iñ;s" nyqck ixúOdk muKla fkdj ó.uqfjka neyer
úúO iñ;s ixúOdko fuu igkg tl;= lr.kakg ëjr ck;dj fm<Uqfkah'
l,mqj ;=, iS-maf,aka igfka wjia:djla
fjkod fkdjq tl;=jla fuu igfka§ ±l.; yelsúh' fuu igk fufyh jqfka fï
ish,a,kaf.kau ieÿKq ó.uq l,mqj iq/lSfï ikaOdkh u.sks' .fuka .ug f.dia ëjr
ck;dj iu`. iS-maf,aka w¾nqoh .ek idlÉPd flßks' lf;da,sl iNd kdhlhka yd
foaYmd,k n, wêldrh iu`. úúO idlÉPd meje;aúKs' tu /iaùï idlÉPd w;=ßka
[49]
;SrKd;aul /iaùu jqfka ó.uq k.r iNd Yd,dfõoS foaYmd,k n, wêldßh yd lf;da,sl
iNd kdhlhka iu`. meje;ajq /iaùuh' tu /iaùug l,mq ëjrhka" ëjr ldka;djka
muKla fkdj uqyqÿ ëjrhka o m%foaYfha úúO nyqck ixúOdkj, ksfhdað;fhdao oyia
.Kkska tla /iaù isáfhdah' Tõyq foaYmd,k kdhl;ajh uqyqKg uqyqK m%Yak lf,dah'
ck;djf.a y`äka uq`M Yd,dju .s.=reï ÿkafkah' foaYmd,k ksfhdað;hkag lg W;a;r
ke;súh' iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh ëjr ck;djf.a úfrdaOh ueo w;a ysgqjkakg isÿúh' fjk;a
wjia:dj, isÿjkakdla fuka lñgqjla iEÈ ckdêm;s ;=uka iu`. idlÉPd lr ;SrK
.ekSfï fhdackdj iqmqreÿ mßÈ foaYmd,k kdhlhkaf.ka m%ldY jqKq úg ëjr ck;dj Bg
tl`. fkdúh' Tjqkaf.a b,a,Su jqfka ish,a,gu m%:u tajk úg l%shd;aul fjñka mej;=kq
l,mqj ydrd iS-maf,aka neiaiùug f.dv k`.k bos lsÍï jyd kj;d ëjr ck;dj fhdackd
lrk úl,amhla flfrys rch fhduqúh hq;= njh' wjidkfha§ fuu jHdmD;sfha ta
wjia:dfõ§ ;djld,slj fyda kj;d oukakg fmdfrdkaÿjla §ug foaYmd,k kdhlhkag
isÿúh'
tfy;a tho fjkod mßÈu fndre fmdfrdkaÿjlau úh' jHdmD;sfha jev lghq;=
fkdkej;S bÈßhgu mj;ajdf.k hñka ;sìks' ó.uqj l,mqj iq/lSfï ixOdkh fï .ek
wjÈfhka isg ;u bÈß ud¾. i,l=Kq lrkakg úh' fuu jHdmD;sh kj;d ±ófï uy
úfrdaO;djhla mj;ajkakg Èk jljdkq ;SrKh úh' th ixúOdkh lrkakg jdr .kkdjla
l,mqj jgd we;s .ñka .ug f.dia /iaùï idlÉPd meje;aúKs' l,mq ëjr" uqyqÿ ëjr"
ëjr ldka;d" isú,a ixúOdk" jD;a;sh iñ;s" udOHfõ§ka hkdÈ ish,a," mlaI mdg fkdn,d
fuu jHdmD;shg tfrysj ±jeka; úfrdaOhla Èh;a lrkakg úh'
;SrKd;aul oskh Wodúh' fm'j' 7'00 muK jk úg l,mq ëjr ck;dj yd uqyqÿ
ëjr ck;dj oyia .Kkska iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sfha bÈlsÍfï lghq;= isÿfjñka mej;s
ia:dkhg Tre fndaÜgqj,ska tla /iaù “iS-maf,aka wmg tmd” “l,mq wïud iqrlskq” hkdÈ
igka mdG w;e;sj m%o¾YKh lrk ,oS' ëjr ldka;djkao oyia .Kkska fld<U mq;a;,u
uy ud¾.fha lgqkdhl yxÈhg tla /ia jqfjdah' uy ud¾.fha ßh .uk wvd, úh'
úfrdaO;djh wdrïN jqfha foúÿka keuo foaj ueú,a, iqrlskakg n,h Yla;sh b,a,d heÿï
.S;sld iu.h'
“c,fha ueÈkd hk l,gd - ug we; Tn msysgd
ueÈkd hk l, uy .x.d - fkd.,hs ud Wäkd”
ëjr ck;dj uy y`äka ó.uq l,mq wïud iqrlskakg m%;s{d foñka .dhkd l<y'
hqO yuqodj" kdúl yuqodj" fmd,sish wú wfudardf.k wK ,enq iekska fjä ;shkakg
iqodkïj isá yuqod kdhlhkaf.a ;¾ckd;aul ÿrl:k weu;=ï tu ia:dkfha isá
msh;=uka,dg ,eìks' ^lf;da,sl" fuf;daÈia;" weka.a,sldkq" mshjreka meúÈ fidhqre"
fidhqßhka fuu úfrdaO;djhg tla/iaù isáfhah'&
Woh oyj,a úh' tu ia:dkfha isá kdúl yuqod ks<OdÍ;=udf.a cx.u ÿrl:khg
wdrlaIl wud;HdxYfha f,alï ;=udf.ka weu;=ula ,eìks' tu weu;=ug ms<s;=re §ug
isÿjqfha ud ygh' ck;dj l,mqfjka bj;a lr úfrdaO;djh kj;k f,i;a tfia fkdue;s
kï ck;dj bj;a lsÍug yuqodjg ksfhda. lrkakg isÿjk nj;a ;¾ckd;aulj mejisks'
iS-maf,aka óg fmr ;snqk nj;a hqoaOh ksid th l%shd;aul fkdjq nj;a m%ldY úh' fuu
mKsjqvh ëjr kdhlhkag ud ie, lsÍfuka miq Tjqkaf.a m%;spdrhka jqfka “iS-maf,aka ;snqkd
[50]
kï wehs fï w¨;a bÈlsÍï isÿ lrkafkaZ" “;snqk úÈhgu ;shd.kak' ó.uq l,mqj úkdY
fkdlr” zwmsj uerej;a fuu jHdmD;sh kj;k ;=re wms fu;kska hkafk keyeZ hkdÈhhs'
oyj, iji úh' yEÍï lghq;= l%shd;aul lrk hlv hka;%h bj;a lrk ;=re
úfrdaO;djh fkdkj;ajkakg ëjr ck;dj n,j;a ;SrKhl isáhy' fuu úfrdaO;djh
ie,iqï lrk idlÉPdj,È Tjqkaf.a tla woyila jqfka fuu jHdmD;sh wod< ia:dkfhka
bj;a lr.kakd ;=re Èk lsysmhla jqjo isákd nj;a" wdydr mdk iemhSu ëjr ldka;djkag
ndrfok nj;ah' tÈk;a wdydr mdk iemhSu m%foaYfha ck;djf.a odhl;ajfhka isÿúh'
flfia fj;;a tu ia:dkfha isá ud we;=¨ wksl=;a wd.ñl kdhlhkaf.a woyi jqfka rfÜ
by<u ;k;=rlska tk ksfhda.h fkdi,ld isàu wka;rdodhl njh' tfy;a ëjr
kdhlhka" wd.ñl kdhlhka jk wm ;=< foú÷ka flfrys we;s úYajdih m%ldY lrñka
uy y`äka fufia .ehqy'
t,sh Tn uf.a" uf. ms,sirfKa
ldg ìfha isáïo uka iñÿfka
uf.a cSúf;a n, fldgqj Tfí
tì ys|sï ld bosßfha ysñ if|a
ug y;=rej l|jqre ne| isáh;a yuqod
ke ief,kafka yoj; uf.a ìfhka ñßls,d
hqo fiakd ke. isáh;a ud ;e;s .kajd
weoys,s is; uf.a fldfy;au fkdhhs msßys,d
wjidkfha§ wmf.a ;SrKh jqfka wmf.a úfrdaO;djh jvd n,j;a jkq msKsi lgqkdhl ux
ikaêfha" ó.uq mdr wjysr lrf.k isák ëjr ldka;djka yd l,mqfõ isák ëjrhka
tlaúh hq;= njh' ta wkqj l,mqfõ isá iuia: ëjr ck;dju lgqkdhl uxikaêfha isá
ëjr ldka;djka yd tlaj WoafHda.fhka l%shd lrkakg úks' oyia .Kkdjl ck;dj
tla /iaj isáhy' kdúl yuqod by< ks<Odßkaf.ka ÿrl:k weu;=ï o ,eìKs' kdjql
yuqod ksfhdað; ks<Odßfhlao meñKsfhah' Tyq wm yd idlÉPd lr jHdmD;sh kj;d
oukakg rch ;SrKh lr we;s nj ie, lf<ah' tfy;a ëjr ck;djf.a b,a,Su jqfka th
tfia kï ±kauu l,mqj ydrñka ;sfnk uy hka;%h bj;a l< hq;= njh'
[51]
ëjr ldka;djka mq;a;,u - flddaIKh
ta wjia:dfõ m%foaYfha foaYmd,{hska o ÿrl:k weu;=ï ,nd foñka fmdfrdkaÿ jqfka tu

hka;%h bj;a lrk njh' ëjr ck;dj mejiqfõ tu hka;%h bj;a lrk ;=re Tjqka mdfrka
bj;a fkdjk njh' ta wkqj wm ksfhdað; msßila wod< ia:dkhg kej; hk ,§' hka;%h
Ndrj isá m%Odk ks<OdÍ;=ud iu`. idlÉPd lr th bj;a lsÍfï lghq;= wdrïN úh' ta
jk úg fõ,dj iji 6'00 muK úh'
fm'j' 7'00g muK uy mdrg yd l,mqjg meñKs ëjr ck;dj thska bj;a jqfka iji
6'00 muKh' iji rd;%Sh úh' ish,a, ksud úh' ck;dj ch.%dySj úisr .shy.
hqO ch.%yKfhka miq rcfha jHdmD;shlg tfrysj isÿjq n,j;a" m<uq úfrdaO;djh jQfha
fuhhs' fuu igk lsis÷ urKhlska fyda iq`M ;=jd,hlska fyda f;drj ch.%yKh lrkakg
yelsúh' ëjr ck;dj th olskqfha kslauhdu .uk fufyhjq foúhka jykafiaf.a n,h
Yla;sh Bg fya;=jq njh' foaYmd,k weilska ne¨ úg fuh rchg hï mdvula b.ekajq
úfrdaO;djhla úh' tfy;a tu mdvu rch yßyeá bf.k f.k we;a±hs iel idxld
u;=jkqfha bkamiq meje;ajqKq m%n, úfrdaO;djhka lsysmhl§u rch tu úfrdaO;djhkag
;s; ;enqfõ fjä ;nd >d;kh lr w; mh lvd ;=jd, lrñka neúks'
lgqkdhl ksoyia fj<ò l,dm lïlrejkaf.a úfrdaO;djh" ëjr ck;djf.a f;,a ñ,

by< ±óug úreoaOj lrk ,o Woaf>daIKh" r;= miaj, ck;dj ;u c, whs;Ska b,a,d
lrk ,o úfrdaO;djh hkdÈh wjidk jqfha Ôú; .Kkdjla >d;kh lr ;=jd, lrejka
rdYshla b;sß lrñks' Okj;df.a yd n,j;df.a n,f,daNs yd Okf,daNS jHdmD;s ksid
neglk ÿIalr mSä; ck;djf.ka tu Okj;a n,jka;hska ±ka ±ka b,a,d isákqfha fjä
WKavhlg;a k;r l< fkdyels n,j;a jHdmdrhla f.dv k.df.k wm yd igkg tk
f,ih' fjä WKavhg;a mrdch l< fkdyels foaj n,h flfryso tu foaj n,h l%shd;aul
[52]
jk úúO;d ueo tl;=jk mSä; ck;dj ;=< we;s ck;d n,h flfryso wms úYajdi
lruqo@ thhs hq.fha wd.u O¾uh. thhs hq.fha foaYmd,kh'
5.5 khslkafoa idlÉcdj - ëjr ck;d kdhlhkaj ñ,g .ekSug .;a

W;aidyhka
2010'11'17 jk Èk iS-maf,aka wr.,fha ch.%ykfhka miq 2010'11'24 jk Èk kdúl
wd{dm;sf.a m%Odk;ajfhka ëjr /iaùula ;sfnk nj kdúl yuqod fndaÜgq j,ska l<mqfõ
ëjr f;dgqm<j,a j,g meñk mjik ,§' thg kdúl yd .=jka yuqod ks,OdÍka l<mq iy
uqyqÿ ëjrhska o ckdêm;s;=udf.a wdrCIl iy udOH wxYfha ksfhdað;fhda o iyNd.S jQy'
fuu /iaùu mj;ajkq ,enqfõ lgqkdhl kdúl yuqod lòjqf¾§h'
tu ks,OdÍka meyeos,s lf,a iS- maf,aka ksid lsisÿ ydkshla l<mqjg fyda ëjrhskag
isÿfkdjk nj;a tuksid tu jHdmD;sh kej; l%shd;aul lsÍug ck;djf.a woyia .ekSu
fuu /iaùfï wruqK njhs'
tys§ tu ks,OdÍka iy ëjrhska w;r WKqiqï ixjdohla we;súh' ëjrhska iS}maf,aka ó.uqj
l,mqjg f.k tAug we;s ;u wlue;a; m%ldY lrk ,§' kuq;a yuqod ks,OdÍka mejiqfõ
lsisÿ wdrCIl m%Yakhla ksid ëjrhskaj l,mqfjka bj;a fkdlrk nj;a wdrCIdj iemhsh
hq;af;a tu hdkd f.dvndk wjia:dfõ§ mukla njhs'
;jo ëjrhskag we;s .eg¿ fudkjdoehs úuik ,§' óg fmr ld,fha§ mgka kdúl yuqodj
úiska mdia l%uh ls%hd;aul lrk ,§' tu wjia:dfõ§ uyck nexl=j yryd iq¿ fmd<shlg
remsh,a ,CIhl muk uqo,la wdïmkak .ekSug ksl=;a lrk ,§' tu uqo,a wjYH kï
h,s ,ndÈh yelsnj;a wjYH wh isà kï ;ukaf.a kï ,ndfok f,i;a mejiSh' thg
iyNd.SjQ ëjrhska ;ukag th wjYH fkdjk nj;a ;u l<mqj wdrCIdlr ÿkafkd;a th
m%udKj;ahehs ;u úfrdaOh m%ldY lrk ,§'
ëjrhskaf.a wlue;af;ka fuu jHdmD;sh l%shd;aul fkdlrk nj;a th úl,am ia:dkhlg

f.khk nj;a mjid tu /iaùu ksud lrk ,§'
[53]
5.6 k.r iNd Yd,dj ;=, iS-maf,akA igfka ;sj%;djh Yla;su;a ùu yd
wr.,h ch.%yK udj;g wj;S¾K ùu
ó.uqj k.r Yd,dj bÈßmsg fkdjeïn¾ 11 jk Èk Woaf>DaIKh
2010 fkdjeïn¾ 11 osk k.r Yd,dfõ oS .=jka fiajd ksfhdacH weu;s ohdYS%; ;sfiard
uy;df.a m%Odk;ajfhka /iaùula mj;ajk nj;a thg ëjrhska 25-30 ixLHdjla iyNd.s
lrjk f,i;a f,iag¾ fkdaksia msh;=ud ó.uq l,mqj iq/lSfï ixOdkfha leojqïlre
y¾uka l=udrg oekqïfok ,oS. fï jkúg .=jka fiajd wud;H Oqrh ckdêm;s uyskao
rdcmlaI uy;d i;=j ;sìks' fï ms<sn|j l, ixjdofhaoS ëjr jD;a;sh iñ;s ix.ufha
iNdm;s wreK frdIdka;f.a n,j;a m%;spdrh jQfhA fuu /iaùug k.r Yd,dj msrùug
;rï ck;djla talrdYs l,hq;= njhs. wjidkfha md¾,sfïka;=jo hg lrñka
oshjkakdfõ .xj;=r .,d hdug ;rï fõ.fhka m;s;jQ j¾Idj ksid meh lsysmhl
mudjlska miq ohdYS%; ;sfiard weu;sjrhd ó.uqj k.r Yd,djg meñfkk úg ó.uqfõ
ëjr fidhqrka yd tlajQ YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;djka ;u iS-maf,aka ó.uq l,mqjg tmd hk
igkaldó yv uq¿ rggu m%ldY lr yudrù ;sìks. kuq;a weu;sjrhdf.a ks<OdÍka ;u
m%h;akh w;fkdyeru ck;djf.a uki ;ukaf.a b,lalh foig fhduqlrjd .ekSfï
Wmdhud¾. ish,a, tf,iskau ls%hdjg kexùug mshjr f.k ;sìks.
.re mshjre foaYmd,k n,Odßka k.r Yd,d fõÈldfõ wiqkaf.k isá whqre
[54]
ó.uqfõ" rcfha foaYmd,k n,j;=ka ish,a,kao iys;j ó.uq osidfõ lf;da,sl mshjre, rcfha
ks<OdÍka, ó.uq k.r Yd,d fõosldfõ wiqka f.k isáhy. ohdYS%; weu;sjrhdf.a uQ,sl yeoskaùfuka
wk;=rej .=jka fiajd wud;HdxY ks<OdÍka iS-maf,aka u.ska isÿlrk fiajdjka ms,sn| ùäfhda o¾YK
fm, wdrïN lrk ,oS. iaj,am fudfyd;lska ke.S wd yQ yv uOHfha ùäfhda mgh wl=,d .ekSug
ks,OdÍka yg isÿúh. fuh fuosk iS-maf,aka osß.kajk md¾Yjh ,o m,uq mrdch úh. kuq;a
iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh ó.uq l,mqfõ osh;a lsÍug mqfrda.dó fufyhla bgq l, ó.uqfõ foaYmd,k
n,j;djk ir;a .=Kr;ak ue;s;=ud ck;djf.a úfrdaO;djhg m%;spdr olajk ,oafoa “fndaâ ,E,s
t,a,df.k keàfuka m,la ke;snj;a, rfÜ ixj¾Ok jHdmD;Ska ioyd .kakd mshjr je,lSug
lsisfjl=g;a bv fkdfok nj;a” lshñkah' tfiau ck;djf.a úfrdaOhka je,elaùug mshjr .kakd
f,i fmd,sia ks,OdÍ uy;=kg a o ;¾cKd;aulj wK lrk ,oS.
l,mq l<ukdlrK wêldßfha iNdm;s rxð;a m%kdkaÿf.a woyia oelaùu
fuu .¾ckhkag hg fkdfjñka yd mej;s jd;djrKh fjkia lrñka l,mq l,ukdlrK

wêldßfha iNdm;s rxð;a m%kdkaÿ f.ka uq,au m%ydrh t,a,jQfha .=jka fiajd wud;HdxYfha
ks<OdÍka fj;hs. Tyqf.a woyia ;=,ska meyeos,s lf,a ks,Odß uy;=ka ó.uq l,mqj yEÍula
isÿ fkdlrk nj;a" l,mqjg ydkshla isÿ fkdjk nj;a m%ldY lr" l,mq wêldßfha
idudcslhska fkdu. hjñka iS-maf,aka jHdmD;shg wkque;sh b,a,d isá njhs. oekgu;a
l,mqj ydrd uv fndlal úkdY lrñka we;s neúka jydu fuu ydksh keje;aùug
mshjr .;hq;= njg rxð;a m%kdkaÿ b,a,d isák ,È.
ëjr jD;a;sh iñ;sfha iNdm;s wreK frdIdka;" ksfhdacH weu;s jrhdf.a m%ldYhkag iDcq
m%ydrhla t,a, lrñka m%ldY lf,a ó.uq l,mqjg ;¾ckhlaj we;s iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh
bj;alr .kafka kï fndaâ ,E,s t,a,df.k y`v ke.Sug ëjr ck;djg isÿfkdjk neúka
jydu fuu jHdmD;sh kj;d ouk f,ihs. tfiau ó.uq l,mqj úkdY lsÍfuka l,mq ëjrhd
mukla fkdj fjr<dikak iq¿ mkak ëjrhskago isÿjk ydkshg j.lshkafka l=uk
ks<Odßhd fyda foaYmd,lhdo hkak wreK m%Yak lrk ,oS.
[55]
YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkfha iNdm;s YsrdKs m%kdkaÿ fuu yuqfõoS bosßm;a l,
m%N," Woafõ.ldÍ yd ;¾ldkql+, lreKq lsisfjl=g m%;slafIam l, fkdyelsúh. weh
bosßm;a l, m%Odku lreK jQfha ;ud;a orejkq;a /lSug ;u iajdñ mqreIhd l,mqfjka
Wmhk ;=Ügq fol Woõjk neúka l,mqj úkdY lsÍu hkq ;udf.a mjq, jeks mjq,a
3500lf.a Ôú; úkdY lsÍula neúka ó.uq l,mqfõ iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh ls%hd;aul lsÍu
jydu kj;d ouk f,i b,a,d isák njhs.
fuu m%ldYhkag ms,s;=re ÿka ksfhdacH wud;H ir;a .=Kr;ak" ;ukao l,mq ëjr
l¾udka;h fyd¢kau okakd wfhl= fukau l,mq ëjrhska úkdY lrk lsis÷ ls%hdjla
l,mqfõ lsÍug bv fkdfok nj;a" úúO mqoa.,hkaf.a jeros u;j,ska fkdu. fkdhk
f,i;a iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh osh;a lsÍug iyh ,ndfok f,i;a b,a,d isák ,oS.
iNdj WKqiqï lrñka ir;a .=Kr;ak weu;sjrhdf.a m%ldYhg ms,s;=re ÿka fi;a;mdvqj
m%foaYfha ëjr ls%hdldßlfhl= jk ksu,a úhdks m%ldY lf,a “wmsu Pkafo oS, m;alr .;a;=
wfmau ir;a whshd Pkafo ÿkak wfmau ëjrhskag fufia ie,lSu ;ukag ord.; fkdyels
lreKla nj;a l,mqj yEÍu ;ukaf.a yoj; yEÍula” f,i ;ukag oefkk njhs.
msámk lÜgq oe,a iñ;sfha fcdaYma mSg¾ iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh ksid lÜgq oe,a ëjrhskag
isÿjk ydksh úia;r lrñka ;ud jeks iq¿ mkak ëjr ld¾ñlhska issh .kkla
nv.skakg ;,a¨lr ouk fujeks jHdmD;s flosklj;a ó.uq l,mqjg wkjYH nj meyeos,s
lrk ,oS.
fï ish,a, foi b;du;a iqmÍlaIdfjka ksÍlaIKh l, ó.uqfõ ;j;a m%n, foaYmd,lfhl=

jk m,d;a iNd weu;s ksu,a ,xid m%ldY lf,a ëjrhskag widOdrKhla isÿfõ kï th
jgyd .ksñka ixjdoh ;=,ska õi÷ula ioyd fuu /iaùu le|jQ w;r ëjr ck;d m%YaK
úi£u i|yd ckdëm;s;=ud iu. ixjdo lr úi÷ula ,nd.ekSug mshjr .;hq;= nj;ah.
fuysoS ó.uq osidfõ wkqkdhl meá%la m%kdkaÿ msh;=ud m%ldY lf,a ó.uqfõ ëjr ckhd
nyq;rh lf;da,slhska nj;a Tjqkag hï wlghq;a;la isÿfõkï iNd kdhlhska tlS
widOdrKhkag tfrysj mshjr .ekSug miqng fkdjk nj;a" w.ro.=re;=ud ;udf.ka
ieuúgu ëjr m%YaK ms<n s |j úuik w;r ó.uq l,mqfõ iS-maf,aka .eg¿jg úi÷ula i|
yd ëjr ck;djf.ka iukaú; lñgqjla" ckdêm;s;=ud yuqù úi÷ula ,nd .ekSug
mshjr .;hq;= njhs.
ohdYS%; ;sfiard ksfhdacH weu;sjrhd m%ldY lf,a rfÜ wd¾Ólh oshqKq lsÍu w;HjYH
lreKla nj;a iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh u.ska ixpdrl l¾udka;hg ,ndfok odhl;ajh ksid
tho w;HjYH wx.hla nj;a fï ms,sn|j wjika ;SrKh .ekSug ckdêm;s;=ud yuqù
;SrKhla .ekSu fhda.H ksid lñgqjla f;dard .ekSug mshjr .kakd f,ihs.
ckdêm;s uqK.eiS ;SrKh lsÍug lñgqjla m;alsÍu hkq fuu jHdmD;sh ó.uq l,mqfõ
ia:dms; lsÍu i|yd l,aueÍu;a" ck;d úfrdaOh hgm;a lsÍug .kakd mshjrla neúka fuu
lñgq f.dv ke.Sfï woyi fuu fudfydf;a mrdch lsÍu w;HjYH lreKla úh.
[56]
fuu fudfydf;a ke.Sisá cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrfha y¾uka l=udr" fuu iNdfõ
ish¿u fokdf.a woyi b;d meyeos<sjk nj;a" ish,a,ka m%ldY lrkafka ó.uq l,mqjg iS-
maf,aka jHdmD;sh wkjYH nj;a th ó.uq l,mqfjka bj;a lsÍug ish¿u fokd b,a,d isák
njhs. tfukau" fuu ;;ajh b;d meyeos<sj ck;dj m%ldY l, neúka ck;d ksfhdacs;hska
f,i fuys isák ish¿u foaYmd,lhska ckdêm;ss;=ud yuqù fuh meyeos<s lroS iS}maf,aka
jHdmD;sh ó.uq l,mqfjka bj;a lsÍug ueosy;ajk f,i b,a,d isák ,oS.
kuq;a ohdYS%; ;sfiard weu;sjrhd h,s;a wjOdrKh lr isáfha ;udo ëjr ck;dj fukau
úúO ck msßia iu.o lghq;= lr we;s nj;a ck;d y`vg lkaoSug iQodkï kuq;a wkjYH
m%YaKj,g ueosy;aj ld,h ñvx.= lsÍu wkjYH neúka jydu ëjrhskaf.ka iukaú;
lñgqjla m;alr .kakd f,ihs.
jydu l,mqj yEÍu kej;Sug mshjrla f.k fojk mshjrg hdu w;HjYH lreKla nj
jgyd .;a cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrfha leojqïlre h,s;a ke.S isáñka m%ldYlf,a
;uka ëjr ck;djf.ka iukaú; lñgqjla yryd ckdêm;s;=ud uqk.eiSug iQodkï nj;a"
ta i|yd wjYH uQ,sl mshjrla f,i ckdêm;s;=udf.a idlÉcdj ,nd fokf;la ó.uq
l,mqj yEÍu jydu kj;d ouk njg m%ldYhla lrkafka kï ckdêm;s;=ud yuqùug
f,iag¾ fkdaksia msh;=udf.a kdhl;ajfhka hq;= ëjr ck;d lñgqjla m;a lrf.k
iyNd.súh yels njhs.
fuu lreKq oelaùu;a iu. ohdYS%; ;sfiard weu;sjrhdg isÿjQfha ó.uq l,mqj yEÍu
w;aysgqjk njg m%ldYhla ksl=;a lsÍug;a lñgqj ms<sno lsis÷ ioykla fkdue;sju iNdfõ
lghq;= w;aysgqùug;ah. fuh iS-maf,aka igfkaoS ó.uq ëjr ck;djf.a ch.%yKh iksgqyka
l, m%:u ;SrKd;aul wjia:dj úh' tfiau l,mq igk ch.%dyS udj;lg wj;S¾K ù we;s
nj ck;djg ta;a;= .ekaùu fuys jeo.;alu ;j;a jeälrk ,oS.
fkdjeïn¾ 17jk osk l,mqfõ osh;al, ;SrKd;aul ó.uq l,mq igkg wjYH mkakrh;a
udkiSl Yla;sh;a ó.uq k.r Yd,dfõ mej;s /iaùfïoS ëjr ck;dj oskd.;a nj mejiSu
w;sYfhdala;shla fkdfõ.
5.7 l,mq igfka ;SrKd;aulNdjh ( wms wfma osú mrÿjg ;nd l,mq wïud
úkdYfhka .,jd.;suq
ó.uq l,mq ëjr ck;djg wjidkfha igka u.u yer wkalsisjla b;sßj fkd;sìks'
fkdjeïn¾ 11 osk ohdYS%; ;sfiard weu;sjrhd ó.uq k.r iNd Yd,dfõoS ,ndÿka
fmdfrdkaÿj m%ldr ckdêm;sjrhd yuqù ;Skaÿjla .ekSug lñgqjla hjk f;la l,mqj
yEÍu w;ayg s qjk nj ëjr ckhdf.a weia bosßmsgu W,a,x>Kh ù ;sìks. l,mqj yEÍu
u.ska isÿlrk úkdYh je,elaùug fkdjeïn¾ 13 osk ó.uq l,mqjg nei ëjrhska lsysm
fofkl=f.a yqol,d W;aidyho wid¾:l ù ;sìks.
[57]
l,mq igkg meñKs rcfha kdúl yuqod Nghka
ish¿ fío w;yer oud tl;=ù wr., lsÍu yer fjk;a úl,amhla ck;djg fkdùh. rdcH
fkdjk ixúOdk yd jD;a;sh iñ;s w;r u;jdohka fyda l,mq l,uKdlrk wêldßh yd
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk .egqï lsisjla fkdùh.ëjr ldka;djka fyda msßñka f,i fíohla
fkd;sìks. wd.ï f,i fnoSula ck;djg fkd;sìks.l,mq ëjr, uqyqÿ ëjr, nyqosk hd;%d
ëjr ld¾ñl fíohla fkd;sìks.ish,a,kag ;snqfka tlu wruqKls.ó.uq l,mqj iS-maf,aka
i;=rdf.ka .,jd .ekSfï wNs,dYh muks.
udi .kkdjl ck;dj oekqj;a lrñka ,nd.;a mkakrh jvd;a ;sj%l, wjia:dj l,mqfõoS
osh;al, wr.,ldÍ meh lsysmh úh. ck;djg ke;sùug ;snqfka ;ukaf.a cSú;h;a ;u
cSjk ud¾.h;a muks. tajd Wÿrd .ekSug osúysñfhka bv fkdfok njg im: lrñka fuu
igkg wj;S¾KjQ igkaldó ck;dj ;ukag ;=jlal=j udkdf.k isá kdjql yuqod Nghkag
ÿka mKsjqvh w;sYh ;SrKd;aul úh.
“fkaú ifydaorhsks wmsg ke;sfjkak fohla keye. fukak uf.a mmqj fjä;shm,a,d. wms wo
fjä ld,d u,;a tlhs, fyg l,mqj wysñ fj,d orefjd;a tlal nv.skafka u,;a tlhs.
yenehs wu;l lrkak tmd kqU,d W;=f¾ igka lrk fldg WU,g osßh fokak fndaê
mQcd ;sífí, m,a,sj, mQcd ;sh,d WU,g fi;a me;=fõ wmsuhs. fjä;shm,a,d wmsg ys;d
.;a; yels WU,d W;=fr ñksiaiqkag i,lmq úosh.”
lgqkdhl l,mq ëjrfhlajQ iqñkao m%kdkaÿ ;uka ;=, weú¨kq fõokdfõ .skso¨ msglf,a ta
wdldrhghs.
fujeks ëjrhska oyia .kkla ó.uqj wjg ëjr .ïudk j,ska ó.uq l,mqjg /iaùS ;u
úfrdaO;djh oelajQfha ó.uq l,mqj ;=, /ialr ;%ia;jdoS u¾Ok igklg fuka ieriS
;=jlal= udkdf.k isá kdjql yuqod Nghka l,mq bjqr wrlaf.k isá yuqod Nghka fukau
[58]
ó.uqj iS¥j yd lgqkdhl fmd,sisj, ish .kklajQ fmd,sia Nghkao" oyia .kkska l,mq
bjqf¾ ys¢ñka ëjrhkaf.a l,mqj ;=, osh;a lrk igkg iydh ,ndfok ëjr ldka;djka
bosßfhahs. fuu ls%hdj<sh wmg isysm;a lf,a W;=f¾ ck;dj uqojd .ekSug t,a'à'à'B
ixúOdkhg tfrysj isÿl,dhehs Woï wkk udkqISl fufyhqfï ;sfnkakg we;ehs wmg
wkqudk l, yelsjQ “udkQISl” njhs. fuys Nhdkl nj ;j;a ;sj% lrñka lgqkdhl .=jka
yuqod lojqf¾ kj;d we;s l*S¾ j¾.fha .=jka hdkdo tld miqmi tld ne.ska wyi .s.=ï
fojñka uyfmdf,dj lïmd lrjñka .=jka.; lf,a l,mqj ;=, igfka ksr; ëjr
ck;dj ìh.kajd m,jd yeÍug ñi wka lsisjlgj;a fkdfõ. kuq;a ck;djf.a
igkaldó;ajh fudg lsÍug fï lsisjlg fkdyelsúh. ck;djf.a y`v t;rïu wêIaGdk
iy.; úh.
wjia:djd§ foaYmd,lhkag ck;d úfrdaOh

iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh yqol,djQ ls%hdj<shla fkdj “h,s mqnqouq YS% ,xld” ;=,ska wdrïNù “rg
fmrg” iy “uyskao Ñka;kh” hk kñka fjkia jQj;a wdlD;sfhka iudkjQ ixj¾Ok
ls%hdodufhau iDcq m%;sM,hla f,i ixpdrl l¾udka;fha oshQKqj mukla i,lñka ls%hd;aul
lrkakla nj ck;dj mila lrf.k ;sìks. tneúka l=uk wdldrfha fyda foaYmd,k
mlaIhl ueosy;aùula bjiSug ck;dj iQodkï jQfha ke;. úmlaIfha foaYmd,k mlaI
kdhlhska ó.uq l,mq igkg wj;S¾K ùug W;aidy .ekSfïoS fuu igkg tosk osßfoñkaa
fufyhjQ uyskao kdu,a ifydaorhd ioyka lf,a “wjdrhg tk jjq,kag fkd/jfgk f,i;a
Tjqkaf.a u. fmkaùug hg;aj igk fufyh ùug iQodkï fkdjk f,i;ah”.
fuu wjia:dj jvd;a ixfõoS yd .egqïldÍ ;,hlg f.khdug bv fkd;nñka wod,

foaYmd,k kdhlhka miqnei hñka l%shdl, wdldrh fuysoS w.h l, hq;=h. tu
wjia:dfõoS wm w;r .egqula we;s fkdùug j.n,d .ekSu w;sYh ;SrKd;aul lreKla
jkqfha ;u igkg wod, fkdjk lsis÷ wu;r .egqulska igk wvd, jk nj ck;dj
fydoskau oek isá neúks.
kuq;a ck;dj i;=j ;snQ fuu wjfndaOh yd igkaldó;ajh iS-maf,aka igk oskdf.k jirla
.;jk úg úhelS .sfha l=uk wdldrhlskao hkak jgyd .ekSug fkdyelsh. ó.uq l,mq
igfka wjidkh;a iu. t,nqkq m,d;a md,k ue;sjrKfhaoS iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh ó.uq
l,mqjg f.k taug mqfrda.dï fufyhla bgql, wdKavq mlaIfha lKavdhugu ó.uq k.r
iNdfõ n,h w;am;a lroSug ;rï iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sfhkA neg lE ó.uq ck;dj
mß;Hd.YS,S úh. fuysoS jeo.;au lrek jkafka ;u Pkao jHdmdrh ;=,oS iS-maf,aka
jHdmD;shg ;uka iyh olajk nj m%isoaêfha m%ldYhg m;al, m,d;a iNd weu;sjrhdf.a
fifydhqrdg fuu PkaofhaoS wdKavq mlaIfha uka;S%jrfhl= ,nd.;a by,u ukdm
ixLHdj ,ndoSug ;rïu ó.uq ck;dj mß;Hd.YS,S ùuhs.
fuu wjia:djka foflaysoS ck;djf.a l%shdldÍ;ajfha fuu lemS fmfkk fjki jgyd
.ekSug WÑ; jkafka" wjia:djdoh hkak fhoSuo ke;fyd;a wkjfndaOho hkak oehs
;jÿrg;a wms ú.%y lr.;hq;= fjuq.
[59]
l,mqj ;=,oS ck;djf.a cSj;aùfï igkg wNsfhda.
ksu,a úhdks" wreK frdIdka; l,mqj ;=, igk fufyhjñka
ó.uq l,mqj /l .ekSug ó.uq ck;dj wr.,hg t<fUkafka ;ukaf.a tlu cSjk ud¾.h
jk l,mq ëjr /lshdj wysùfïs ;¾cKh ksid nj b;d meyeos,sh' fuh fuu wr.,h
wjia:dfõoS fukau fuu wr.,h chf.k jir 3 la .;jk úgoS mej;s iïuqL idlÉPd
j,oSo meyeos<s úh' ksu,a úhdks k.r Yd,dj ;=, mej;s foaYmd,k kdhlhka yd yuqfõoS
m%ldY lf,a wmsu Pkaoh oS,d wfmau lrmsáka md¾,sfïka;= .sh wfmau weu;sjre" wfma ir;a
whshd wmsg fufyu lrhs lsh,d wms ys;=fõ kE lsh,hs" kuq;a fuu fmd; ieliSug iïuqL
idlÉPdjg .sh wmf.a ifydaorhdg l,mq l<ukdlrK lñgqfj iNdm;s;=ud m%ldY
lr;snqfka wms ta fj,dfõ iS}maf,aka j,g úreoaO Wkdg wms ;ju;a wfma wdxvqjg úreoaO
keye lsh,hs'
fuhska wmg fmkShkafka ;ukaf.a nvg myr josk ksid tod l,mq igkg ëjr ckhd
tl;=ùu h:d¾:hla jqjo bka wk;=rej fuu msßi h,s;a ;uka mSvdjg m;alrkakkaf.au .
%yKhg hg;ajk njhs' fuu wr.,hg odhl;ajh oelajQ isú,a ixúOdk ls%hdldÍka ú.%y
lr.; hq;= lreKla kï ck;djf.a fujka wr.,j,oS wm ueosy;aùu l=uk whqrlska
isÿl, hq;=oehs wm y÷kd.ekSuhs'
kuq;a fujka ckmsßilf.a cSj;aùfï wr.,h ;jÿrg;a úm;g fy,ñka ó.uq l,mqfõ
osh;a lsÍug W;aidy.;a iS}maf,aka jHdmD;shg tfrysjQ ck;djg rch ms,s;=re ÿkafka
flfiao? we;af;kau fuu wr.,fhaoS ëjr ck;djg ;=jlal= t,a,lrñka yuqodj kdúl
yuqodj fhdojñka fmd,sis .kkdjlska u ks<OdÍka mdrg f.fkñka isÿl, ìh.ekaùug
wu;rj .=jka yuqodj fhdojñka .=jka .;l, l*S¾ hdkdo yryd ck;djg h,s NSIKh
isys.ekaùh
[60]
kdúl yuqod ks<OdÍka ;=jlal= udkñka l,mqfjka bj;ajk f,i isÿl, ;¾ckhkag
ms,s;=re ÿkafka ;=jlal=jg ;u mmqj b,lal lr fjä;nk f,i tä;rj uqyqKfoñks kuq;a
fuu ;;ajhka ms<sn|j wo h,s i,ld n,k úg fmkShk lreK kï fuu wr.,hg odhljQ
kdhlhska yg urKSh ;¾ck t,a,lsÍug;a" wia:dk fpdaokd t,a,lr w;awvx.=jg .ekSug
mukla fkdj md¾,sfïka;=j ;=, oS;a ;ukaf.a udOH l=,slrejka fhdod .ksñka mqj;a m;a
yryd;a ñksurejka f,i yxjvq .eiSug fhduq ùu;a ie,iqï iy.;j isÿlrk njhs' kuq;a
jdikdj ;ju;a fuu ck;djf.a me;af;au mj;sk neúka l,mq igk wjia:dfõ lsi÷ s
n,mEula fyda cSú; ydkshla isÿfkdùu w;sYh jeo.;a lreKls'
5.8 iS-maf,aka wr.,fha ch.%dyS yd ;SrKd;aul woshr uymdf¾oS

fírd.;af;uq
mshjrla miqmig mshjr folla bosßhg: l,mqj ;=, igk w;yer Wmdh ud¾.h
fjkialsÍu
l,mq igfka ksr;jQ ck;dj Wfoa 7'00 bo,d iji 2'00 muk jk;=re l,mqfõ
.;l,;a id¾:l ms,s;=rla ,enqfka ke;s ksid l,lsÍulg m;afj,d ysáh lsõfjd;a
ksjeroshs' Wfoa mgka .ksoaos kdhlfhd lsõfõ wms l,mqj ydrk WmlrK .,j,d
bj;alrk lïu fy,af,kafka kE lsh,hs'
tl me;a;lska nv.skak wks;a me;af;ka br wõj fõf,kjd' nv.skafka fudkj;a lrkak

neye' wks;a me;af;ka ;=jlal= t,a, lrf.k fõ.fhka .uka lrk kdúl yuqod fndaÜgq"
by,ska fmdf,dj foorjdf.k hk l*S¾ hdkd' fï ish,a, ueoafoa fIrdâ chj¾Ok
msh;=udg yuqod ks<Odßfhl=g ysñ ÿrl:khla u.ska ,ndÿka mKdjqvh lsisfia;au iqN
odhl tlla fkdfõ' wdrlaIl wud;HdxY f,alï" wr.,ldÍ lKavdhug l,mqfjka jydu
bj;ajk f,i;a" tfia fkdue;skï .;hq;= ls%hdud¾. ioyd Wmfoia oS we;s nj;a m%ldY
l,nj msh;=udf.a uqúka msg jk úg" fojrla is;d lghq;= lsÍug wmg isÿjQfha oyia
.kkla >d;kh l, ^tcd ixúOdkfha ixLHd f,aLk wkqj th 40'000la jk w;r W.;a
mdvï yd m%ÓixOdkh fldñiu bÈßfha idCIs foñka ukakdru ro.=re rdhmamq fcdaYma
msh;=ud m%ldYlr ;snqfka hqoaOfha wjika wêhrg fmr isá ck.ykhg jvd hqoaOfhka
miqj we;s ixLHd f,aLk j, 145"000l jeä ck.ykhla W;=f¾ Èia;%slal j,ska wysñ ù
we;s njhs& yuqodjlg wKÿka wdrlaIl f,alïjrhd fuu igfka kdhl;ajh fok
msh;=udgu ;¾ckh lsÍu wms ie,lsh hq;af;a flfiao hk mekh ksihs'
[61]
l,mqj ;=, igfka ;j;a Woafhda.lr wjia:djla
wms ck;djf.a cSú;j, jákdlu w.h lruq' ck;djf.a cSj;aùfï igkg wjYH ish¿u
iyh fldkafoais úrys;j imhd ÿkako cSú;h cSj;a lrùug o wms j.n,d .;hq;=fjuq'
fuu ;¾ck ueo wmyg .;hq;= mshjr fudkjdo hkak l,mqfõ fndaÜgqj u; isg ;SrKh
l,hq;= úh' fuys ;SrKd;aul fhdackdj f.k wdfõ ómqf¾ fm%ã .uf.a ifydaorhdhs' ZZwms
oeka l,mqfõ ysáhd we;s ó.uq mdrg huq fu;k ysáhg fu;kska tydg n,mEula keye'
mdr yrialr hï fyda n,mEula l, yelshs'ZZ
wreK frdIdka;" ksu,a úhdks" fIrdâ msh;=ud" rxcs;a m%kdkaÿ we;=¿ kdhl msßi iu.
jydu ;SrKhla f.k f.dvìug hdu wms lrmq w;SYh jeo.;a ;SrKh fkdjkakg cSú;
ydkshla mjd isÿùug bv;snqkd' fudlo wjYH mshjr ;SrKh lrkak wfma ùfrdaOdr
rKúrejkag wod, n,Odßhd Wmfoia oS yudrù ;snqk ksid' wms mshjrla miaig .;a;d'
fudlo mshjr folla bosßhg ;eîfï wfmalaIdfjka' we;a;gu wms wmf.a ch.%yKh ;sj%
lrk ;j;a mshjrla ;uhs tod wms ;SrKd;aulj ;sh,d ;snqfka'
ck;dj igfka ch.%dyS udjf;a bosßhgu

l,mq ëjr ck;djf.a cSj;aùug ndOd lrk iS-maf,aka f.dvnEug lsisfia;a bvfkdfok
njg ;SrKh lr igkg wj;S¾KjQ ëjrhkag Yla;sh fokak /iajqk ck;dj oyia .kkla
w;r ldka;d Yla;sh lemS fmkqks' uymdrg wj;S¾Kù lsis÷ whqrlska ud¾.h wjysr
lsÍug bv osh fkdyelsnj mjiñka wm lKavdhug ;¾ckhla t,a,l, by, fmd,sia
ks<Odßhd mejiqfõ fofokd ne.ska wjYH kï mdr whsfka Woaf>daIKhg bv ,ndosh yels
[62]
njhs' wmg fuu mKsjqvh ,ndoS úkdä 10la .;jk úg l,mq bjqrg f.dvnisk wm
lKavdhug oek.ekSug ,enqfka ldka;djka uy mdr wyqrñka oyia.kkska Woaf>daIKh
lrk njhs'
fuu fudfyd; md,kh lsÍfï ÿIalr;djh jgyd.;a fmd,sia ks<OdÍ uy;=ka lf,a flfia
fyda uyud¾.fha tla ux;Srejla fyda újD; lr ;nd.ekSug l,mq wr.,fha kdhlhskaf.a
iyh ,nd.ekSuhs' miAjre 2'00g muk isg uymdr wjysr lrñka isÿl, wr.,fha iDcq
m%;sM,hla f,i mj 3'30 muk jkúg fld<U ol=K Ndr kdúl yuqod ks<Odßhl= f.a
ud¾.fhka ëjr ck;djg oekqï fokq ,enqfõ ó.uq l,mqfõ isÿlrk iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh
ñka bosßhg tys ls%hd;aul fkdlrk njhs'
lgqkdhl" ud¿ fj<om, uxikaêfhaoS ëjr kdhlhska yuqjQ fuu ks<OdÍ uy;d ;ud kdjql
yuqodm;s ;=ud f.a ksfhdacs;hl= nj;a" fuu jHdmD;sh ;jÿrg;a isÿfkdlrk njg oekqï
oSug ;udj fhduql, nj;a ëjr kdhl lKavdhug m%ldY lrk ,oS'
kuq;a fujeks fmdfrdkaÿ ms<sn|j ukd oekqj;a lKavdhula fuu igk fufyhjQ neúka
lKavdhu m%ldY lf,a ;uka ks<OdÍ uy;df.a lreKq oelaùu ms,s.kakd kuq;a l,mqj
yEÍug wod, hka;% .,jd yudr jkf;la ;uka lgqkdhl uymdfrka bj;aùug woyila
fkdue;snjhs' fuu lreKq ms,s.;a ks<OdÍ uy;d l,mqj yEÍug f.k wd hka;% jydu
.e,ùug mshjr .kakd ,oS' fuu fufyd; jk úg m%foaYfha foaYmd,k n,j;=ka o
;djld,slj iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh yl=,d .ksñka mshjrla miqmig f.k we;s nj wm
oek.;af;a kdhl lKavdhfï ifydaorhskag ,nd oS we;s ÿrl:k weu;=ï yryd
ikaksfõokh lr ;snQ neúks. kuq;a fïjd ck;djf.a úfrdaOh ;djld,slj hgm;a
lsÍug .;a W;aidyhka nj fydòdldrj jgyd .ekSug bka wk;=rej isÿjQ lreKq
m%udKj;a jkq we;' fuu igfka ;SrKd;aul ch.%yKfhka miqjo ëjr ck;dj iu. fuu
jHdmD;sh fuu ia:dkfhau l%shd;aul lsÍug kdúl yuqod l|jqf¾ yd khslkafoa§ idlÉPd
mj;ajd ;snQ nj fuu fmdf;au fjk;a ia:dkhl wm igyka ;nd we;.
osia;s%la foaYmd,k n,j;df.a mKsjqvh yd ck;d ch.%yKh jd¾;d lsÍfï

udOH l,dj
ó.uq l,mqj ;jÿrg;a ëjr ck;djg wh;a iajdNdúl iïm;la f,i fkdi,lkq we;'
mYapd;a hqO iufha ;u wNs,dIh mßos ;u fm!oa.,sl foam, ;rlr .ekSfï ud¾.hla f,i
ixpdrl b,lal ,`.d lr .ekSug mukla fhdod .ekSug n,j;=ka woyialr we;' wúêu;a
flafIa;%hla fukau ixúOdkd;aul Yla;shla ke;ehs ixúOdkd;aul lïlre flafIa;%h
u.ska i,lk ëjr ck;dj rcfha ;SrKd;aul ixj¾Ok jevigykla ;SrKd;aulj
;djld,slj fyda mrdch lrk ,os' wo fuu jHdmD;Ska ys ;;ajh wkqj kï iaÓr idr
ch.%yKhls.
fuh m,df;a foaYmd,k n,j;=kag m%N, foaYmd,k mKsjqvhlau úh' mYapd;a hqO iuh
wdrïNl wjêfhaoSu rch ,o mrdch úYd,u foaYmd,k mKsjqvhla úh' úfYaIfhkau
.ïmy osia;s%la foaYmd,k n,j;dg fuh m%N, mKsjqvhla úh' fuu ck;d ls%hdldÍ;ajh
[63]
ikaksfõokh jQ jydu ;u ksfhdacs;jßhla ck;dj w;rg tjñka fuu ;SrKd;aul ck;d
ch.%yKh ;ukaf.a fldgila njg m;alr .ekSug .;a W;aidyho ck;dj úiska mrdch
lrk ,os' ck;djf.a yQ yv uOHfha fuu mKsjqvh f.k wd ux;S%jßhjo ySkaiSrefõu
m,a,ï neiaiùug lghq;= lrk ,È'
kuq;a uka;S%jßh meñfkk úg;a ienúkau ck;djg wjYH mKsjqvh kdjql yuqod
ks<Odßhd f.ka ,eî ;snqk w;r" fuu ux;S%jßh meñK iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh w;aysgqùug
wjYH ;Skaÿj ÿka nj iuyr udOHfõoSka úiska mqj;am;aj, jeros f;dr;=rla jd¾;d lr
;sìks' fuu lreKq ms<sn|j wms wjosfhka isák nj;a ;ukaf.a ydïmq;=kag fiajh lsÍug
ck;djf.a ch.%yKhka mjd fhdod .ekSfï ,Êcd iy.; udOH l,dj ;uka ms,sn|j
ck;dj g fy,sorõ ùula njo fuys igyka lr ;nuq'
l,mqj yEÍfï WmlrK .,jd bj;alsÍu

ó.uq ck;dj bgql, fufyh ienúkau w;súYsIaGh' mYapd;a hqO iufha wdrïNl
wjêfhaoSu fjk;a lsisÿ ck lKavdhula fujeks wr.,hl ksr; ùugj;a fkdis;k
iuhl" ;u osú mrÿjg ;nñka osh;a l, wr.,h wksjd¾hfhkau w.h l, hq;=h'
ëjr ck;djf.a ueosy;aùu yd isú,a ixúOdk wjYH myiqlï iemhSug wjYH ueosy;aùu
isÿ lrk úgoS ;ukag wjYH ck;d b,lal lrd fhduqjkq we;' ;ukaf.a ck wr., j,g
wjYH kdhl;ajh ;ukau orkq we;' wjYH wjodkï ;uka úiskau ord.kq we;'
fuu l,mq wr.,hg osk lsysmhlg fmr fld<U idudÔh yd iduhsl flakaøfha mej;s
isú,a ixúOdk yuqfõoS ëjr ck;dj fuu wr.,hg fhduqjk nj;a" tysoS wfmalaId
fkdlrk uÜgfï úkdYhla isÿùug yelshdjla we;s nj;a woyia bosßm;a úh' tneúka
fuu úkdYhg bvfkd;nd fuu .egqu j,lajd .ekSug bosßm;a úh hq;= njg;a lreKq
bosßm;a lrk ,oS"
fuu yuqjg meñK isá kS;s{ iqo¾YK .=Kj¾Ok fidhqrd m%ldY lf,a ck;djg ;ukaf.a
igk lrf.k hdug bvfok f,i;a isú,a ixúOdk yd ls%hdldÍka wdrlaIl l,dmhla f,i
ls%hdl,hq;= ke;s nj;ah'
ta wkqj kkaoslvd,a l,mqfõoS úYd, ch.%yKhla w;am;a lr.;a YS% ,xld rch" ó.uqj
l,mqfõoS wka; mrdchla w;a lrfoñka iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh bj;alr .ekSug isÿúh'
fuys mrdch jvd;a ;sj%jkafka ;u m,uqjk moúm%dma;sh ioyd yïnkaf;dg jrdh;a

fkdafrdÉfpda, ;dm n,d.drh;a ó.uq l,mqfõ iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh;a osh;a lsÍug ie,iqï
l, YS% ,xld rchg ó.uq ëjr ck;dj bosßfha ok .eiSug isÿùuhs'
;SrKd;aul fkdjeïn¾ 17jk osk mj 6.30 jk úg iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sfha yEÍfï hka;%fha

ish¿ wx. ó.uq l,mqfjka .,jd bj;a lr.kakd ,oS'
[64]
6 jk mßÉfÊoh
ëjr ldka;djka f.a ;SrKd;aul ueosy;a ùu
ldka;djka iudc ixj¾Ok ls%hdj<sfha ;SrKd;aul ld¾hhla bgq lrk msßila nj
meyeos,sj Tmamq l, ;j;a wjia:djla f,i ó.uq l,mq igk yeoskaúh yelsh. fuh
ia;S%kaf.a iudc fufyjf¾ w;sYh meyeos,s yd iudch úiska we.hsh hq;= wjia:djla njo
igyka lr ;nkafka ldka;djkag ,eìh hq;= .re;ajh fkdwvqj ,nd foñks.
ëjr ldka;djkaf.a ffO¾hh wms ieu ;eklu igyka lr ;nkafka ó.uq l,mq igfka
fld÷ kdráh fuu ldka;djkaf.a Yla;sh yd ffO¾hh jQ ksidhs. ish¿u fokd fuu
wr.,h w;yer ;snQ fudfyd;l ldka;djka fmruQKg meñK ÿka kdhl;ajh fuu igfka
fmruqfKau isá kdhsldjkaf.au y`äka fufia igyka lr ;eîug woyia lf,uq.
6.1 uÍkd ,laIañ bkaødKs m%kdkaÿ - ^wjqreÿ 43&" lfvd,alef,aa,

YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkfha ysgmq iNdm;s j;auka
ls%hdldÍ lñgq idudcsl
uu orejka ;sfofkl=f.a ujla fjñ' iajdñ mqreIhd

l,mqfõ /lshdfõ fhfok iq¿mkak ëjrfhls' ó.uqj
l,mqj" ëjr mjq,a j, wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lrk m%Odk
ia:dkhls' iEu osklu wiajekak fk,Sug yels w;r mjqf,a
há;, myiqlï imhd .ekSug;a orejkaf.a wOHdmkh
Yla;Su;a lsÍug;a b;d úYd, odhl;ajhla imhd fohs' tjeks
l,mqjla ixpdrl l¾udka;h fjkqfjka úkdYhg m;a jkafka
kï tjeks ixj¾Okhla wjYH ke;' iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sfhka ó.uqj l,mqj úkdY lsÍug
iqodkï jk úg ck;djf.a tluq;=lu ;=,ska th fírd .ekSug yels úh' csú; mrÿjg
;nñka úúO l%shdldrlï lrñka ck;dj oekqj;a lrñka úYd, fufyjrla bgq lrkq
,enqjd'
wfma Yla;Ska ÿ¾j, lsÍug wmj;a" ëjrhskaj;a" rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk j, l%shdldÍkq;a"
wmg Yla;shla ù isá mshjrekag;a n,mEï meñKs w;r tjeks n,mEï uOHfha jqjo miq
ng fkdù wruqK ch.%yKh lsÍug yelsjqkd' ëjrhska úúOdldrhs' ukao" ;ukaf.a
l,mqj úkdY lsÍu olsñkau ksy`vj isá w;r fï fjkqfjka l, oekqj;a lsÍï j,§
90]lau lSfõ ZZwdKavqfõ jHdmD;Ska j,g úreoaO ù wmg wfma csú; mrÿjg ;nkakg
neyeZZ hkqfjkqhs' flfia fyda oekqj;a lsÍï wk;=rej meñKs 10] iu. bosßhgu .uka
l,d' lf;da,sl iNdfõ mshjrekaa" wkHd.ñl mshjreka" meúos fifydhqßhka" rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk l%shdldÍka" úYd, ëjrhska lKavdhul=;a yd thg fojeks fkdjq ldka;d
n,fõ.hla tluq;= lrñka ck;d wr.,hlska iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh l,mqfjka bj;a lr
.ekSug yelsúh'
[65]
kuq;a úYd, mßY%uhlska fírd .kq ,enq l,mqj wo jk úg úYd, jYfhka úkdYhg m;a
fjñka mj;S' tkï l,mq f.dv lsÍï" l,mq bjqre úkdYh" ÿm;a úkdYh" l=Kq li, oeñu"
yd wm øjH l,mqjg uqod yeÍu jeks úkdYhka oejeka; f,i isÿlrkafka l,mqj jgd
isák jHdmdßlhka" rcfha n,j;=ka yd uy ck;dj úisks' fuu úkdYhka je,elaùug hï
fyda l:d nyla isÿjkafka ó.uqfõ rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk ;=,ska muKls' tjeks wdldrhg
l:d lrk whgo wo úúO .egÆ we;s fjhs' fuu úkdYh je,elaúug wo jk úg ljqre;a
ke;' ta fjkqfjka kS;suh mshjr .; hq;= ks,OdÍka yd ish¿u wdh;k foaYmd,k w;
fld¿ njg m;aù we;' kuq;a fuu ks,OdÍka idudkH ck;df.a iq¿ jereoaolag jqjo
Tjqkag úreoaOj lghq;= lr;s' ks;Sh idOdrK f,i l%shd;aul fkdù j,ajeoSu ksid fujeks
jákd iïm;a úkdYfõ' tu ksid ck;djla f,i wms Yla;su;aj" isÿjk úkdYhkag
tfrysj bosßhg .uka l, hq;=hs' tod iS-maf,aka wr.,h ch.%yK l, mßos kej;;a
ck;dj tluq;= fjñka l,mqjg isÿjk úkdYh wju lsÍug odhl fjuq' ta fjkqfjka
ldka;djla jYfhka wksjd¾Hfhkau bosßhg tk nj;a" mrïmrd .Kkla /l=kq wfma l,mqj
u;= mrmqr fjkqfjka bosßhg;a /l .ekSu wfma j.lSula nj;a m%ldY lrñ'
6.2 kosIdkS ,lañKs - ^jhi 30&"lfvd,alef,a" YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d

ixúOdkfha ls%hdldÍ lñgq idudcsl
ud cSj;ajk m%foaYh lfvd,alef,a hkqfjka yÿkajkq
,nkafka lfvd,dk Ydl m%cdfjka imsreKq ia:dkhla ksihs'
lfvd,dk Ydlh l,mqjlg ke;sju neß" uy;a jq
m%fhdackhla we;s Ydlhls' lfvd,dk Ydl udf.a ksjig
wdrlaIdjo imhhs' 3500g wêl ck;djlg ;u cSjfkdamdh
foñka 15000la muK ck fldáGdYhla fmdaIKh
lrñka /l .kakd b;d Yla;su;a wd¾Ólhla i,ik ëjr
m%cdjg iykodhlfhl= jkafka ñ.uqj l,mqjhs' fujka
jákd l,mqj wo úkdY uqLfha mj;S' iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sho
uE;loS isÿ lsÍug iqodkï jq tjka uyd úkdYhls' fuu
jHdmD;sh ms<sn|j ud uq,Slj oekqj;a jqfha Y%s úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkfha l=vd
lKavdhï /iaúuloSh'
udf.a iajdñ mqreIhd l,mq /lshdfõ fhfok iq¿ mkak ëjrfhla jk w;r" l,mqj ;=<ska
wfma mjq, wdrlaIdfõ' miq.sh ld,h ;=, l,mqjg .sh ëjrhkag úúO wjia:dj,oS kdúl
yuqodfjka isÿl, .=á neg §ï kej; jdrhla isÿfõúo hkak u; iS-maf,aka ms<sn|j lreKq
oek.;aúg ud yg úYd, nhla oeKqks' tod ëjrhkag /lshdfõ hkakg fkdyelsjq
wjia:dfõ nv.skak wmg fyd|g oekqkq ksidu fujr f.k tk iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh ;=,ska
l=ula fõúo hk is;=ú,a, wmg ìh f.k ÿkakd' ud is; osjqrd lSfõ fuu jHdmD;shg
lsisfia;a wms bv fkdfok njhs' tneúka wms uq,skau isÿ lf,a ck;dj fï ms,sn|j oekqj;a
lsÍu;a úúO whf.ka iyfhda.h wfmalaId lsÍu;ah' tysos" uq,slju wms W;aidy lf,a wfma
iNdfõ mshjrekaf.a iyfhda.h ,nd .ekSughss' thg fya;=jQfha ó.uqfõ nyq;rhlaa
lf;da,sl neúka ëjrhska yd foajia:dkh w;r úYd, iïnkaO;djhla we;s neúkqhs' kuq;a"
[66]
lK.dgqjg lreKla jQfha lf;da,sl iNdfõ nyq;rhla mshjreka flá ld,hlska wmj
wmyiq;djhlg m;alrñka" iyfhda.h fkdoS" Tjqka miqng ù wm w;ayeÍuhss'
iNdfõ mshjreka wmj w;a yeßh;a wmf.a foú mshdkka wm iu. isák neúka wmf.a iEu
fohlau foúhkag Ndr lrñka jev lghq;= bosßhgu lrf.k .sfhuq' ta ld,h ;=,os
wm .%dufha f,dl=" l=vd".eyeKq msßñ jhia fyda cd;sfNao fkdn,d iefjdau tluq;= úu
;=,ska l,mqj jfáu l=rei isgjñka wfma l,mqj /l fok f,i foúmshdKkaf.ka b,a,d
isáhd' ksrka;r hdÉ[dj ;=,ska wfma l,mqj /l .ekSug W;aidy oerejd' tfiau fld<U
moúfha tjlg isá ëjr lghq;= ndr WmdOH msh;=udf.a ueosy;a úu ;=,ska iS¥j"
l=re¿lef,a foajia:dkfha jd¾Isl ux.,Hh ojfia l,mqj fírd fok f,i hdÉ[d lrñka
wheo isáhd' bka miqj l,mqj jfá idka; cQâ m%;sudj /f.k hñka l,mqj wdYs¾jdo
.kajñka" ish,a,u foúhkag Ndr lf,uq'
ish`M ld¾hhka isÿlf,a wm;=, ;snq oeä úYajdih ksidhs' fï ish,a, ueo wms rchg lshd
isáfha fuu jHdmD;sh l,mqfõ isÿ fkdlrk f,ihs' fndfyda idlÉPd meje;ajq kuq;a ta
;=,ska lsis÷ úi÷ula ,enqfka keye' wjidkfha ó.uqj k.r Yd,dj ;=, fkdjeïn¾ 11 osk
mej;s /iaùfïoS kej;;a wms lSfõ l,mqfõ iS-maf,aka f.dvnEu i|yd lsisfia;a bvosh
fkdyels hkakhs' tosk wmf.a n,j;a úfrdaO;dj fya;=fjka" .=jkafiajd ksfhdacH weu;s
ohdYS%; ;sfiard uy;d lshd isáfha fuh ;djld,Slj k;r lr bosßfhaos ckdêm;sjrhd
iu. idlÉPdjlska úi÷ula fok njhss'
kuq;a miqosk l,mq .sh ëjrhska boslsÍï wLKavj isÿlrk nj ksÍlaIKh l,d'
idlÉPdfõ § ,ndÿka fmdfrdkaÿj bgq fkdjQ neúka ish¿u ëjrhska oekqj;a lrñka
fkdjeïn¾ 17 osk lgqkdhl m%Odk mdf¾ yd l,mqfõ ëjrhska yd ldka;djka úYd, f,i
iyNd.s fjñka wfma n,mEï lsÍu ;=,ska l,mqj fírd .;a;d' fuh fírd .ekSug wmg
Yla;shla jqfha Y%s úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkh" cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.AS;d jHdmdrh;a"
ck;dj iu. tlaj lghq;= lrk meúos lKavdhula yd ñ.uqfõ wfkl=;a isú,a ixúOdkhs'
wo jk úg kej; l,mqj úkdY fjñka mj;S' kej;;a wmg tluq;=ù isÿjk ydkshg
tfrysj fmkS isáug wjYHhs' wfma l,mqj wdrlaId lsÍug kej; wr.,hla lrñka fyda
wfma iïm;a /l .ekSug wms bosßhg hk w;r ish¿u whf.a iyfhda.ho wmg wjYH ù
we;' l,mqj wdrlaId lsÍu fjkqfjka wms fkdìhj bosßhgu huq'
[67]
6.3 fïß YsrdKs - ^jhi 33&" lfvd,alef,a m%foaYh" YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d
ixúOdkfha iNdm;s^2010 - 2011&
uu YsrdKs" orejka fofofkl=f.a ujla' iajdñ mqreIhd
lágqoe,a ëjrfhls' ó.uqj l,mqj hkq wmj fmdaIKh lrk
ëjr ksc ìuls' fuu l,mqfjka udislj remsh,a 25000la
30000la w;r wdodhula ,nd .ekSug yelshdjla mj;S' ó.uq
l,mqfõ úfYaI;ajh kï 3500lg wël ëjr mjq,a j,
15000lg wêl msßilg jir mqrdu n;am; i,ik jákd
iïm;la ùuhs' fndfyda msßila l,mqj /l.ekSug W;aidy
oerejo iq¿ kuq;a n,j;a msßila fuu iïm; úkdY lr
oeóug W;aidy .kakd neúka l,mqj /l.ekSug úYd,
lem lsÍula lsÍug isÿú we;'
iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh l,mqjg /f.k wd úg ck;dj fï ;rï m%n, f,i úreoaO;ajh

m%ldY lf,a tys úYd, f,i biafida ud¿ fndajk m%Odk ia:dkhla jk uvfndlal f;dard
.ekSu ksidhs' fuu jHdmD;sh osh;a lsÍfuka úYd, f,i l,mqj úkdY jk nj;a
ëjrhkag /lshdfõ kshe,Sug wmyiq jk nj;a úYd, w¾nQohlg ëjrhkag uqyqK oSug
isÿjk nj;a jgyd .kakd ,oS' úkdYh ms,sn| ukd wjfndaOhla ,enqfka Y%s úuqla;s ëjr
ldka;d ixúOdkh yd cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.S;d jHdmdrfha ifydaor msßi u.sks'
fuu uQ,sl oekqj;a Ndjh iu.u .ïudk j, ck;dj oekqj;a lrñka fuu m%Yakh úi|d
.ekSug l,mqj iq/lSfï ixOdkhla f.dvke.=fjuq' fuu jHdmD;sh l,mqfjka bj;a lsÍug
fndfyda idlÉPd mj;ajñka ck;dj w;rg hñka Tjqka yd udOHhka oekqj;a lrñka" w;a
m;%sld fnoñka" fmdaiag¾ w,jñka WmÍu iyfhda.h foñka odhl jqfkñ'
rdcH uágñka mej;s oekqj;a lsÍï j,go iyNd.S jq w;r tysos l,mqjg isÿjk úkdYhka
ck;dj ks<OdÍkag meyeos,s lr ÿkak;a foaYmd,lhska yd rdcH ks<OdÍka l,mqjg lsisÿ
ydkShla isÿ fkdjk njg woyia bosßm;a lrk ,oSs' úkdYh ms<sn|j ck;dj f,i wms ukd
wjfndaOhlska isá fyhska jHdmD;shg tlfy,du úreoaO;ajh m%ldY lf,uq' kuq;a rdcHh
n,OdÍka yd ks<OdÍka os.gu W;aidy .;af;a fuu jHdmD;sh osh;a lsÍuguh' wms fuu
W;aidyh mrdch lsÍug wLKavju fmkS isáñka b,a,d isáfha l,mqfõ fuu jHdmD;sh isÿ
fkdlr úl,am ia:dkhlg /f.k hk f,ihs'
wms ó.uqfõ k.rdêm;s ;=udj;a" úmlaIh;a oekqj;a lf,uq' fuysos ysgmq k.rdëm;sjrhd
wmsg iyfhda.h ,nd fokakg fkdyels nj m%ldY lf,ah' k.r iNdj ;=, meje;s /iaùï
j,oS o úmlaIfhka jqjo ck;d iyhg isáfha ksfhdacs;hska fofofkl= muKs' wfkl=;a wh
ta wjia:dfõoS rcfha jHdmD;shg iyh ÿkay'
lf;da,slhka f,i wms wfma w.ro.=re ;=udj uqK .eiqKo wmg Yla;shla fkdù" t;=ud
mejiqfõ fuu jHdmD;sh id¾:l lr .ekSug rchg iyh jk f,ihs' ta fudfydf;a ud yg
oekqfka tod ms,d;a rcq" fÊiq;=udj úkSYaph lsÍfïoS Tyq w; fidaod .;a f,iskau fuod ëjr
[68]
ckhdg Yla;shla fkdú wfma m%Yakh bosßfhaos ro.=re;=udo w;a fidaod .;a wdldrhl=hs'
kuq;a" wms wfma .uk w;a fkdyer bosßhgu .uka lf,uq'
wmg Yla;shla jqfha wfma Y%s úuqla;s ixúOdkh;a" ëjr iyfhda.S;d jHdmdrh;a" iuia:
,xld ëjr jD;a;sh iñ;sh" ls;=Kq meúos lKavdhula yd ñ.uqfõ wfkl=;a isú,a
ixúOdkhs' fuu iyfhda.h yd wmf.a w;afkdyerekq Yla;sh ;=,ska wfma igk ch.%yKh
l,d' fuys§ wmg;a" wm iu. isá fndfyda whg;a n,mEï meñKsho tajd ms<sn|j
fkdi,lñka yd miqng fkdú wfma l,mqj fírd .kq ,enqjd'
tod tjeks uykaishlska fírd.;a l,mqjg wo úYd, wNsfhda. rdYshlss' ukao" oejeka;
f,i lfvd,dk yd l,mq bjqre úkdY lrñka" ¥m;a yd l,mqfõ mdis we;=`M Ydl úkdY
lsÍug ridhksl øjH fhdoñka uy;a úkdYhla l,mqj jfÜu isÿfjhs' fuu ridhksl øjH
ksidu ll=`Mfjda" biafida yd ud¿ fndaùu wvq ù we;'
wo jk úg wfma wd¾Ólh lvd jeá,d' fï úkdYhg tfrysj lsisjl= fmrg fkdhk neúka
kej;;a wmg isÿjkafka iS-maf,ka wr.,h fukau Ôú;h fkd;ld bosßhg hEug fyda
orejka iu.u l,mqfõu mek ñhhEuhs' l,mqj /l .ekSu wm ldf.a;a hq;=luls' wms
kej; tluq;=ù fï isÿ lrk úkdYhka keje;aùug l%shd lruq" ta fjkqfjka bosßhg hkak
´kEu wjia:djl ud iqodkï nj m%ldY lrñ'
6.4 f.a%gd m%kdkaÿ - ^wjqreÿ 51&"uqkaklalrh .%duh" ysgmq iNdm;s YS% úuqla;s
ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkh
uf.a ku f.a%gd m%kdkaÿ" csj;a jkafka uqkaklalrh .%dufha'

uu l=vd l, isgu l,mqj iu. .efgñka ëjr foudmshkag
iyfhda.h ,nd foñka fuu l<mqfõ iqkaor;ajh w;aolsk
flfkla' wfma l,mqj ëjrhkag Yla;Su;a wd¾Ólhla imhd
foñka rij;a wdydr fõ,lg ud¿" biafida álla myiqfjkau
,nd .; yels ia:dkhls'
wfma uq;=ka ñ;a;ka /lf.k yd l<mqj wo jk úg úYd,

w¾nqolg uqyqK fok nj olsñ' wo jk úg l,mqfjka
/flk 3500 lg wêl mjq,a j, wd¾Ólh lvd jeà we;'
tu úkdYhg m%Odk fya;= f,i ud olskafka ixj¾Ok l%shdj,Ska kñka wfma l,mqjg we;s
jk úkdYhhs'
tod l<mqjg iS-maf,aka f.dv nEug hdfuoS wms wfma l<mqj wdrlaId lsÍug fndfyda jev
fldgila isÿ l,d' Y%s úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkfha idudcsldjla f,i fukau ldka;d
kdhsldjla f,i" fmdaiag¾ w,jñka" w;a m;%sld fnod foñka uy;a lemúfuka l,mqj
wdrlaId lsÍug bosßhg .shd' tkï ck;dj oekqj;a lrñka b;d m%n, f,i
odhl;ajhla ,nd foñka Woaf>daIKhlska fuu iS-maf,aka wr.,h ch.%yKh l,d'
[69]
tod tjeks uykaishlska wfma l<mqj wms /l .;a;;a wo jk úg ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh ;=<
lrkq ,nk mßir úkdYhka w;s úYd,hs' tu úkdYhka uev meje;aúh hq;=hs' tod iS-
maf,aka ksid isÿ úug .sh úkdYfhka wms ish¿u fokdf.a tluq;= lu ;=, fkdmiqng
ù¾hhlska lghq;= lrñka wfma l,mqj /l.kq ,enqjd' ieuodu l,mqj wdrlaId lsÍu wfma
j.lSuhs' wo jk úg l,mq f.dv lsÍï" lfvd,dk úkdYh fukau ld¾ñl wm øjHhka
l<mqjg tlalsÍu we;=`M úúOdldrfhka l,mqj úkdYh lrd f.k hñka ;sfí' fïjd
wksjd¾Hfhkau k;r l, hq;=hs' ta fjkqfjka wms ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkh f,i;a" .%dñh
ck;djla f,i;a" bosßhg hd hq;=hs' ksod isák ëjrhska ke.sgqjñka wfma iïm;a /l
.ekSug fjr oruq'
6.5 fïß l=iqud - ^wjq 41hs&" isßj¾Ok fmfoi" YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkfha
ysgmq NdKavd.dßl ^2011 - 2012&
uu orejka ;sfofkl=f.a ujla" udf.a iajdñ mqreIhd l,mqfõ
yd uqyqÿ /lshdfõ fhfok ëjrfhla' udf.a jeäuy,a orejdo
l,mq /lshdfõ fhfok iq¿ mkak ëjrfhla' ó.uqj l,mqj
hkq wfma wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lrk ia:dkhla jk w;r
w;S;fha§" tys isÿl< ëjr /lshdfjka udislj remsh,a
35000lg wêl wdodhula wmg ,nd .; yelsúh' fujeks
w.kd iïm;la jk ó.uqj l,mqj rel.ekSu hkq wfma mjq,a
wdrlaId lsÍula nj lsj hq;= ke;'
wo jk úg l,mqjg wNsfhda. yd úúO úkdYhka isÿ fjñka

mj;S' wmg lEugj;a biafila ud¿fjla w,a,d .ekSug neß jljdkqjlhs wms oeka csj;a
jkafka' ukao" wfma l,mqjg úúO mqoa.,hka úiska b;du;a fõ.fhka úúO wdldrfha
úkdYhka isÿlrñka mj;S'
tkï lfvd,dk Ydl úkdY lsÍu" bjqre f.dv lsÍu" l,mqfõ ÿm;a úkdY lrïka yd
l<mqjg wmøjH tla lrñka oejeka; úkdYhla isÿlr;s'
tod iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh ksid l,mqjg úYd, ydkshla isÿjkakg hk wjia:dfõ Y%s úuqla;s
ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkh yryd ldka;djla f,i ish¿u fokd iu. tluq;= fjñka l,mqj
fjkqfjka ixúOdk .; fjñka Woaf>daIKh lrñka fuu wr.,h ch.%ykKh l,d'
ta;a wo jk úg l,mqjg isÿfjñka we;s ydksh ms<sn|j l:d lsÍug lsisfjla ke;' tu
ksid kej; wmg Wod ù ;sfnkaafka ck;djla f,i bosßhg .uka lsÍug wjYH ld,hl=hs'
tod iS-maf,aka wr.,hg meñKqkd fia j¾:udkfha§;a l,mqj fírd .ekSug uu;a udf.a
mjqf,a iefjdu;a bosßhg meñKSug iqodkï' wmg rdcH uágñka lsisu iyfhda.hla keye'
kuq;a ieuúgu wmf.a m%Yak fjkqfjka bosßm;aù wmg Yla;shla jkafka Y%s úuqla;s ëjr
ldka;d ixúOdkhhs' ta yryd wms bosßhg hkakg TskEu fõ,djl iqodkï nj;a l<mq
uEKshkaj wdrlaId lsÍug wms ieuúgu wem lem ù isák nj;a wNsudkfhka m%ldY lruq'
[70]
6.6 f.%aia ueá,avd - ^wjqreÿ 54&" lfvd,alef,a m%foaYh YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d
ixúOdkfha ldrl iNsl
uf.a ku f.%aia ueá,avd' uf.a iajdñ mqreIhd iq¿mkak ëjrfhls'
wms tosfkod cSjfkdamdh l,mqj ;=,ska Wmhd .ksñka Ôj;a
jkafkuq' ó.uqj hkq b;d jákd iïm;a rdYShlska iukaú;
m%foaYhls' l,mqj ó.uqfõ iqúfYaIS iïm;la fõ' fï w;sYh
iqkaor jq l,mqj wi,u cSj;a úug ,eìu ud yg ,enqkq
jrm%idohls' l,mqj" th jgd we;s .ïudk j, ck;djf.a n;a
m; fidhd fok ksOdkhls' iEu osklu biafida ud¿ úYd, f,i
fk,d .ksñka ëjrfhda ;u wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lr .;af;ah'
rfÜ ixj¾Okfha kdufhka l,mqj úkdY lsÍug úúO

jHdmD;s /f.k wd w;r iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh tys m%Odk wx.hls' l,mqfõ iS-maf,aka f.dv
nEfïoS úYd, ëjr fldgilg ;u ëjr /lshdj wysñjkakg kshñ; úh' fuu iS-maf,aka
l,mqjg f.k taug ish¿u lghq;= rch úiska iqodkï lr ;snqkd' wfma ëjrhska bosßfha
úYd, w¾nqohla we;sjkakg hknj wmyg fmkS .shd' tod isg wo olajdu rch úiska ëjr
mjq,a j,g ,nd ÿkafka l=vdïudf.a ie,ls,a,hs" rfá wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsÍug úfYaI
fufyjrla lrk ëjrhskag fufia lsÍu idOdrKo@
flfia fyda ëjrhkaj fkdu. hjñka ;u jHdmD;sh lsÍug Tjqka ks;ru W;aidy l,d"
kuq;a fujr ëjrhska fudavhska fkdjk nj rchg Tmamq lrñka wm" ldka;d msßñ fío
fkdn,d wfma iïm;a /l .ekSu msKsi bosßhg meñKshd' rch úiska iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh
ms<sn| meje;ajq idlÉPd j,§ wm tl fy,du lshd isáfha fuu jHdmD;sh wfma l,mqfjka
bj;a lrk f,ighs' kuq;a wfma yvg lsisÿ weyqïlï oSula fkdlr Tjqka Tjqkaf.a
l%shdj,Sh os.ska os.gu l%shd;aul lrkq ,enqjd' tu ksid wms 2010 fkdjeïn¾ 17jk osk
fm'j' 7'00isg m'j' 6'00 miqjk f;lau wfma mjq,a ish,a,lau fld<U- mq;a;,u m%Odk mdr
wjysr lrñka uymdf¾ ksod .ksñka Woaf>daIKhl ksr; fjñka fuu jHdmD;sh bj;a
lr .ekSug wmg yels jqkd' fï i|yd ldka;djka úYd, m%udKhla iyNd.s jqkd' udf.a
woyi" wm ish¿u fokd ;=< ;snq tluq;= lu wfma ëjrhkag úYd, Yla;shla ùu ;=,ska
fuu igk ch.;a njhs'
fujeks mßY%uhla fhdod fírd .;a l<mqj wo jk úg úúOldrfhka úkdY fjñka mj;S'
wo jk úg isÿ ù we;s ydksh fjkqfjka fmkS isàug h,s tluq;= fkdjqkfyd;a bosßfhaoS
l,mqj wdrlaId lsÍug fkdyels fõú' tu ksid wo ;;ajh ;=, wfma l,mqj /l .ekSug
jev lruq' ldka;djla f,i ´kEu wNsfhda.hlg uqyqK oSug ud iqodkï ù isákafkñ'
[71]
6.7 f;f¾ia ks¾u,d - ^wjqreÿ 48& uqkaklalrh ldrl iNsl YS% jsuqla;s OSjr
ldka;d ixúOdkh ^2008-2009&
uqkaklalrh m%foaYh i;r jákau l,mqfjka jg jq ÿm;ls'
ó.uqj m%foaYfha uqkaklalrh ms,sn|j l:d lsÍfïoS ud yg
u;la jkafka iqkdñ wjia:dfõoS wfma .%duh wdrlaId jq
wldrhhs' ug u;l mßos iqkdñfhka .,d wd c,h m%Odk
fudah láka l,mqjg .,d .shd' ta ;=,ska wm .%duhg lsis÷
ydkshla isÿ fkdjqks' iqkdñfhka wm fírd.;af;a l,mqjhs'
fujeks jákdlulska hq;= l,mqjg 2010 jif¾ iS-maf,aka

jHdmD;sh f.k tkq ,enqfõ ixpdrl l¾udka;h oshqKq
lsÍfï wruqK bgq lsÍughs' iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh ms,sn|j
wmg lsis÷ wjfndaOhla fkd;snq w;r ta ms,sn|j ud
oekqj;a jqfha Y%S úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkh u.sks' fuu oekqj;a lsÍu ;=,ska ud yg
oekqfKa iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh ksid wm mßirhg;a wmf.a ëjrhskag;a isÿjkakg hk ydksh
yd widOdrKh ms<sn|jhs' fujeks úkdYhla isÿùug bv oSug lsisfia;a fkdyels fyhska ud
fuu l,mqj wdrlaId lr .ekSug Y%S úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkh;a iu. w;aje,a
ne| .ksñka .ïudk uágñka ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍï isÿ l,d'
ud ldka;djla f,i úYd, Yla;shla fï igkg ,nd ÿkakd' fuu .uk ;ksj .uka lsÍfï
wmyiq;djh ksid wms lf;da,sl mshjrekaf.a iyh me;= w;r fndfyda mshjre fï úkdYh
je,elaúug wm iu. w;aje,a ne|.ksñka wmg Yla;shla jqkd' kuq;a fuu igfka" m%n,u
ld,fhaoS lf;da,sl mshjreka fndfyduhlau wmj ;ks l, nj lK.dgq odhl lreKla úh'
tfiau wmg meúos fidfydhqßhka f.ao iyh ,enqKs' wms idlÉPd ud¾.fhka m%YaK
úi|d .ekSug fndfyda W;aidy oerej;a rch lsisúgl wfma yvg ijka ÿkafka keye'
m%foaYfha uka;%S jrekaao wmg ms,sirKla jQfha keye'
ish¿u fokd wfmka fjkaù .sh;a wmg Yla;shla jqfha Y%s úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkh
yd cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrhhs' ta jf.au l,mqj jfá isá ish¿u ëjrhkaj
oekqj;a lrkq ,enqfõ rch wfma yvg ijka fkdfok nj;a wfma whs;ska oskd .ekSug
wjidk W;aiyh jkafka ckn,h ;=,ska m%Yakh bosßm;a lsÍu njhs'
wms" wfma ck;djf.a n,h fmkajñka fuu jHdmD;sh wfma l,mqfjka bj;a lrkq ,enqjd'
fuu igk ;=,ska wm;a iu. isá ëjrhkag" lf;da,sl iNdfõ mshjrekag" rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk j, ks,OdÍkag úúO ;¾Pk meñKshd' fuu ;¾Pk yuqfõ jqjo wfma whs;Ska
fjkqfjka wms bosßhgu .uka l,d' tod wm iefjdu tluq;=fjka /l.;a l,mqj wo jk
úg úúOdldrfhka úkdYhg m;afjñka we;' fuu l,mqfõ isÿjk úkdYhka wju lsÍug
wms kej; talrdYS úhhq;= hehs ud is;ñ' fï fjkqfjka ud ´kEu wjia:djl bosßhg tk
nj;a l,mqj wdrlaId lsÍug udf.a mQ¾K iyfhda.h ,nd fok nj i|yka lrñ'
[72]
7 jk mßÉfcaoh
l,mq igkg ëjr kdhlhkaf.a ;SrKd;aul odhl;ajh
miq.sh ld,h mqrdjgu ëjr ck;dj w;r b;d úYd, fnoSï rdYshla mej;s w;r fuu
fnoSï j,ska Wmßu m, fk,df.k ëjrhd f.a iïm;a iQrd lEug;a wys;lr jHdmD;Ska w;s
id¾:lj ls%hd;aul lsrSug;a ëjr yd rfÜ n<OdrSkag yelsúh. kuq;a ó.uq l,mqjg f.k
taug fhdackd l, iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh ;=,ska iuia: ëjr ck;dj yd ëjr ldka;djka" ëjr
jD;a;Sh iñ;s" ëjr ldka;d ixúOdk yd ëjr lafIa;%fha ls%hdldrS rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
ish,a,kag fukau wksl=;a ixúOdk j,g tlaj lghq;= lsrSug ;snQ yelshdj ;=,ska ó.uq
l,mqj úkdYfhka uqod .ekSug;a j;auka mrmqf¾ cSjk ud¾. wdrlaId lr wkd.; mrmqrg
odhl lsrSug;a wm ieug yelsúh.
fuu ls%hdj,sfha oS kdhl;ajh .;a ëjr kdhlhskag ;snQ ffO¾hh yd lemùug Wmydr
f,i fuu igyk ;nk w;r igfka ;u odhl;ajh yd ;uka ,o mkakrho Tjqkaf.au
y`äka igyka lr ;eîug wms wfmalaId lruq. th tfia lrkafka ó.uq l,mqjg mukla
fkdj iuia: ëjr w¾nqOldrS ;;ajhka j,oS wms h,s;a tluq;=j ls%hdl, hq;=nj wjOdrKh
lrñks' tfukau we;eï ëjr kdhlhska h,s;a fmr mßosu úúO fya;+ka yd fjkialï
biau;= lrñka fmdÿ wruqKlska l%shd lsÍug wjYH úgoS tl;=ùug olajk ue,slug yd
foaYmd,k lÜájdohgo wNsfhda. lrñks.
wms wik m%YaKh fuhhs.
wms fnoS úkdY fjuqo? tlaj ch .ksuqo?;SrKh Tn i;=h.s
w;S;fhka mdvï wms bf.k fkd.kakd ;dla wmg bosßhla fkdue;.
7.1 wreK frdIdka; - ^wjqreÿ 43&" msÜmkùoSh, msámk tlai;a ëjr iñ;sfha yd
iuia: ,xld ëjr jD;a;sh iñ;sfha iNdm;s
b;d by, ksIamdokhla imhd fok wdishdfõ jeo.;a l<mqjla
f,i ó.uq l,mqj ie,fla' l,mqj u.ska uy uqyqfoa /lshdfõ
fhfok êjrhskago uy;a jq odhl;ajhla imhhs' ukao"
ud¿ we,a,Su i|yd weu f,i fhdod .kakd biafida ,nd .kafka
l,mqj ;=,sks' fuf,i ck;djg iyk imhk l,mqj ms,sn|j
l:d lrk udo iq¿mkak êjrfhls' tfiau orejka ;sfofkl=f.a
msfhls' wm mjq,ao Ôj;a lrkq ,nkafka uy uqyqo yd l,mqjhs'
tu ksidu l,mqjg yd uqyqog isÿjk ydkS ms<sn|j Rcqj l:d
lrk mqoa.,fhl= njg ud m;a ù we;' êjr lafIa;%h ksfhdackh
lrñka msÜmk ñifï tlai;a ëjr iñ;sfha yd iuia: ,xld
ëjr jD;a;sh iñ;sfha iNdm;S;ajh orñ' êjrhskaf.a .eg¿ fjkqfjka y`vla k.k wfma
iïm;a iqrlskakg ksrka;rfhka fhfok flfkls'
[73]
l,mqj yd uqyqo úkdY uqLhg weo ouñka isÜk wjoshlhs wms csj;a jkafka' úfYaIfhkau
l,mqj yd uqyqo ixj¾Okh l%shdj,sh ksid mßydkshg m;ajk w;r ó.uqfõ isg cd we,
olajd ;sfnk fydg,"a frday,a" l¾udka; yd uy ck;dj tosfkod msg lrk wm øjHhka
fl,skau uqod yßkafka fï l,mqj ;=,ghs' ta ;=,ska oejeka; úkdYhla l,mqjg isÿ fjhs' ta
jf.au kùlrKh jq mkak l%u Ndú;h ;=,ska u;aiH iïm;a ySk ú we;s w;r l<mqjg
jefgk m%Odk we,g ridhksl øjH fhdoñka tys c,c Ydl úkdY lsÍulao isÿlrk nj
mejfia' fujeks úkdY ldrS ;;ajhka ksid ëjr mjq,a úYd, w¾nQohlg uqyqk foñka isÜ;s'
fujeks l%shd isÿlrkafka l,mqfjka ëjrhkaj msgqjy,a lsÍugo hkak udf.a is;g kef.k
ldrKhls' by; lS iEu úkdYhlau isÿjkafka m%Odk f,iu rdcH fyda foaYmd,k iyh yd
ueosy;aùu we;sjuh' tu ksidu fï ms,sn|j l%shdlrk ks<OdrSka ksyvj isÜ;ss'
tod l,mqj úkdY lsÍug rch úiska f.k tkq ,enq iS maf,aka jHdmdrh m%Odk jHdmD;s
w;r tlls' rfá ixj¾Okhla wjYH nj ms,s.kakd kuq;a iïm;a úkdYh wju úh hq;=hs'
fuysos mdßißl úkdYhla we;s úug fmr ck;djf.a Yla;su;a Ndjh ;=,;a tluq;=lu
;=,;a l,mqj fírd .ekSug yels úh'
ó.uqj hkq lf;da,slhka úYd, m%udKhla csj;a jk m%foaYhls' ck;dj tu ksidu ieu
úgu iNdj iu. bosßhg hdug W;aidy orhs' tfiau iS-maf,aka ksid jk úkdYh
je,elaúgo lf;da,sl iNdj uq,alr .ksñka bosßhg .shy' ta;a iu.u rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk rdYshl iyfhda.h;a we;sj wms Yla;su;a jev ms,sfj,la ;=, bosßhg .sh w;r
fuysos ld,h;a iu.u wfma lf;da,l s iNdfõ Wkkaÿj ke;sj .shy' thg fya;=jla f,i ud
oelafla Tjqkag úúO n,mEï meñKSuhs' mshjrekaf.aa iyh wvqjk nj ÿgq wms miqj .uka
lf,a lf;da,sl iNdfõ m%Odkshd uqK .eiSughs. tysos t;=ud wmg lSfõ zzrfá ixj¾Ok l%shd
j,shg yria fkdú rch iu. iyfhda.fhka jev lrk f,i;a iS-maf,aka oekgu;a f.kajd
we;s neúka fuhg úreoaO jkakg neyeZZ hkqfjks' lf;da,sl wmg tjeks ie,ls,a,la ,nd
foñka wmj wirK lrkq ,enqjd' wog;a tfiau isÿ lrkq ,nhs.
wms iS-maf,aka ydkSh ms<n s |j wjfndaOfhka isÜ ksid úkdYhg tfrysj wLKavj
úreoaO;ajh m%ldY lr isÜhd' wm ÿgqjd miq .sh ld,h ;=, wdKavqj úiska uqyqÿlr m%foaY
j, f.k tkq ,enq ixj¾Ok jHdmdrhka.tajd" fndfyduhlau êjr ck;djg isÿjk
widOdrK yd wNsfhda.hka úh.fuu ksidu wm lshkafka hï jHdmD;shla wdrïN lsÍug
fmr tys .efgk ck;dj oekqj;a lrñka Tjqkaf.a woyia j,g weyqïlï oSula lrk
f,ihs. flfia fyda ck;djf.a y`vg ijka fkdfok w;r ck;dj uq,dlrñka rcfha
m%;sm;a;s bosßhgu l%shd;aul lrñka hhs' fï ksidu wm ieu úgu wjfndaOhla we;sj jev
lghq;= j, fhÿk w;ru iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh wfma l,mqjg f.k taug bv fkdÿkay'
rch úiska fï ms,sn|j meje;ajq idlÉPd ;=,ska ëjr wm b,a,d isÜfha fuu jHdmD;sh
úl,am ia:dkhla lrd /f.k hk f,ighs. úl,am ia:dk f,i wm kï lf,a ls¢f.dv yd
lgqkdhl thd fmda¾á .d¾âka m%foaYhka fõ' flfia fyda ck;djf.a yvg ijka fkdfok
ks,OdÍka yd foaYmd,lhska Tjqkaf.a n,h fmkajñka l,mqj ;=,u l%shd;aul lsÍug
W;aidy l,d' fujeks wldrhg fuu jHdmD;shg yria jk ck;djg ;¾ckh lrñka ta i|
yd l%shd lrk ixúOdk j,g" mshjrekag;a n,mEï l, kuq;a" ck;d n,h fmkajñka wm
[74]
ish¿ fokd jHdmD;sh keje;ajqy' fuh rch iu. l, m%n, igkls' fuu wr.,fhaos ud
yg f.or ksoyfia csj;a jkakg neßj .sfhah. wms fï ms,sn|j ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍug w;a
m;%sld fnod ÿka wjia:dloS udj;a wm iu. isá udlia wekagks j;a w;a wvx.=jg .kq
,enqjd. wms wfma l,mqj fírd .;af;a fujeks w¾nqoldÍ ;;ajhlhs. fï i|yd cd;sl ëjr
iyfhda.S;d jHdmdrh" Y%s úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkh" m%.;sYS,S meúos lKavdhula yd
ñ.uqfõ wfkl=;a isú,a ixúOdk u.ska wmg úYd, iyfhda.hla ,nd ÿkakd' l,mqfõ
wo ;;ajh úi|d .ekSug kï iS-maf,aka igk fuka kej; ck;dj tluq;= fjñka l%shd l,
hq;=hs.ta i|yd udf.a mQ¾K iyh ,nd fok nj ud i|yka lrñ'
7'2 rxð;a ksu,a úhdks reøs.= - ^wjqreÿ 45&" fi;a;mamdvqj .%duh' l<mq
l<ukdlrK wëldßfha" l,mq l<ukdlrK lñgqfõ yd fi;a;mamdvqj êjr iñ;s
f,alï
ol=Kq wiShdfõ fyd|u l,mqj ó.uq l,mqjhs' ó.uqj l,mqj
wfkl=;a l,mq iu. ii|k l, úYd, fjkila we;' tkï
l,mqfõ fofl,jru uy uqyqog iïnkaO úu;a" meh 8lg
jrla jvosh yd ndoSh .e,Su;a osk 365 u /lshdfõ fhosh
yels ia:dkhla ùu;a ksid ó.uq l,mqj ëjr l¾udka;h i|yd
iqúfYaI fõ' ó.uqfõ mrïmrd .Kkla /l=Kq l,mqj
/l.ekSu wm ldf.a;a hql=luls' wfma êjrhska l,mqjg
isÿjk ydks fjkqfjka bosßhg meñKsug miq.dó njla
fmkakqï lrhs' úúO foaYmd,lhska" jHdmdrlhska yd fndfyda
fofkl= th m%fhdackhg .ksñka l,mqj úkdYh lrd f.k
hhs' ;ksj bosßhg hkakg ëjrhska ìh kuq;a Tjqkag ljqreka fyda kdhl;ajh ,nd fokafka
kï Tjqka iefjdau bosßhgu meñfKk nj uf.a w;aoelSuhs.
iS-maf,aka wr.,fhaoS Tjqka l%shd l, wdldrh fuhg losu ksoiqkls' iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh
l,mqjg fhdackd lsÍfïoS isys jkafka Y%S ,xldj ;=, meje;s idla iuq¿ ld,hhss' tu
ld,fhaoS êjrhskag l,mqjg hEu ;ykï lr" .sh whf.a oe,a lmñka kdúl yuqodfõ
ks,OdrSkaf.a myr lEugo ,la úh' ta jf.au úúO wmydi jpk wikakg isÿfjoaos th n,d
isàug fkdyels fya;=fjka ud Tjqka fjkqfjka bosßhg .sh wjia:dfõ ud yg úúO m%Yak
mek ke.=Ks' kuq;a ud yg úYd, j.lSula mejÍ ;snqfka ud l<mq l<ukdlrK
wêldßfha;a" l,mq l<ukdlrK lñgqfõ yd fi;a;mamdvqj hk ish¿u ëjr iñ;sj,
f,alï Oqrh orñka isá fyhsks' ks,OdÍfhla f,i wfma ëjrhkag jk widOdrK n,d
ksyvj isÜh fkdyels neúka ud Tjqka fjkqfjka bosßhg .shd.
tod ud tfia fmkS isàfïoS wmg ck;djf.a Yla;shla ;snqfKa keye. tu ksidu" wfma woyia
j,g .re lsÍula isÿ jqfha keye. iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh wmf.a l,mqjg /f.k tkq ,enqfõ
tjeks ld,hlhs' iS-maf,aka f.dv nEug fhdackd lrkq ,enqfõ l,mqfõ m%Odk ia:dkhla jk
uv fndlal m%foaYfhah. fuu m%foaYh úkdY jkafkao" th" wm Ôú; úkdY ùu yd iudk
[75]
fõ' tu ksidu wms wfma ifydaor ck;dj talrdYs lrñka wm ;=, ;snq w;aoelSï fnod
.ksñka bosßhg meñKsho fndfyda fofkl= tfia lsrSug ìh jqkd.m%n, wdKavqjla iu.
igka lsÍu wfma csú; j,g ;¾ckhla we;s jk nj fndfyda fofkl= mejiqjd' wms fï
fjkqfjka igka lsÍug uq,ska iuia: ,xld ëjr iñ;sfha iNdm;s ;=ud uqK .eiqkd. Tyq
iu. idlÉPd lrñka ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍfï l%shdj,sh wdrïN l,d. túg wfma m%n, ëjr
kdhlhska wmg lSfõ wdKavqj iu. igka fkdlr isák f,ihs. flfia fyda wm lshd isáfha
wms fuh k;r fkdlrk njhs. tjeks úYajdihlska wm l%shd l,d'
miqj fuu jev fldgig iyh b,a,d isáfha cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.;S d jHdmdrfhks' tysoS
osk lsysmhlau jdä fjñka wms fï ms<sn|j idlÉPdfõ fhÿkd. wm ;=, .eTqre
wjfndaOhla we;s úu;a iu.u wms .ñka .ug hñka ck;dj fï ms<sn|j oekqj;a lrñka
ish¿u fokdf.a iyfhda.h ,nd .;a;d' tfiau lf;da,sl mshjreka yd rdcH ks,OdÍka
iïnkaO fjñka úúO idlÉPd meje;ajqjd' tys iEu idlÉPdjlu wfma b,a,Su jqfha
l,mqjg iS-maf,ka tmd hkqfjks'
uu l=vd l, isgu ëjr /lshdfõ kshef,k mqoa.,hls. tfukau iuDoaê ks,OdÍfhl= f,io
fiajh lrñ' fuu iS-maf,aka jHdmD;shg ëjrfhl= f,i úreoaO fjoaos úúO wNsfhda. j,g
ud yg uqyqK oSug isÿ úh' fï i|yd uf.a odhl;ajh ,nd fkdfok f,iska ue;s weu;s
jrekaf.ka yd rdcH ks,OdrSkaf.ka ÿrl:k ;=,ska n,mEï we;s jqkd' kuq;a ud tajd
bosßfhaos jqjo fkdie,S l,mqj fírd .ekSug bosßhgu .shd. túg" udf.a iuDoaê
ks,OdÍ ;k;=ßkao bj;a lsÍug W;aidy oerej;a ud fjkqfjka meje;ajq mÍlaIK j,os
udf.a jereoaola fkdÿgq neúka Tjqkg uf.a /lshdj ;yjqre lrkakg isÿ jqkd'
ta jf.au fï fjkqfjka bosßm;a jq fndfyda whg n,mEï meñKs kuq;a wms ish¿u fokd
l,mqj /l.ekSug miqng jqfha ke;' fuu wr.,h id¾:l lr.ekSug wmg úYd,
iyfhda.hla ,enqfKa cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.S;d jHdmdrh" Y%s úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkh"
iuia: ,xld ëjr jD;a;sh iñ;sh" meúos lKavdhula yd ñ.uqfõ wfkl=;a isú,a ixúOdk
u.sks' tfiau rdcH uágñka ksu,a ,dkaid weu;s;=ud wjidk fufydf;a wmg hï
iyfhda.hla ,nd ÿka nj;a lsjhq;=hs.wmg fuu wr.,h ch .ekSug yels jqfha ish¿u
fokdf.a tluq;= lu ;=,sks'
fuu wr.,h osh;a lrk wjia:dfõ mjd wfma iuyr mqoa.,hkag fmd,sisfhka , yuqodfjka"
yd ue;s weu;s jrekaf.ka wNsfhda. meñKsho tajdg fkdie,S wfma igk l%shdldrSj osh;a
l,d' tjeks uykaishla fhdoñka fírd .;a l,mqj wo jk úg rfá foaYmd,lhska rdcH
fiajlhska yd jHdmdßlhska hk ish¿u fokd tlaj úkdY lrhs. l,mqj wdrlaId lsÍug
isák mqoa.,hkao fuu úkdYhg odhl jk nj lK.dgqfjka fyda lshkakg isÿ ú we;'
l,mq jfá wê ;dlaIKh fhdod osfjk fndaágq úfoaY rgj,a i|yd ksmojk fndaágq
ksIamdokd.dr" fydag,a bosùu" wêfõ.S ud¾. ksid l,mqj lfvd,dk yd bjqre Ldokh ksid
wo jk úg oejeka; úkdYhla isÿfõ'
[76]
tfiau wm m%foaYfha íafá%,shdkq Pd;slhl= l,mqfõ úkdYhla isÿ lrhs. l,mqfõ biafida
úYd, f,i fndajk ;j;a ia:dkhls fmd,al|ka fndlal.fndaágq ksmojk fuu ia:dkho
rdcH iyfhda.h we;sj úkdY lrkq ,nhs. fï i|yd l:d l, hq;= mqoa.,hska ksyvhs. tu
ksidu wfma l,mqj fírd .ekSug wmg úYd, fufyjrla kej; lsÍug isÿ fjk nj
iaÓrhs. wms mj;sk lfvd,dk wdrlaId lsrSu isÿ l,hq;=hs. bjqre wdrlaId l, hq;=hs. ta jf.au
l,mqfõ ÿm;a j, lfvd,a me, isgjñka fï jk úkdYhka j,lajd,kakg bosßhg hd hq;=h's
7'3 ksfrdaIka ks,ka; - ^wjqreÿ 30&" isßj¾Ok fmfoi" uqkaklalrh

ó.uq l,mqj jir mqrdu /lshdfõ fhosh yels lsis÷ flfkl=g
hg;a fkdù ;u /lshdj lsÍug ksoyi we;s Yla;su;a
wd¾Ólhla ;=, bosßhgu hd yels ia:dkhls' uu l,mqfõ
ëjr /lshdfõ fhfok ëjrfhla jk w;r udislj remsh,a
25000;a 35000;a w;r uqo,la fidhd .ekSug yelsjqkd' kuq;a wo
fjkiau ;;ajhlg l,mqj m;a ú we;' tkï l,mqj úYd, f,i
mßydkshg m;a lsÍuhs' fuhg m%Odk fya;=j f,i ud olskafka
rfá ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh ksid isÿjk mdßißl úkdYhhs' tys
m%Odku úkdYhla jkqfha iS-maf,aka f.dv nEug ls%hdlsrSuhs.
thg wms l=vd orejdf.a isg ldka;djka" ëjrhska" meúoaoka" m%foaYfha jev lrk isú,a
ixúOdk yd ëjr fkdjk m%cdjo tluq;= fjñka oejeka; ck yvla k.ñka fuu jHdmD;sh
kj;ajkq ,enqjd' fuu jHdmD;shg wm úreoaO ùug m%Odku fya;=j jqfha l,mq ëjrhkaf.a
m%Odk /lshd ia:dkhla jk uv fndlal wdY%s;j boslsÍug fhdackd lsÍuhs'
l,mqj ëjrhkaf.a ksP ìuls' uv fndlal l,mqfõ yoj;hs' wms fuu wr.,h l%shd;aul
lsÍfïoS ieu fokdu ks;ru tluq;= fjñka /iaúï jg rdYshla mj;ajñka ukd ie,eiaula
we;sj .uka l,d. ta i|yd cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.S;d jHdmdrh wmg iyfhda.h ,nd ÿkakd'
fuu iyfhda.h ;=,ska wms l,mqj jfá we;s .ïudk 35l ck;dj oekqj;a lrñka Tjqkaf.a
iyho ,nd .ksñka lghq;= lrkq ,enqjd. fuu m%Yakh úi|d .ekSug ;snq iyfhda.h
lf;da,sl iNdjhs' uq,ska wmg ,enqkq iNdfõ iydh w.h lrk w;r" miq ld,Skj
lf;da,sl iNdj wmj w;a yßkq ,enqjd. lK.dgqj kï Tjqka ëjr ck;dj w; yßñka
wdKavqfõ w;fld¿jla njg m;aùuhs. kshfmd;af;ka lvd .kakg ;snq foh fmdrjlska
fldgd oukakg bvyeßfha wfma iNd kdhlhskaf.a ÿ¾j,;djhka ;=,k
s 's
ljqre wmj w;a yßkq ,enqj;a wm miqng fkdú wfma l,mqj fírd .ekSug wm
bosßhgu .uka l,d. tjeks .ukla hdfïos wmg úYd, .eg¿jla jqfha wfma mjq,a j,g
nv.skak ksjd,kakg uqo,la fidhd .kafka flfiao hkakhs. flfia fyda udi 3la muk
/lshdjo ke;s lr .ksñka fuu wr.,hg ud odhl;ajh ,nd ÿkakd' flfia fyda nv.skak
ueoska ish¿u fokdf.a tluq;=lu ;=, b;d idOdrKj wfma ck wr.,h mj;ajñka fuu
iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sfhka ch ,enqjd' fï wr.,h i|yd wmg rdcH ks<OdÍ uágñka fyda
lsisu foaYmd,k mlaIhlskaj;a iyh ,enqfKa keye. ck;djf.a ksfhdacs;hska lsisfjla
ck;djg weyqïlï ÿkafka keye' úmlaIho fndre fidank l%shdj<shla fmkakqï l,d. iEu
[77]
foaYmd,lfhl=u fu;kos ëjrhska wu;l l, nj i|yka lrkafka ms<sl=,a iy.;jhs'
úYd, uykaihs la fhdojñka wms wfma l,mqj fírd .kq ,enqj;a wo jk úg ;j;a
úkdYldrS ;;ajhka jeä fjñka mj;S' wo fjoaos wmg wiajekakla fk,d .kakg neß
;;ajhla mj;S.
úúO ixj¾Ok l%shdj,shka u.ska l,mqj úkdY lrkq ,nhs' l,mqfõ bjqre úkdY lrñka
lfvd,dk úkdY lrñka" ridhksl øjHhka l,mqjg fhdoñka l,mqj mßydkshg m;a lrkq
,nhs.fuu ridhksl øjH fya;=fjka ldjdá fndaùu jeä ú we;' ta ;=,ska wiajekak
ySkù /lshdfõ ksr; úug fkdyels ùfuka wfma wd¾Ólh lvd jeÜ we;. tu ksid ud
oeka oEf;a /lshdjla lrñka csj;a fjñ' kuq;a t;=,ska wd;au ;Dma;shla ud yg ke;'
fudlo jir .Kkla wm mjq,a /l.;a l,mqj úkdY lsÍu n,d isÜh fkdyels neúka yd
wfkla ëjrhskag lsis÷ ms,sirKla ke;sùu ksidhss' fuu úkdYhka je,elaúh hq;=hs" fï
úkdYh je,elaùug kS;sh ls%hd;aul l, hq;= kuq;a tajd ioyd fhduq fkdjk ks<OdÍkag
úreoaOj wm l%shd l, hq;=h'
7'4 rxcs;a m%kdkaÿ - ^jhi wjqreÿ 58&" fi;a;mamdvqj" iNdm;s" ó.uq l,mq
l<ukdlrK wêldßh
uf.a úYajdih kï ol=Kq wishdfõ fyd|u l,mqj ó.uq l,mqj
njhs.wfkl=;a l,mq iu. ii|k úg fuu.ska úYd, fufyjrla
ëjrhkag bgq lrhs. th" osk 365 u /lshdfõ fhosh yels
mrïmrd .Kkla /l=Kq ia:dkhls' fuu l,mqfõ ud /lshdj
wdrïN lf,a 1978 oShs' tod isg wo olajd l,mq /lshdfõ
fhfok w;ru l,mqj ms,sn|j fidhd n,k, tA fjkqfjka fmkS
isÜk flfkl= f,i;a ud m%io s aOj we;' tfiau ud l<mq
l<ukdlrK wëldrSfha" l,mq l<ukdlrK lñgqfõ yd
fi;a;mamdvqj ëjr iñ;sj, iNdm;s OQrh fydnjñka úYd,
fufyjrla bgq lrk mqoa.,fhla fjñ' jir .Kkla fuu ;k;=f¾ isák w;r tu.ska ,enq
oekqï iïNdrh w;s úYd,h'
ud 1987 oS uef,aishdfõoS l,mq ms,sn|j udi yhl ämaf,daudjla yeoerE mqoa.,hls' ó.uqj
l,mqfõ jákdlu ms<sn|j fndfyda oekqula ,nd we;' wfma l<mqjg ks;S moaO;shla ke;'
fï ksid f.dv lsÍï" l<mq bjqre úkdYh yd úúO boslsÍï l,mqj jfá isÿfõ' fujeks
úkdY fndfyduhla isÿlrkafka rfá m%Odk mqoa.,hka úisks' fuu úkdYhka ms,sn|j l:d
lsÍug lsis÷ flfkl= bosßm;a fkdfõ.wfma l,mq l<ukdlrK lñgqjg;a fuhg
úreoaO;ajh m%ldY lsÍug fkdyel. fï iïnkaOj l%shd lrk whg we;s n,mEï fya;=fjks'
tfiau l<mqj ms,sn| fidhd n,k ksYaÑ; mQoa.,fhlao= ke;.
miq .sh ld,fha l,mq lñgqj f,i fñ ms,sn|j meñKs,s l,;a ks<OdrSka tla tla wdh;k
j,g fuys j.lSu we;s nj lshñka fnda,h mdia lsÍula isÿ lrñka j.lSu u. yerSu isÿ
lrhs' ëjrhd hkq ljqrekao hkak ;ju ks¾jpkh lr ke;' fïs wdldrhg bosßhg .uka
l,fyd;a wmg l,mqjla ke;s fõú' tu ksid wms uq,skau kS;suh moaO;shla ilia l, hq;=hs .
[78]
kS;suh lreKq ilia lsÍug n,h we;af;a ëjr wud;HdxYh" fjr< ixrlaIKh" l,mq
wêldßh" jk ixrlaIKh yd jk cSú hk lKavdhï my ksfhdackh lsÍfukah' flfia fyda
wmg kS;s moaO;shla wjYHhs ud is;ñ'
miq .sh ld,h ;=, wms l,mqfõ ksrSlaIKhl fhÿkd.tysos wm ÿgqfõ mdis ;ágq úkdY ú
;snq wdldrhhs. fï ms<sn| wms fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,fha c,cSú wxYh fhdod mrSlaIKhla
isÿ lrñka mj;S. fuu mrSlaIKj,g wkqj l,mq c,fha ridhksl m%udKh jeäù we;. thg
fya;=j f,i iel lrkafka l,mqj jfá we;s yï l¾udka;Yd,d u.ska uqod yßk wm øjHh
njhs.tod iS-maf,aka l,mqjg f.dv nEug iqodkï ùfïoS ud ÿgqfõ fuu.ska úYd, ydkshla
l,mqjg isÿjk njhs. 1999oS l,mqj ms,sn|j mrSlaIKhla isÿ l,d. mrSlaIKfha wjidk
ia:dkh f,i wm tla jqfha l,mqfõ uv fndlal m%foaYhghs. tys mrSlI a Khg meñKs
cmdkfha úYaj úoHd,hl fiajh lrk uydpd¾h iqukd uy;añh mejiqfõ fuu ia:dkh
l,mqfõ ffcj úúO;ajfha WmrSuj jeo.;a ia:dkh f,ihs' fuu m%foaYh úkdY jqjfyd;a
th uq¿ l,mqjgu n,mdk lreKla fõ hehso t;=ñh i|yka l,d' fñ jd¾:dj oekg kdrd
wdh;kfhao we;' fujeks oekqj;a Ndjhla mej;shoS fuu ia:dkfha iS-maf,aka f.dv nEfuka
úYd, ydkshla isÿjk neúka fuhg úreoaO;ajh ud m%ldY l,d. tfiau fi;a;mamdvqj
m%foaYhg W;=re kef.kysr wd{dm;s ;=ud meñKs wjia:dfõoS mjd" fuu jHdmD;sh uv
fndlal m%foaYfha isÿ fkdlrk f,i ud b,a,Sula l,d' tfukau rdcH uágñka meje;ajq
idlÉPd jg yf;aoSu wms lshd isÜfha iS-maf,aka l,mqjg f.dv nEug ork W;aidyh k;r
lrk f,ihss.
flfia fyda ck;djf.a yvg ijka fkdÿka md,lhska Tjqkaf.a jev ms,sj, bosßhgu
lrf.k hkq ,enq ksid ck;djg isÿjqfha mdrg nei ëjr ck;djf.a Yla;sh yd tluq;=
lu fmkaúughs. wm ieu úgu W;aidy lf,a iduldój fuh úi|d .ekSughs . wms
Woaf>daIKh l,;a th b;d idOdrK f,i iduldójhs isÿlf,a. wfma Woaf>daIKh ksid
úl,am ia:dkhg fuu jHdmD;sh /f.k hdug rchg isÿ jqkd. fuh id¾:l lr .ekSug
wmg ó.uqj ;=, we;s rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk rdYshlau iyfhda.h ,nd ÿkakd. úfYaIfhka
cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.S;d jHdmdrh wmg uy.= Yla;shla jqkd' tfukau lf;da,sl mshjreka
meúos fidfydhqßhka" wkHd.ñl kdhlhskao wmg Yla;shla ,nd ÿkakd' tfiau rdcH
uágñka ksu,a ,kaid uka;%s ;=ud jHdmD;sh úl,am ia:dkhlg /f.k hdug wjidk
fufydf;a wmg iyfhda.h ,nd ÿkakd' fuu ch.%yKhg m%Odku fya;=j ck;djf.a
tluq;= úuhs. wfma ck;djf.a m%N, yv yd Yla;sh ;=,ska wfma l,mqj fírd .ekSug wmg
yels úh' tjeks m%h;akhlska fírd .;a l,mqj wo jk úg fjk;a wdldrfha úkdY lsÍñ
j,g ,laj we;. ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh kñka tk ixpdrl fndaágq ksid l,mqfõ /lshdfõ
fhfok ëjrhska wmyiq;djhg m;a fj,d. l,mq f.dv lsÍï" fydag,a bosùu yd ta ;=,ska
úfoaYslhkag l,mqfõ úfkdao úug bv oSu jeks lreKQ ksid wo l,mqfõ /lshdj lasÍug
wmyiq ú we;' tu ksid fïjd je,elaùug idlÉPd mj;ajóka fyda hï mrSlaIKhla
lrñka fyda l,mq fírd .;hq;=hs' fï i|yd rdcH uágñka iyh fkd,enqkfyda;a iS-maf,aka
jHdmD;sh je,elajq wdldrhu wkq.ukh lrñka l%shd lsÍug wmg isÿ fõ' túg wfma csú;
[79]
ke;s fjkakg mq¿jka kuq;a l,mqj /l .ekSug uu ´kEu lemlsÍula lsÍug iqodkï
nj;a u;la lrñ'
7.5 fcdaYma mSg¾ - ^wjqreÿ 57&" W;=re msámk" iNdm;s" l,mq ëjr ck;d jD;a;Sh
ix.uh" ó.uqj
jir .Kkla ;siafia ud láÜoe,a yd l,mqfõ mdfjk oe,a
fhdod /lshdfõ fhfok iq¿mkak ëjrfhls' uu l,mqj
;=,ska ,nd .kakd wdodhu ;=,ska mjq, csj;a lrjñ' tu
ksidu ud l,mq wïud /l.ekSugo úYd, fjfyila orñ'
wo jk úg wfma l,mqjg úúO wNsfhda. j,g uqyqK oSug
isÿj we;' fï ld,h ;=, ëjrhska m;a ú we;s wirK
Ndjh wms ÿgqjd' ukao" l,mqfjka fk,d .ekSug wo
biafida" ud¿ keye' ta fjkqjg ,efnkafka ldjdá" mdis
hkdoshhs' fufia isÿ úug m%Odk fya;=ka ú we;af;a l,mqjg
isÿ lrk ydks oel oel fkdoelaldfia bkakd we,a uereKq
Ôú;hla ëjrhska .; lsÍuhs'
tod l,mqjg iS-maf,aka f.dv nEug f.k tkq ,enq w;r ëjrhska tluq;=j th mrdch
l,d' tys oS ud ÿgqfõ wfma ëjrhska ;ukaf.a wruqK bgqlr .ekSug muKla wm iu. jev
l,d hkakhs' iS-maf,ka f.dvnEu lshkafka wfma l,mqj úkdY lsÍug f.kd jHdmD;shls'
wfma l,mqj úúOdldrfhka úkdY lrkq ,nhs' tkï l,mqj f.dv lsÍu" l,mqfõ u;aiH
îc úkdY lsÍu" lfvd,dk úkdYh yd l,mqjg ridhksl yd wmøjH fhoSuhs' fï w;rgu
meñKs ;j;a úYd, úkdYhls iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh'
fuu jHdmD;sh osh;a l,dkï iaÓr jYfhkau wo l,mqfõ ëjrhkag /lshdj lsÍu
w;yerSug isÿjkq we;' ukao fuu jHdmD;sh l%shd;aul lsÍug f;dard .kq ,enqfõ l,mqfõ
ffcj úúO;ajfha WmrSuh isÿjk uv fndlal m%foaYhhs' fuu ia:dkfha boslsÍï lghq;=
wdrïN lsÍfukau l,mqjg úYd, ydkshla isÿ úh' tfiau fuh tla ;eklska wdrïN lr
iuia: l,mqj mqrdjgu fuh /f.k hk jHdmD;shla hehso udf.a is;g oekqk ;j;a
lreKla ùu ksidu ud fuu jHdmD;shg úreoaO;ajh m%ldY lrkq ,enqjd' tfia úreoaO ú
me;a;gú n,d fkdisg l,mq ëjrfhl= f,i ud fuh k;r lsÍug l%Shdl,d' tysoS ud yg
uqK .eiqfka cd;sl êjr iyfhda.S;d jHdmdrh yd tys y¾uka l=udr uy;d we;=¿ ld¾Hh
uKav,hhs' ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrh l,mq igfkaoS wmg úYd, iyfhda.hla ,nd ÿkakd'
fuu is maf,aka wr.,hg uqyqK oSug tys§ wms l,mq lñgqjla idod .;a;d' wr.,fhka
miqj f.dvke.+ jD;a;Sh ix.ufha iNdm;s f,i lghq;= lsÍug ud f;dard .kq ,enqjd' ud
úfYaI lemùulska fuu iS-maf,aka f.dv nEu k;r lsÍug jev lrkq ,enqjd' fuysos wm
uq,skau isÿ lrkq ,enqfõ .ïudk j,g hñka ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu;a" ish¿u md¾Yjhkaf.a
iyfhda.h ,nd .ekSu;a fõ' fuu oekqj;a lsÍï lsÍfïoS fndfyda wh úúO woyia m,
lrñka wmj miqng lsÍug W;aidy oerejd' wmg yels muKska fï fjkqfjka lghq;=
lrkq ,enqjd' fuysos wfma lf;da,sl mshjreka yd rdcH ks<OdrSka uágñka wfma b,a,Sï mßos
[80]
wmj oekqj;a lsÍï fndfyduhla isÿ l,d' tfy;a ks<OdrSka jHdmD;sfha jdis muKla
bosßm;a l, w;r fuys we;s jk úkdYhka ms,sn|j bosßm;a lf,a keye'
wfma ëjrhska isÿjkakg hk foa ms<sn|j wjfndaOfhka isá ksid we;s jk úkdYh tu
ks,OdrSkag fmkajd ÿkakd' úfrdaOh m,l,d' idlÉPd ud¾.fhka fuu jHdmD;sh
keje;aùug W;aidy oerej;a wfma yvg ijka fkd§ úúO n,mEï wfma ëjrhskag;a wm
iu. isÜ lf;da,sl mshjrekag;a we;s l,d' fkdjeïn¾ 11 osk k.r Yd,dfõ mej;s wjidk
idlÉPdj b;d oeäj meje;ajk q d' wm ëjrhskao wdfõ.YS,j
S isáhd' tosk idlÉPdfõoS fuu
jHdmD;sh ;djld,slj keje;aùug fmdfrdkaÿ ùu ksid ch.%dyS ukilska hq;=j úisr .shd'
kuq;a miq osk kej; tu jHdmD;sh l%shd;aul ia:dkhg .shúg wm ÿgqfõ tys boslsÍï
os.gu isÿlrk njhs' fndre fmdfrdkaÿ fok foaYmd,lhskag hg;a fkdú fkdjeïn¾ 17 osk
iuia: ëjrhskau lgqkdhl ó.uqj m%Odk mdf¾ yd l,mqj we;=,;skao ck;d yv b;d
m%n, f,i fmkakqï l,d' fujeks wdldrhg wms uykais ù tod wfma l,mqj fírd .kq
,enqjd' fuu ch.%yKh ,nd .;af;a wm ëjrhska ;=, ;snq Wkkaÿj yd tluq;= lu ksihs'
tfiau fuu ch.%yKhg m%Odk jYfhkau wmg iydh jqfha cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.S;d
jHdmdrh" iuia: ,xld ëjr jD;a;sh ix.uh Y%s úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkh" l=vd
mQcl yd meúos fidhqßhka lKavdhula yd ñ.uqfõ wfkl=;a isú,a ixúOdk yd ls;=ir
lKavdhï úisks'
tod tjeks Yla;shla ,enqfKa wms mlaI" mdg" wd.ï" fNao fkdn,d lghq;= lsÍu;a wm tld
fuka tluq;= ùu;a ;=,skq;a fõ' wfma ta .uka ud¾.h flá ld,hlg mukla iSud jqkd'
fuu wr.,h ch.%yKfhka miqj fuhg odhl jq fndfyda wh kej; /iaùï j,g
fkdmeñKSu fuu l,mq lñgqj wvmK ùug fya;=úh' ud l,ska lSjd fia ëjrhska ;u
wruqKq bgqlr .;a miq fjka ù hdfuka wmg isÿjqfha uy;a jq mdvqjls' wo l,mqfõ m%Yak
l:d lrkakg Yla;su;a ck;d msßila fkdue;' fuu l,mqfõ jD;a;Sh ix.ï iNdm;s
f,i ud mjikafka m%Yakhg ienE f,i uqyqK fok 10la isáh;a wmg m%udKj;a njhs' ta
i|yd wms kej; wjos úh hq;=hs' ke;fyd;a u;= mrmqr fjkqfjka wfma l,mqj yd cd;sl
iïm;a b;=re fkdlrk mdmfha Wreu lrejka jkakg wmg isÿfõú'
[81]
8 jk mßÉfÊoh
ó.uq l,mq iS-maf,aka wr.,fha kshuqjkaf.a u;l igyka
8.1 iSs-maf,aka wr.,fha ch.%yKhg ldka;d odhl;ajh
YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;djka

jir 30la mqrd wfma rfÜ mej;s hqoaOh ksud ù" ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sho wdrïN úh' ta;a
iu.u ixpdrl jHdmdrho oshqkq fjñka ;sfí' rgg ixj¾Okh wjYH nj wms oksuq' kuq;a
rgl ixj¾Okh ck;djg ys;lr whqßka ñi thska ck;dj wirK Ndjhg m;a lrkafka
kï th ixj¾Okhla fkdfõ' 2010 jif¾os ó.uq l,mqfõ ëjrhska hg lrñka iS-maf,aka
f.dv nEfï jHmD;shla rch úiska l%shd;aul lrùh' ëjr ck;djf.a whs;sjdislï yd
mßir kS;sh W,a,x>kh lrñka fuu c,pr .=jka hdkd m:h lgqkdhl cd;Hka;r .=jka
f;dgqm, bosßfha ó.uq l,mqj ;=, fhdackd úh'
ó.uq l,mqj jgd .ïudk 35lska iukaú; w;r 3500lg jvd jeä msßila l,mq ëjr
l¾udka;fhka Ôj;a fj;s' kuq;a c,c .=jka m:h ieliSu i|yd l,mq u;aiHhska" biaika
yd ll=¿jka fndajk m%foaY ydkslr ;snQ w;r lfvd,dk ;Srh fy,slsÍfuka l,mq cSùkag
oeä n,mEula o t,a, ùh'
uq,skau fï ms,snoj ëjr ldka;djka oekqj;a lsÍula 2010 jif¾ cq,s ui 08 jk osk
uyùosh" cqì,s Yd,dfõoS" fld<U moúfha ëjr WmdOH msh;=ud jQ .re f,iag¾ fkdaksia
msh;=ud úiska ixúOdkh lrk ,oS' thg iyNd.sjQ ish¿u ldka;djka fuu jHdmD;shg
úfrdaOh oelajQ w;r" wm Y%S úuqla;S ëjr ixúOdkhg oekqï oS isáfha iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh
ksid ëjr ck;djg widOdrKhla we;s jk neúka ëjrhdg yd ëjr /lshdjg idOdrKhla
bgq lr .ekSug iyfhda.h ,nd fok f,ihs'
tu.ska l%shd;aul jQ Y%S úuqla;S ixúOdkh ;u uõ ixúOdkh jk cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.S;d

jHdmdrh;a iu. iïnkaOù 2010 cQ,s 09 osk lñgqjla m;a lr .kakd ,oS'
bkamiq fuu l%shdj<shg isú,a ixúOdk fyda jD;a;Sh iñ;s jYfhka kdhl;ajh .ekSug
miqng jQ wjia:djloS 2010 Tlaf;dan¾ 19 jk osk ldka;djka f,i fuhg kdhl;aj
.ekSfuka ëjr iyfhda.S;djh;a iuÕ jevlghq;= wdrïN lf,ah' .ïudk uÜgñka ëjr
ck;dj" lf;da,sl mshjreka wfkl=;a isú,a yd ëjr ixúOdk oekqj;a lrñka ck;dj
talrdYS lrk ,oS' w;am;%sld fnoSu" fmdaiag¾ yd w;aika jHdmdr ;=, ck;dj talrdYS lsÍu
wmf.a m%h;akh úh' ta jk úg;a l,mqfõ isÿ jk fkdfhla l%shd ksid l,mqj úkdY fjñka
mej;=kd' tu ksidu ldka;djka talrdYS ùfuka hdÉ[d mj;ajd l=rei .ia l,mqj jgd
ia:dms; lr" l,mqj wdrCId lr fok fuka lkak,õ l, w;r" wksl=;a m%foaY j, ck;dj
talrdYS lr .ekSug f.hska f.g f.dia ëjr msßia yd ldka;djka iuÕ idlÉPd lr
Tjqkaj;a fuu jev ms<sfj,g iïnkaO lr.;af;ah'
fï wjia:djka yS oS iuyfrla" ldka;d kdhl;ajh yE,aÆjg mjd ,la lrk ,oS' —iS.sß
m¾j;h fuka n,iïmkak rchla iuÕ yemafmkakg neye' rch ;SrKh lf,d;a th
[82]
fjkia lrkakg neye" th rch lrkjduhs' fï .Ekqkag msiaiq˜ hhs mejiqfõh' kuq;a tu
wNsfhda. j,g fkdie,S uqyK
q foñka wms igka lf,uq'
bka miq 2010 Tlaf;dan¾ 30jk osk" ëjr iïfï,kfha /iaùulg msámk ol=K iuQmldr
iñ;s Yd,dfõ /iaùulg iyNd.s jQ rdð; fiakdr;ak ëjr weu;s ;=udg YS% úuqla;s
ldka;djka iS maf,aka ms,sn| m%Yakh we;=,;a ,smshla Ndrÿka wjia:dfõ§ Tyq m%ldY lf,a
ZZfuh fjkia lrkak neye" wksl ëjrhkag fuhska f,dl= ydkshla isÿ jkafka keye"
fldkal%SÜ m:hla muKhs oukafkaZZ hkakhs'
;jo 2010 Tlaf;dan¾ 31jk osk iS¥j l=re¿lef,a idka; cQâ foajia:dkfha jd¾YSl
ux.,Hh osk" .ref,iag¾ msh;=ud úiska l,mqj wdrCId lrfok f,i ux.,Hh osk osjH
mqcdjg ;u mjq,a iu. wdïmkak;a iuÕ l,mqj fírd fokf,i lkak,õ l, w;r" ó.uq
fld;,dj, md,u wi, úfrdaO;djhl ksr; úh'
bkamiq 2010 fkdjeïn¾ 11jk osk ohdY%s; ;sfiard ksfhdacH wud;H;=udf.a m%Odk;ajfhka
ó.uqj k.r Yd,dfõoS /iaùula le|jk ,oS' thg iyNd.S jQ ldka;djka" iS-maf,aka wmg
tmd hkak igka mdG lshñka ;u úfrdaOh m%ldY l, w;r thg ëjr md¾Ijh;a iyNd.s
úh' 2010 fkdjeïn¾ 15 jk osk fuu m%YaKh úi|d .ekSug ëjr lf;da,sl ck;djf.a
f,dl=u n,dfmdfrd;a;=j jQ .re rxð;a ue,alï w.ro.=re;=udf.a Wmka oskh ojfia ëjr
ldka;djka wksl=;a ixúOdk iuÕ tl;= ù t;=udg u,a l,Ula iu.ska iqN me;=ï
mksúvhla tlalf,ah' túg t;=ud wmg ÿka ms,s;=r jqfha ZZuu ckdêm;s fkfjhs tu ;Srkh
fjkia lrkak" uu ckdêm;s kï ug th l, yelsh' oekgu;a iS-maf,aka 4la
lekvdfjka ,xldjg f.keú;a bjrhsZZ hkakhs
fuhska ck;dj jgyd .;af;a ;uqka úYajdi lrk ish¿ kdhlhska ck;djj w;yer ouk
neúka ;u orejkaf.a l=i .skk a ksjkakg;a ;u iajdñmqreIhdf.a /lshdj wdrCId
lr.ekSug;a mdrg nei igka jeosh hq;=h hkakhs'
2010 fkdjeïn¾ 17 jk osk wm ;SrKd;auk Woaf>daIKhl fhfoñka ëjr whs;sh oskd

.ekSug ksr; úh'
mqreI md¾Yjh l,mqfjka Tre" fndaÜgq iu. meñK ;u úfrdaOh m%ldY l, w;r
ldka;djka f.dvìfuka ;u úfrdaO;djh m%ldY lf,ah' kuq;a ta jk úg;a lsis÷ úi÷ula
fkdue;s neúka fldamhg m;a jQ msßi" .¾NkS uõjreka yd lsßfok uõ jreka o ;u
orejka Wiq,df.k" flddaYkhl ksr; ùh' tfy;a úi÷ula fkd,enqkq neúka ijia jk f;lau mdr jid
Woaf>daIKfha ksr; jQ w;r iji 6g muK hka;% bj;a lr .ekSug rch ;srKh l,
neúka ldka;djka ch.%dyS ,S,dfjka ;u ksfjia n,d úisr .sfhdah'
[83]
8.2 m%.;sYS,s mQcl ix>h
iS - ma f ,a k a ó.uq l,mq j g tmd: ëjr ck;dj yv k.;s
iS-maf,aka ie,iqu yÈisfha we;sjQ fohla fkdfõ' 1977 § fÊ' wd¾' chj¾Ok f.a wdKavqj
újD; wd¾Ólh y÷kajd ÿka Èk isg ó.uqj ëjr .ïudkhla fkdj ixpdrhl mqrjrhla
lsÍug jqjukdjla ;snqKs' j¾I 2002 § “h<s mqnqouq YS% ,xld” wd¾Òl ie,eiau ;=, rg mqrdu
ixpdrl jHdmdrhg m%uqL;ajh § ;snk q 's
rg jfÜu fjr," rg ueo" lÿ rg wdÈ ieu m%foaYhla mqrdu ixpdrl jHdmdrh ÈhqKq
lsÍfï tu ie,eiau “uyskao Ñka;kh” kñka wo kj uqyqKq jrla f.k we;' úu,a ùrjxY
weu;s ;=udf.a ksjdi iy uyck Wmfhda.s;d wud;HdxYfha fN!;sl ie,iqï
fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska m%ldYhg m;alr we;s “cd;sl fN!;sl ie,eiau” Bg idlaIshla jkq
we;' tneúka fuu iS maf,aka jHdmD;sh rfÜ n,j;a mlaI folu ksfhdackh lrk md,l
mx;sh ms<s.;a ie,eiafï fldgils' ^fï ms,snoj l,ska mßÉfPaohl §¾>j meyeos,s lr
we;&
ixj¾Ok ixia l D;s h

wo mj;sk foaYmd,k ixialD;sh wkqj ixj¾Okhg wod, ish¿ ;SrK .kafka by,skah' iS
maf,aka jHdmD;sh ms<sn|j ;SrK f.k ;snqfka by, foaYmd,k wêldßh u.sk's fuu
ie,iqï iïmdokh lsÍfï§ lsisu wjia:djl ck;d iyNd.s;ajh fhdod .;af;a ke;'
uq¿ rfÜu ck;djf.a fmdaIKh ioyd ëjr ck;dj isÿlrk cd;sl fufyjr md,l
mlaIhg jeo.;a ke;s ksid foda fuu jHmD;sh wdrïN lsÍug fmr fï ms<snoj ëjr
ck;dj iu. idlaÉPd isÿ fkdùh'
ixj¾Ok l%shdj<sh ;=, m%cd;ka;%Sh njla ;sìh hq;=fõ' tfia fkdue;sj lrk ixj¾Okh
udkj ixj¾Okh fkdfõ' ck;dj iu. idlÉPd fkdlr flfrk ixj¾Okh lsisúgl
id¾:l fkdjk nj md,lhska ;ju wjfndaO lrf.k ke;' tjeks jHdmD;s l%shd;aul
jQjdkï êjrhka 3500l f.a muK ðjfkdamdhka úYd, wK;=rlg m;ajkakg bv ;sìKs'
l,mq igfka ms h jrj,a

;ukaf.a lrorhl§ úiÿï ioyd lf;da,sl êjr m%cdj Èj hkafka óiñ fiajl msh;=ud
fj;h' Tõyq ;ukag isÿjk úm; ms<sn|j ;u tfârekaj ±kqj;a l<y' fuu wjia:dfõ§
mjd ëjr ck;dj w;s úYd, ueÈy;a ùula óiï msh;=uka,df.ka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQy'
ëjr ck;djf.a nyq;rh ±kqj;a lsÍu fuys§ úfYaI ld¾hhla úh' ;ukaf.a úfrdaOh
l=ula ±hs ;uka úiskau wjfndaO lr .ekSug idlÉPd jg .Kkdjla meje;ajQy" tjeks
±kqj;a lsÍfï jev igyka i|yd ëjr kdhlhska ixúOdk lsmhlf.a iydh me;Sh"
fuu igkg úfYaI odhl;ajhla ÿka ixúOdk lSmh .;fyd;a Tjqyq ;u ;ukaf.a
l%shdldß;ajhkays fh§ isák úúO;ajhlska iukaú; tajd úh' Tjqka w;r u; jdohka úúO
úh' ieu úgu yeu fohla .eku Tjqka w;r tl`.;djhka fkd;snqks' kuq;a ëjr ck;d
[84]
mSvkhkag tfrysj tl wruqKlg meñKSug Tjqkag isÿ úh" cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;dj'
iuia; ,xld ëjr jD;a;Sh iñ;sh' ls;=Kq mQcl iy meúÈ lKavdhï fï w;r jQy'
fuu l%shdj<sfha§ ëjr ck;d kdhl;ajh meyeÈ<s lr.;a m%Odk lreKq lsmhla úh'
• mrïmrd .Kkdjla mqrd ;ukaf.a Ôjfkdamh iemhQ l<mqjg ;¾ckhla we;s nj;a"
l,mqj úkdY jqjfyd;a ;udf.a, ;u orejkaf.a iy uq¿ mjqf,au meje;au wfydais
jk nj;a f;areï .;ay' l<mqj ;udf.a wïud jYfhka Tõyq ie,l+y'
• l,mqj ;udf.a whs;shla f,i Tõyq f;areï .;a ksid tu whs;sh ;ukaf.ka
Wÿrdf.k th Okj;a jHdmdßlhskag mejÍug wdKavqjg ;uka n,hla § fkdue;s
nj o Tõyq ±k .;ay'
• fuu wjia:dfõ§ foaYmd,{hska u; hemSfuka m%fhdackhla fkdue;s nj ëjr m%cdj
wjfndaO lr .;a neúka ;ukaf.a Yla;sh u; muKla hemSug ck;dj ;Skaÿ l<y"
ck;djf.a tlai;a lfï n,h flfrys muKla Tõyq úYajdY l<y'
• ;ukaf.a Pkaofhka m;a ksfhdað;hska ;ukaf.a Ôjfkdamdhka ;ukag wysñ lrk
neúka md,l mx;sfha tu W;aidyhka ch .ekSug kï iduqysl igkaldñ;ajh f.dv
k.d .eksug ;ukag isÿjk nj f;areï .;ay'
iS-maf,aka ;ukaf.a l,mqjg f.dvnEu k;r lsÍug kï ;ukaf.a Yla;sh ixúOdk.;
lsÍug tkï ck;d wr.,hla njg m;alr .ekSug Tjqkag isÿ úh'
wdKavq mlaIh mSvdj we;s lroa§ úmlaIh fj; Èj hEu mqreoaola lrf.k isáho fuu
wjia:dfõ § tl mlaIhlj;a miq mi fkdhdug ck;dj ;SrKh lrk ,§' foaYmd,k mlaI
.djd fkd.ekSug ;Skaÿ úh'
ck;djf.a me;af;ka .;a úg tu fjki úfYaI úh' tod l,mqj wi,g wd úmlaIfha
iuyr ksfhdað;hska fj; ;u mdlaIslhska t;rï fyd| ys; fkd±lajQfha iS-maf,aka
jHdmD;sfha miq ìu Tjqka ±k isáh ksid úh hq;=h'
mSä; m%cdj iucd;shla ùu;a tkï tlu jD;a;Shlg whs;sùu;a nyq;rh tl wd.ulg
whs;sùu;a fuu ld¾hfha§ Yla;shla úh' ;u úfrdaOh ck;d úfrdaOhla njg m;alr
.ekSug m%cdj ±kqj;a lsÍu i|yd .ï uÜgñka ixúOdkh lr .ekSug ëjr kdhl;ajhg
yels jQy'
B,.g isÿjQfha tajd cd, .; lsÍuh" tu W;aidyh ±jeka; n,fõ.hla njg m;a úh" th
meyeÈ,sj m%o¾YKh jqfha úfrdaO;d Èkfha§h. ;u b,a,Su Èkd .kakd ;=re ;uka igka
N+ñfhka bj;aj fkdhk nj Tõyq m%ldY l<y.
ëjr ck;d ksfhdað;hska lSm wjia:djl§u md,lhska yd n,j;=ka iu. idlÉPdj,g

iyNd.S jQy' kuq;a tjeks idlÉPd u.ska m%;sM,hla fkd,enqks' tysÈ md,lhka úúO
fmdfrdkaÿ" fndre f;dr;=re iemhSfuka ieuúgu W;aidy lf,a ck;dj /jàug yd
uq,dlsßugh' ck;djf.a iu.sh lvd ìo oud ;u jHdmD;sh iaÒr lr .ekSug úúO
Wmdhka fhfoõj o ck;dj ;u b,lalh lrd .uka l<y'
[85]
wjidk wjia:dj jQfha l,mqj ueog wd Woaf>daIlhska fj; kdúl yuqodj tjd ;¾ckh
lsÍuh' bka miq Tjqka w;r isá fIrdâ msh;=udg wdrlaIl wud;HdxYfha f,alï
jrhdf.a ;¾ckd;aul mKsjqvhla tjkq ,eîh' kuq;a ck;dj;a" iydhg wd ixúOdk
ksfhdað;hska yd msh;=uka,d fkdie,S isàu ch.%ykh lrd md ;eîug bjy,a jQy'
ueÈy;a ù ï
uq¿ jev ms<sfj, wdrïNfha isgu ldka;d kdhl;ajh fmruqK .;ay" lKavdhï ±kqj;a
lsÍug fm<md,s hdfï§ igka mdG lSfï§ Y%S úuqla;s lKavdhu bÈßfhkau isá nj fmkS
.shy"
mQcl meúÈ l%shdldß;ajh o úfYaI fufyjrl fhÿks" m<uqj l=vd lKavdhï ixúOdkh
lsÍugo B<`.g .ï uÜgfï lKavdhï ixúOdkh lsÍugo /iaùï weu;Sug o Tjqyq
iyNd.S jQy'
ÿ.Skaf.a wr.,hg ueÈy;a ùu fuu mQcljreka yd meúoaoka ;ukaf.a ¥; ld¾h jYfhka

o" th ;uka fj; ,enQ úfYaI le|ùula jYfhka o i,l;s'
“i¾j n,OdÍ foúhkaf.a wfmalaIdj jkqfha mSä; ck;dj mSä; nfjka ñ§ fi!Nd.Hfhka
msß Ôú;hla Wreu lr.ekSu” nj kslauhdu fmdf;a ioyka lr we;' ^kslu
a hdu 3$7-10&
mSä;hdg whqla;sh yd widOdrKh isÿjk iudchla fjkqjg “kj wyila kj
fmd<jla”msysgq ùug hqla;sh yd idOdrk;ajh rchk iudchla tkï “foaj rdcHh” fmd<j
u; msysgqùug le|ùu ,oafodaa foaj ck;dj jkq we;' th ck;d wr.,hla nj kslauhdu
fmd; fmkajd foa' Bg iyNd.S ùug le|ùula foaj ck;dj ,nd we;'
ta iyNd.s;ajh ;=,ska Tõyq ls%ia;=kajykafiaf.au ¥; ld¾hg mx.=ldrhska jkq we;' tu ¥;
ld¾hh Æla ;=ud fuf,i ioyka lr;s' “jy¨kag ñ§uo" wkaOhkag fmkSu o ,efnk nj
okajkag;a" mSä;jQjka uqojkakg;a iajdóka jykafiaf.a m%idoh ,;a jir m%ldYlrkag;a ud
tajd jod, fial”' ^Æla 4$18-19&
fuu wr.,hg iyNd.S fjñka mQclhka yd meúÈ jreka óg idlaIs ±Íh hq;=fõ' fudafiia
fuka mSä; ck;dj iu. isáñka “lsßfhka meKsfhka b;sfrk foaYhg” Tjqka legqj hd
hq;=fõ' tod isÿjQ fuu .uk uq¿ ñksia b;sydihgu wdo¾Yhla lr .; hq;= fõ'
fuu .uk ;=, ndOd tugúh' fudafiia iu. jy,a ck;dj kslau hEfï§ th je,elaùug
tod mdrdfjda f.a yuqodj Tjqka miq mi yUd wdy' iuyre fï .uk w;r u.oS w;a
yeßhy' tu ksid tod tu .uk wNsfhda.d;aul úh' wNsfhda. bÈßfha iuyre jy,a nj
jvd hym;a hhs lshñka fudafiiag tfrys jQy'
tu w;a ±lSu wo;a tfiau isÿfõ' ck;dj l,lsfrk wjia:d tugh' bÈßh flfrys
n,dfmdfrd;a;= iqka jk wjia:d meñfKkq we;' fuu .ufka§ foúhkaf.a úuqla;s .uka u.
[86]
w; yer ck;dj “r;a;%ka jiaika”idod f.k Tjqkag mqo mqcd mj;ajñka jy,a nj jvd m%sh
lr;s'
mQcl meúÈ msßia ck;dj w;r isáñka j¾:udk mdrdfjda jreka ck;djg y÷kajd Èh
hq;=h' j;auka m<uqjk m%ekaisia mdma jykafia mjik wkaoug ck;d foaYmd,kfhys ksr;
úh hq;=h' Tjqka ÿ¾j, jk úg§ ukakd iemhSu l< hq;=h' Wreu lr .kakg ;sfnk
iuDoaêu;a foaYh fmkajñka ck;d .uk Yla;su;a l< hq;=h' ck;djg tf`âreka úh
hq;=h' n,dfmdfrd;a;=j Èh hq;=h'
fuu jHdmD;shg mokuu jkafka ,dnh uq,a lrf.k wd¾Ól j¾Okhla muKla b,lal
lrf.k lr hkq ,nk f.da,Sh Okjdofha jHdmD;shla jYfhks' Tjqka ÿgqfõ iS-maf,aka
jHdmD;sho ëjr ck;djf.a Ôjfkdamdhka uq¿ukskau wysñlrk iq¿;rhlf.a ,dnh
muKla uq,a lrf.k flfrk jHdmD;shla f,ihs' ck;djf.a úuqla;sh fkdj
iq¿ msßilg ,dNh f.k fok yd nyq;rhf.a wdodhï ud¾. i,id fok uqyo q " l,mqj"
N+ñh Wÿrd.kakd iy Tjqkag id.skak yd ukaofmdaIkh Wreu lrfok jHdmD;shla f,ihs'
tu ksid fuu isoaêfha§ mQcl jre iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh;a “r;a;%x jiafila” jYfhka yÿkd
f.k ;snqks'
tjeks wjia:djlÈ wdfhdaclhd jk mSvlhd wdrlaId lsÍu ;ukaf.a weoys,a, yd O¾uh
mdjd§ula hhs Tjqyq is;+y' mQcl meúÈ wh ck;djf.a me;a; ms<s.;ay' ck;djf.a me;a;
fkd.;a yd w;r u.§ ck;dj w; yer .sh wh ms<n s oj ck;dj wjfndaO lr .;ay'
ch.% y Kh@
rch úiska ±ka iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh iïmQKfhkau w; yer oud we;' kuq;a wd¾Òl
j¾Okh yd ,dnh muKla b,lal lr .;a ixj¾Ok ±lau w;a yer ke;' tu ksid l,mqj
ck;djf.a Ôjfkdamdhka yd mßirh úkdY lr fyda ,dnh muKla b,lal lr.kakd
jHdmD;s ,xldj mqrdu isÿfjñka mj;S' jeis jkdka;r mjd wdl%ukh lrñka fydag,a
bÈlr;s' l,amsáh ¥m;a wdl%uKh lrñka fydag,a bÈlr;s' úúO mqoa.,hska rdcH wkq.%yh
we;sj óf.duqj l,mqj wdl%uKh lsÍu È.gu isÿ lrñka isák nj olskakg we;'
l,mqj ueo we;s ¥m;a mjd n,j;=ka úiska ixpdrl jHdmdrh i|yd w;a m;alr f.k we;'
l,mqfõ u;aiH iïm; wvqù we;ehs ëjrfhda ueisú,s k.;s' kuq;a ëjr fomd¾;fïka;=j
fyda fjr< ixrlaIKh fuhg fya;=ù we;s lreKq fudkjdoehs fidhd ne,Sug mshjrla
.kakd nj fmfkkakg ke;'
ck;djf.a fmdÿ iïm;a fld,a, lEug tfrys jk lKavdhï fldñia lk foaYmd,{hska
úiska “ol=fKa fldá ;%ia:jd§ka”“fvd,¾ ldlalka”“fou, vhiafmdardfõ ksfhdað;hska” wd§
úúO kï j,ska y÷kajkq ,n;s' tu lKavdhï j,g uv myrj,a t,a, lr;s' fmdÿ ck;dj
f;areï .;hq;= jkqfha Tõyq tfia lrkafka ;ukaf.a foaYfødayS ls%hdjka jid .ekSug njhs'
[87]
W.; yels mdvï
fuu l%shdj,sh ;=,ska W.; .; yels mdvï tug we;'
tod l,mqj fírd .ekSug f.dv ke.=k ck;d úfrdaOh wo jkúg wl%sh ù we;' tjeks
wl%sh ;;ajhlg m;ajQfha wehs@ ta .ek úuid ne,Su b;d jeo.;ah' tjeks l%shdj,shlg" Bg
iïnkaOjQ ish¿u fldgia yjq,a lr .ekSu jeo.;a fõ' tu.ska bÈß wNsfhda. yÿkd .;
yels fõ' wjdikdjlg fuu wNHdifhys ksr;ùu ±kgu m%udo ù ;sfí'
rfÜ m%Odk mlaI folu foaYsh yd úfoaYSh m%d.aOk ysñhkaf.a wkaf;ajdiska ù isá;s'
iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh tlai;a cd;sl mlaIh iufha§ fhdackd l< tlls' kuq;a Tjqkaf.a rch
fmr,doeóu;a hqoaOh;a we;=¿j úúO fya;= ksid th wdrïN lsÍug fkdyels jQy' kuq;a
fuu Woaf>daIkfhaÈ Tõyq ëjr ck;djg “iydh §ug” Tjqka w;r fmkS isáñka
foaYmd,{hska jYfhka ;ukaf.a foìä ms<sfj; fy<s l<y' tu ksid bÈßfha§ o Tjqka u;
hefmñka ck wr., isÿl< fkdyels nj f;areï .; hq;=j ;sfí'
ck;djf.a iïm;a Wÿrd f.k tajd jHmdßlhkag mejÍu wog;a isÿfõ' m%Odk foaYmd,k
mlaI wdKavq n,h ork úg Tõyq mjrd.kakd j.lSu thhs' tfia lsÍfuka w;s úYd,
OkialkaOhla fldñia jYfhka Tõyq ,nd .kq ,efí' Tjqkaf.a foaYfm%auh yd rdcH md,kh
hkq rfÜ fmdÿ iïm;a uxfld,a, lEu fyda wka whg tfia lsÍug myiqlï i,id thska
fldñia .ekSuhss'
tu ksid Bg tfrysù ;u iïm;a wdrlaId lr .ekSu ck;djg mejfrk j.lSula jkq we;'
iïm;a wysñ ùu fya;=fjka mSä; njg m;ajk ck;dj fuu igkg tl;= lr .ekSu ck;d
kdhlhskag yd nyq ck ixúOdk fj; mejffrk j.lSu fõ'
rg mqrd tjeks m%cdjka yd l=vd lKavdhï ±kqj;a lrñka tajd cd, .; lrñka ck;d
n,h f.dv ke.Sug m%uqL;djh Èh hq;=h' fuu l%shdj,shg iydhl lKavdhï yÿkd
.ekSfuka ;ukaf.a ld¾hh myiq lr .; yelsfõ'
8.3 meúos fidhqßhkaf.a ueosy;aùu-

ó.uqj m%foaYfha ck;djf.a m%N, úfrdaO;djh uOHfha ó.uq l,mqfõ fhdacs;
iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh YS% ,xld rch w;yer ouhs
jir 2010 fkdjeïn¾ uioS ó.uq l,mqfõ /lshdfõ ksr;jk ëjr ck;dj yd Tjqkaf.ka
hefmk 15"000 l muK msßi oeä n,mEulg ,laj ;sìks' ó.uq l,mqj wjg isÿlrñka
mej;s ixpdrl jHdmdrfha jHdmD;Skag wu;rj ëjr ld¾ñlhka ksÍlaIKh lf,a oejeka;
WmlrK .kkdjlao lgqkdhl wjg l,mqfõ wgjd ;snQ njhs' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i
iq¿mkak ëjr ld¾ñlhkag Wmfoia oS ;snqfka ;u Tre fuu hka;% WmlrK wi,g hd;%d
fkdlrk f,ihs' fuu.ska fndfyduhla hd;%djka l,mqjg we;=¿ lrk m%úYaGhka wyqrd
oud ;sìks' fuu jd;djrKh ksid ëjr ld¾ñlhka yd ëjr ldka;djka w;r ÿlanr
jd;djrKhla we;s lr ;sìks'
[88]
fuu m%foaYfha ck;dj weiqre lsÍfuka ud oek.;a lreKla jQfha ëjrhskaf.a yd
ldka;djkaf.a ksfhdacs; msßila YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkfha ldka;d kdhsldjka
msßila iu. w.ro.=re ue,alï rxcs;a ysñ yuqù" ó.uq l,mqfõ .eg¿jg t;=udf.a iyh
b,a,d isá njhs. fuu .eg¿jg uqyqKoS isá ish¿u msßi lf;da,slhka úh' fuu msßi
m%ldY lf,a ;uka ro.=re ;=udg Wmkaosk iqN me;=ï msßkud ;uka uqyqKoS isák iS-maf,aka
.eg¿jg úi÷ï ,nd fok f,i b,a,d isák ,o njhs' kuq;a t;=ud m%ldY lr ;snQ lreK
b;du;a l,lsrjk iq¿úh. “uu fï rfÜ ckdêm;s fkdjk neúka iS maf,aka bj;a lsÍug
;SrKhla .ekSug fkdyelshs” fuu ms,s;=r;a iu. w;sYh l,lsÍug m;a msßi kej; yeÍ
wdj;a Tjqka ;SrKh lr ;snqfka “wfma m%YaKhg úi÷ï fiùug wm ieufokd tldjkaj
tl;=jk nj”hs.
lgqkdhl lkHdrdufha isák Y=OjQ mjqf,a ksldhg wh;a meúos fidhqßhka ish¿ fokdu
tldjkaj ;SrKh lf,a ck;djf.a fuu wr.,hg wmf.a mQ¾K odhl;ajh ,ndfok
njhs.wm úYajdi lf,a wmf.a meúos osúfha le|ùu jkqfha widOdrKhg tfrysj ke.S
isáñka ;u cSú;h fjkqfjka wr., lrk ck;dj iu. w;aje,a ne|.ksñka ls%hdlsÍu
njhs.
fuysoS cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrh" Y%S úuqla;s ëjr ldka;djkaf.a kdhl;ajh"
ls%ia;shdks iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrfha lKavdhu iy rhsgq gq ,hs*a lKavdhu o wmf.a ëjr
ldka;djka iy ëjrhska iu. w;aje,a ne|.ksñka Tjqkaj icSjkh lrñka yd iyfhda.h
olajñka ls%hdl, nj fuys,d ioyka l, hq;=uh.
2010 fkdjeïn¾ 17 osk WoEik 7'00 isgu ó.uq l,mqj jgd we;s ëjr .ïudk 35ys
ëjrhska yd ëjr ldka;djka lgqkdhlg /iafjkq olakg ,eìks' ëjrhska ó.uq l,mqfõ
ëjr hd;%d Ndú;dlrñkao ëjr ldka;djka yd wfkl=;a ish¿ ldka;djka wmf.a meúos
fidhqßhka iu. mq;a;,u fld<U uyd ud¾.fha /iaù úfrdaO;djhka wdrïN lrk ,oS'
jdikdjlg fuka l,mqj ;=, isÿlrk wr.,hg odhlùug ug;a fld<U fY%aIaG
uõ;=ñhf.a ksjfia isg meñK" ëjr ck;dj we;=¿ wm ieu osß.ekajQ oSmd meúos fidhqßh
we;=¿ meúos fidhqßhka msßilgo yelsúh. l=vd fndaÜgqjlg ke. l,mqj ;=, wr.,hg
odhlùug yelsùfuka l,mqj ;=, msßi osßu;a lsÍug wmgo yelsùu ft;sydisl
wjia:djla f,i wms i,luq' wmsgo fuu ck;djf.a wr.,fha iDcq yjq,alrejka ùug
yelsùu jeo.;a fõ.tfiau uf.a i;=g jvd;a j¾Okh l, lreKla jQfha ó.uqj jgd
ëjr .ïudk .Kkdjl fiajfha kshq;= mshjre yd meúos fidhqßhka .kkdjlau ck;djf.a
fuu wr.,hg odhlùug ó.uq l,mqjg /iaù isàuhs.
ó.uq l,mqj ydrk hka;%hg lsishï ÿrl isg fuu ëjr msßia l=vd f;mamï Tre yd
fndaÜgq 1500l muk ke.S úfrdaO;djfha ksr;úh. ëjr ck;djf.a m%Odku b,a,Sula jQfha
fkdjeïn¾ 11 osk ohdY%s; weu;sjrhd fmdfrdkaÿ jQ mßos jydu lekSï kj;d fuu hka;%h
l,mqfjka bj;a lrk f,ihs fuhska fndaÜgq 3 l muk ëjr kdhlhska msh;=uka,d iy
meúos fidfydhqßhka isá w;r fld<U moúfha udkj ysñslï ms,snoj tjlg ls%hdl, .re
fgrkaia m%kdkaÿ msh;=udo bka tla fmruqfkau ;snQ hd;%djl ke.S isákq osáñ'
[89]
WoEik 9'00 jkúg wms ish¿ fokdu hdÉ[d lrñka" .S;l s d .hñka l,mqj ydrk hka;%h
foig hd;%d lf,uq. wmf.a hdÉ[d ;=,ska wms foú÷kaf.ka wheo isáfha “mshdfKkS wmf.a
y`vg ijkaÿk uekú" wmg wmf.a l,mqj ksoyia lr fokq uekú” hkakhs'
kuq;a hd;%d l%ufhka l,mqj ydrk hka;%h foig .uka lrk úg wm ueog meñKs kdúl
yuqod ks<OdÍka wm kj;d ;=jlal= wm foig udkñka wmf.a .uk bosßhg hEu
j,lajk ,oS' kuq;a wm fkdlvjdu yv k.d isáfha l,mqj ydrk hka;%h bj;alr .kakd
nj by, ks<OdÍka m%ldY lrk f;lau l,mqfjka bj;a ùug wmf.a woyila ke;s njhs.
;j;a fudfyd;lska kdúl yuqod hd;%d wm bosßfhka ysòsñkau wm foig yrjk ,oS' kuq;a
wm ieu foko wmf.a hd;%d bj;a lr fkdf.k wmf.a hdÉ[d wLKavju lrñka
.S;sld .hñka os.gu l,mqfõ ;j;a meh lsysmhla .; lf,uq' kuq;a uOHyakho t<ôh;a
lsis÷ i;=gqodhl ms<s;=rla fkd,enqfjuq.
kuq;a fuysoS ish¿u ëjr ldka;djkag úfYaIfhkau YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d kdhsldjkag
ëjr msßñkag msh;=uka,dg meúos fidhqßhkag ia;=;sh mqo l, hq;=h' fld<U mq;a;,u uyd
ud¾.h wjysr lrñka ;ukag t,a,jQ ;¾ck yd ìh .ekaùï j,ska miq fkdnei wLKavj
uyd ud¾.fha /oS isáñka l,mqj ;=, isÿl, igkg iudka;rj uy u. osh;a l,
wr.,ho l,mq igkg ;SrKd;aul Yla;shla imhk ,oS' ck;dj m%ldY lf,a ;uka urd
oeuqj;a uy uf.ka bj;a fkdjk njhs.
fuu fudfyd; jk úg n,OdÍkaf.a weia weÍug ;rï fuu uyd ud¾.fha wr.,h ;sj%
ù ;sìks. ta wkqj miajre 4'00 g fmr ó.uqj l,mqj ydrk hka;% bj;a lsÍug fmdfrdkaÿ jQ
njg f;dr;=re ,efnñka mej;sks.
lgqkdhl .%dufha ckhd wju jYfhka tla n;a melÜgqjla fyda ,nd foñka o YsIHhka
c,h yd isis,a meka imhdfoñka fuu wr.,hg odhl ùug msg m%foaYj,ska meñKs ck;dj
fmdaIKh lrkq olakg ,enqk w;r fuu lreKo w;sYh w.h l,hq;= lrekq w;rfõ.
miajre 6'00 muk jk úg l,mqj ydrk hka;%h bj;a lrkq olakg ,enqkq w;r ck;dj
tlu ußh uõ Wodk .S;h .hñka ;u ksfjia n,d msg;ajk ,oS.
fuu w;aoelSu ud yg lsios sk wu;l fkdfjkq we;s w;r fuh ud yg ;j;a jeo.;a
lreKla isysm;a lr fok ,oS.
tkï ck;djf.a n,fhka wmyg wdYap¾hhka isÿl, yels njhs.
[90]
8.4 udkj ysñlï ixúOdk
ëjr ck;d jf.a iS-maf,aka wr.,h w.h lruq" wkd.; ëjr wr., ksjeros
osYdjg fhduq lruq
uyskao rdcmCIf.a wdKavqfõ ck;d úfrdaë Wjukdjla m%:u jrg mrdch lrk
wjia:djla ;uhs iS-maf,aka wr.,h. f,dalfha Nhdkl ;%ia;jdoS jHdmdrh kñka y÷kajmq
fldá ixúOdkh mjd mrdch lrmq ;ukaf.a ;SrK lsisÿ n,fõ.hlg hg;a fkdù l
%shd;aul lrjk wdKavjq l" m<uq mrdch fï ëjrhkaf.a wr.,hhs'
fï ch.%ykhg n,mE iqúfYaIs fya;= .Kkdjla ;snqkd'

fï i|yd uQ,sl;ajh .;a cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.S;djh" iuia; ,xld ëjrhskaf.a jD;a;Sh
iñ;s iïfï,kh" ls;=ir" YS% úuqla;S ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkh" ckdjfndaO flakaøh
we;=¿ ixúOdk ;=,ska ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍu fyd|ska isÿjqkd. úfYaIfhkau ëjr mjq,aj,
ldka;djka uQ,sl lrf.k ta yryd Tjqkaf.a mjq,a j, Woúh fï jHikh ms,sn| oekqj;a
lsÍu m%Odk idOlhhs'
ó.uq k.r iNdfõoS m,df;a foaYmd,k kdhlhska iu. meje;ajQ m%isoaO idlÉPdfõo
ckdêm;s yuqùug" tu foaYmd,k kdhlhka bosßm;a l, fhdackdj m%;sfCIam lr"
zziS-maf,aka tmd lsh, wfma ksfhdacs;fhda yeáhg .syska ckdêm;sg lshkak' wmsg
ckdêm;sj uqK.efykak Wjukdjla keye'ZZ lshk mKsúvh b;d jeo.;a' neßfj,dj;a
ckdêm;s uqK.efykak .shdkï tfyu" ta n, uysuh bosßmsg lsisfjl=g t;=ud lshk
foaj,a j,g úreoaOj l:d lrkak f,ais fjkafka keye'
l,mqfõoS Tre fndaÜgq j, ke., l, Woaf>daYKhg rdcmCIf.a " zzbj;a fkdjqfkd;a" ;oska
l%shd lrkZZ njg ^fjk fudlj;a fkdfjhs fjä ;shk njg ÿka ÿrl:k ksfhda.h ;U
mhsfilg udhsï fkdlr zzmq¿jkakï fjä ;shm,a,dZZ lsh,- wNsfhda. lr l,mqfõ
wr.,fhka bj;a fkdùu o jeo.;ah'
fï Tlafldu lr,d Woaf>daIKh fld<U-mq;a;,u mdrg f.kdju mdfrka bj;a fkdjqfkd;a

n,df.khs lshmq fmd,Sish miqj tl ux ;Srejla wer, Woaf>daIKh lrkak lsh, lshmq
b,a,Su" fkd;ld mdr wjysr lrñka l%shd lsÍu fu;koS ug jqk;a is;sÉp fohla ;uhs'
mdf¾ .uka lrk ck;djg;a lrorhla fkdjk wdldrhg mdf¾ whskl isg Woaf>daIKh
l,d kï fyd|hs lsh,' ta fj,dfõ ëjrhd wfma b,a,Su fkd;ld ;uhs mdrg mekafka' mdr
jeyeõfj' ëjrhdf.a ta fkdyslauqKq .;sh ch.%yKhg úYd, fya;=jla jqKd'
fïjdg wu;rj ëjr mjq,a j, ldka;djkaf.a ueosy;a ùu b;d by,ska isÿ jqKd' m<df;a
ish¿ ixúOdk odhl lr .ekSu, yeu úgu iduQyslj ;Skaÿ .ekSu, fï wr.,fha ;j;a
jeo.;a idOlhls'
ks, lf;da,sl iNdj úreoaO fjoaoS w;f,diaila jQ mQcl meúos fidhqßhkaf.a odhl;ajh
wr.,h jvd Yla;su;a l,d'
[91]
fï iS-maf,aka wr.,fhka miafi mj;ajmq ish¿ ëjr ck;d wr.," tlafld mrdchg m;a
jqkd ^f;,a ñ, jeä lsÍu& ke;skï mrdch l,d" tfia mrdch l,dkï ta lf<ao ñksia
cSú;hla fyda lSmhla >d;kh lr wysñ lsÍfuka fõ' ^fj<| l,dmh" r;=miaj,& ta ksid
fï wr.,h lsis÷ cSú; jkaos f.úulska f;drj ch.%yKh lrmq tlu wr.,h lsõfjd;a
ksjeroshs'
yenehs Bg miqj isoaO jQ foaj,a ta ;rï hym;a keye'
ta tl;= jqK n,fõ.h os.gu mj;ajd .kak neßj .shd' f;,a ñ, igfkaoS ixúOdkh
lr .kak ta úêhgu neßj .shd' iS-maf,aka igfka iuyr kdhlfhda Bg miqj mej;s
ue;sjrK j,oS wdKavqj fjkqqfjka fmkS isáfha wdKavqfõ wksl=;a ck;d úfrdaë l%shdjka
j,g ;uqkaf.a úfrdaO;djhla kE lshkjd jdf.a. iuyr kdhlfhda l%shdldßlfhda o~q.u iS-
maf,aka jHdmD;sh wdrïNl Wf<,g iyNd.s fj<d —iS-maf,aka tfla rjqul=;a .shd˜
kuq;a wdmiaig ys;oaoS ta wr.,fha lemùï mß;Hd.hka" wêYaGdkhka iy ueosy;a ùï
.ek óg jvd ck;dj w;r wju jYfhka úúO wr., j, fhoS bkak ck;dj w;r
wksjd¾hfhkau ta w;aoelSï ffO¾hhla imhkjd'
ta jqk;a fudk wvqmdvq ;snqk;a iS-maf,aka wr.,h iy tys ch.%yKh ft;sydislhs'
8.5 mdßißl ixúOdk
ó.uq l,mq ëjrhska hglrñka iS-maf,aka f.dvnEu
ëjr ck;djf.a whs;sjdislï yd ,xldfõ oekg l%shd;aul mßir kS;sh W,a,x>kh lrñka
Bkshd ixpdrl l¾udka;h m%j¾Okh i|yd muKla iS-maf,aka f.dvnEug ó.uqj l,mqj
fhdod .ekSug rch l%shdlrk ,oS' fuys m%:u mshjr f,i iS-maf,aka f.dvnEfï .=jka m:h
ieliSu i|yd ó.uqj l,mqfõ Bidk È. udhsfï leKSï lghq;= isÿ flßks' l<mqfõ
wdrïN l< kS;s úfrdaë leKSï lghq;= ëjr ck;djf.a oeä Woaf>daIK u; kj;d
oukq ,enqfõ 2010 fkdjeïn¾ ui 17 jk Èkh' kuq;a tys ie<iqï yd fufyhqï lghq;=
w;yer oud ke;' fuu .=jka m:h ó.uqj l,mqj ;=< lgqkdhl cd;Hka;r .=jka f;dgqm,
bÈßfha ieliSu isÿ flßKs' ie,iqï l, .=jka m:fha È. lsf,daógr 2 la muK jk w;r
m<, ógr 100 la yd .eUqr ógr 3.5 la muK fõ'
.=jka m:h ieliSu i|yd l,mqfõ lsf,daógrhla muK È. fldgila we< ud¾.hla f,i
leKSï lr ;sìK' leKSï l< u;= msg frdka uv ;Ügq l,mqj ;=< f.dv.id we;s w;r"
je,s yd uv ;Ügq neflda hka;% wdOdrfhka leKSï lr f.dvìug k, u.ska fmdïm flßks'
tu je,s yd uv l,mqfõ Bidk È. bjqf¾ wlalr 5 l muK m%foaYhl f.dv .id ;sìks'
fï i|yd úYd, lfvd,dk N+ñhla bj;a lr ouk ,oS' lsis÷ mdßißl wkque;shlska f;drj
kS;s úfrdaë f,i jrdh yd isú,a .=jka fiajd wud;HxYh úiska .=jka yuqodfõ o iyfhda.h
u; ys;=ukdmfha bÈ lsÍug l%shdl, iS-maf,aka .=jka m:h fya;=fjka isÿjk mdßißl"
ffcj úoHd;aul yd iudc wd¾Ól n,mEï w;s úYd, h' ta ms<sn|j n,OdÍkaf.a wjOdkh
fhduq fkdùu lK.dgqjg lreKls'
[92]
fylaghdr 3164 l m%foaYhla mqrd jHdma; jQ ó.uqj l,mqj jgd .ïudk 35 la muK fj;s'
tajdfhys ëjr l¾udka;fha fhfok msßi 3500 lg wêl h' ta wdY%s; jl% /lshdj,
fhfok msßi 1500 la muK fõ' fï wkqj 15,000 lg wêl msßila ó.uqj l,mqfõ u;aiH
iïm; u; hefm;s' f;mamï 500 la" Tre 1000 la" l=vd fndaÜgq 100 la yd f,dl= Tre 75 lska
muK ëjr ck;dj ó.uq l,mqfõ u;aiH iïm; fk,d .ks;s' fuys nyq, ëjr mkak l%u
10 la muK fj;s' úis oe," lÜgq oe," yria oe," ll=¿ w;x.=" lrlaf.äh" ;,a¨j" .djk
oe,a" t,k oe,a" uia w;=" lÜg nEu wdÈh m%Odk ëjr mkak l%uhka h' óg wu;r j ;j;a
idïm%odhsl ëjr mkak l%u 25 la muK ó.uq l,mqj ;=< Ndú;d fj;s'
fuu mkak l%u u.ska biaika" ll=¿jka yd u;aiHhska w,a,d.kq ,efí' m%Odk jYfhka
w,a,kq ,nk biaika jkqfha l,siaid fyj;a lr~q biaid (Penaeus monodon)" l=regq
biaid (Penaeus semisulcatus)" o~q biaid (Macrobegium rosenbergi)"
u,siaid(Metapenaeus dobsoni)h' ll=¿jka f,i" iSklald,s (Portunus pelagicus)" uia
ll=¿jka fyj;a lfvd,a ll=¿jka (Scylaserata) w,a,d.kq ,efí' m%Odk jYfhka
w,a,kq ,nk u;aiHhska w;r ;eU,hd (Lutjanusargentimaculatus) yd fudod (Lates
Calcarifer) fj;s' fuu u;aiHhska ixpdrl fydag,a i|yd wêl ñ,lg wf,ú lrkq ,efí'
óg wu;r j f.dvhd (Liza spp.) "fõlalhd (Chanos chanos)" mrõ (Atule mate)"
rkakd (Lutjanus fulviflamma)" wÕ=¨jd (Arius spp.) yd uqr,a,d (Hemiramphus spp.)
jeks u;aiHhska o w,a,d .kq ,efí' ó.uqj l,mqfõ we;s iqúfYaI;ajh jkafka R;=
fNaohlska f;drj j¾Ih uq¨,af,au ëjr lghq;=j, fhÈh yels ùuhs' fï wkqj ó.uq
l,mqfjka fylaghdrhlg lsf,da.a?ï 150 lg jvd u;aiH wiajekakla ,efí' ta wkqj
remsh,a ñ,shk 150 lg jvd jeä jd¾Isl wdodhula fuu l,mqfjka ,ndfoa' fujka jQ
iqúfYaIS l,mqjl iS-maf,aka f.dvnd ëjr ck Èúh mßydkshg m;a lsÍu flfia
idOdrKSlrKh l< yels o hkak .eg¿jls'
iS maf,aka f.dvnEfuka ëjr ck Èúhg isÿjk n,mEu
.=jka m:h ieliSu i|yd" l,mq u;aiHhska" biaika yd ll=¿jka fndajk m%foaY jk
uqyqÿ ;DK ìï úYd, jYfhka ydkshg ,la lr ;sfí' óg wu;rj l,mq Ôùkaf.a fndajk
ia:dk jk lfvd,dk ;Srhka t<sfmfy<s lrk ,oafoaa .=jka m:h leKSï lr bj;a lrk
je,s yd uv f.dv.eiSu i|yd h' l,mqj ;=< ksis we.hSulska f;drj we< ud¾.hla
f,i .=jka m:h ilia lsÍu yd frdka uv l÷ jYfhka l,mqj ;=< f.dv .eiSu fya;=fjka
jvÈh yd ndÈh ld,iSudfõ § c,h l,mqj ;=< .,d hdfï ßoauhdkql+, hdka;%khg
ndOdjka t,a, fõ' fï ksid biaika jeks Ôù úfYaIj, fndaùï l%shdj,shg oeä n,mEï
t,a, fõ' fï ;;a;ajh b;d ydks lr uÜgulg m;a jkafka —uv fndlal˜ f,i y÷kajk
biaikaf.a fndaùu m%Odk jYfhka isÿjk m%foaYh wdY%s; j .=jka m:h leKSï lsÍu yd
bj;a lrk frdka uv l÷ jYfhka f.dv.eiSu fya;=fjks' fï ksid je,a,ùÈh" uy ùÈh"
msámk ùÈh yd ¥j hk .ïudk y;frys ck;djf.a m%Odk ëjr mkak l%uh jk lÜgq oe,a
mkak l%ufhka biaika we,a,Sfï l%shdj,shg m%Odk jYfhka ydks isÿ fõ' fuu mkak l%ufha
[93]
§ jvÈh yd ndÈh wjia:dfõ § c,h .,dhdfï rgdj wkqj y÷kd.;a m%foaYj, biaika
we,a,Su isÿ lrhs' kuq;a fuu jHdmD;sh;a iuÕ u l,mqfõ we< ux fjkia ùu fya;=fjka
lÜgq oe,a mkak l%ufha fhfok ëjrhskag /lshd wysñ ùfï oeä wjOdkula mej;sks'
óg wu;r j iS-maf,aka f.dvnEu isÿ lrk ld, iSudj ;=< iuyr ëjr mkak l%u iSud
lsÍu wksjd¾hh' ;,dfyak m%foaYfha .djk oe,a Ndú;fhka biaika we,a,Su isÿ lrhs' tu
biaika ñ, § .ekSug uqyqÿ ëjrhska fuu m%foaYhg meñfKa' uqyqÿ ëjr l¾udka;fha §
fuu l=vd biaika —weï˜ f,i Ndú;hg .kS' jrdh yd isú,a .=jka fiajd wud;HxYfhka"
.djk oe,a mkak l%ufha fhfok ëjrhskag oekqï § ;snqfka iS-maf,aka f.dv ndk ld, iSudj
;=< tu m%foaYfha fuu mkak l%uh iSud lsÍug isÿjk nj h' túg .djk oe,a mkak l%ufha
fhfok ëjrhskag /lshd wysñ ùug wu;r j ta u; mokï j uqyqÿ ëjr l¾udka;fha
fhfok ëjrhskag o —weï˜ f,i Ndú;d lrk biaika fkdue;s ùfuka /lshdjka wysñ ù
hhs'
ëjrhska nyq;rhlf.a Ôjfkdamdhka ud¾.h ;yjqre lrk u;aiH wiajekak ;SrKh jk

ó.uqj l,mqj iS-maf,aka f.dv nEu i|yd fhdod .ekSu b;d wkqjk yd ëjr ck;djf.a
uQ,sl whs;sjdislï lvlrk l%shdjls' iS-maf,aka f.dvnEu i|yd Ndú; lsÍug lsf,daógr 2
la muK È. .=jka m:h yd ta wdY%s; m%foaYh wê wdrlaIs; l,dmhla f,i bÈßfha §
m%ldYhg m;a lsÍug fhdað;j ;sìks' ta wkqj fuu m%foaYh ëjr /lshdjka i|yd
Ndú;hg .; fkdyels ;;a;ajhg m;aùu wksjd¾hh úh' fï ksid l,mq ëjr /lshdfõ
ksr; ëjrhskag u;aiH wiajekak ,nd .; yels ìï m%udKh iSud iys; ùug kshñ;j
;sìks' fï ksid ëjrhskag ffokslj m%udKj;a u;aiH wiajekakla ,nd .ekSug fkdyels
fõ' fuh ëjrhskaf.a ffoksl wdodhu flfrys n,mdk w;r th iudÔh m%Yk
a we;s lsÍfï
uQ,drïNhla fõ' W;=re lgqkdhl yd ol=Kq lgqkdhl hk .%du ks,OdÍ jiï foflys Ôj;a
jk ëjr l¾udka;fha fhfok mjq,a .Kk ishhla muK fõ' Tjqka nyq;rhla f;mamï
Ndú;fhka ëjr l¾udka;fha ksr; fõ' nysk oe,a yd uia w;= ëjr mkak l%u j, fhfok
msßi 20 la muK fõ' Tjqka m%Odk jYfhkau bÈ lsÍug kshñ;j ;snQ .=jka m:h wdY%s; j
ëjr /lshdj, ksr; fõ' Tjqkag fuu m%foaYh bÈßfha § ;ykï l,dmhla njg m;a ùug
kshñ; úh' fï fya;=fjka tu m%foaYj, ëjrhskag ;u jD;a;sfhys fh§ug we;s bv
m%ia:dj wysñ ùfuka oeä iudÔh w¾nqOhla we;s úug kshñ; úh'
iS-maf,aka f.dvnEfï § c, ;,fha yd wNHka;rfha úYd, jYfhka le<ô,s we;s fõ' fuu
le<ô,s l,mqj mqrdu jHdma; fõ' fuh ksrka;rfhka isÿ jk úg l,mqj wdY%s; c,c Ôùka
fndajk ia:dk" laIqø jdiia:dk ksrka;rfhka fjkia ùï j,g yd Rcq ydksj,g ,la fõ'
fï fya;=fjka l%u l%ufhka l,mqfõ c,c Ôùka j|ù hdu isÿ úh yels h' tys wjidk
[94]
m%;sM,h jkafka u;aiH wiajekak wvqùfuka ëjr ck;djf.a Ôjfkdamdhk ud¾. wysñ ù
iudc w¾nqO j¾Okh ùuhs'
ó.uqj l,mqfõ mlaIs úúO;ajhg isÿjk n,mEu
ó.uq l,mqj yd ta wdY%s; uq;=rdcfj< j.=re ìï m%foaYfha mlaIs úfYaI 125 la muK
jd¾;d ù ;sfí' ta w;r ixl%uKsl mlaIs úfYaI 40 la muK fj;s' úfYaIfhkau f;;aìï
wdY%s; rxpq jYfhka Ôj;ajk mlaISka fuu m%foaYfha b;d nyq, fõ' úYd, rxpq jYfhka
l,mqj wdY%s; j ießirk ixl%uKsl mlaISka jkafka ld.=,a ,sysKska (Whisked tern) h'
fuu i;=ka iS-maf,aka j, je§u fya;=fjka fndfyda úg wk;=re isÿ úh yels h' ta ;;a;ajh
md,kh lsÍu i|yd iS-maf,aka f.dvndk ld,h ;=< § l,mqj ;=< msysá .=jka m:h wdY%s;
j ießirk mlaIs úfYaI md,kh i|yd fjä ;nd urd oeóug isÿ fõ' oekg fuh
lgqkdhl cd;Hka;r .=jka f;dgqqmf,a .=jka m:hka wdY%s; j isÿ lrhs' ta i|yd fjku u
fiajlhska msßila fhdojd ;sfí' mlaISkaf.a wêl .ejiqï m%foaYhla ;=< iS-maf,aka
f.dvnEfï .=jka m:hla ilid tys isÿjk wk;=re md,kh lsÍug fujka ydks lr
l%shdud¾. j,g fhduqùu fl;rï idOdrK o hkak úuid ne,sh hq;= h'
ó.uqj l,mqfõ iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh yqfol,d jHdmD;shla fkdfõ' fuh tys isÿjk yd
bÈßfha § isÿ lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk oejeka; ixpdrl jHdmD;s yd tlsfkl ne£ mj;S'
oekg ilia lrk iS-maf,aka .=jka m:hg bÈßfhka ;,dfyak m%foaYfha ldur 400 l uy
mßudK fydag,a jHdmD;shla isÿ lsÍu i|yd j;auka rcfha m%N,;u wud;Hjrfhl= úiska
l,mqj udhsfï msysá w;yer oud we;s íÆ ,e.+ka fydag,h ñ, § f.k ;sfí' óg wu;rj
ó.uqfõ yeñ,agka wef<a uqyïÈrï md,u wdY%s; j ceáhla bÈ lr we;' th bÈ lr
we;af;a ixpdrlhka i|yd fndaÜgq wx.khla mj;ajdf.k hdug h' tys m%;sM,hla f,i
yeñ,agka wef<a ixpdrl lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd ëjr fndaÜgq keje;aùu o ;ykï
lrñka ;sfí' fï ish¿ ;;a;ajhka yuq fõ ëjrhskag ó.uqj l,mqj wysñ lrñka ixpdrl
jHdmdrh ia:dms; lrñka mj;S' fuys wjika m%;sM,h rfÜ fm%daàk wjYH;djh imqrd,k
m%Odk l,mqjla wysñ lsÍu yd ëjr mjq,a úYd, m%udKhla wj;eka lsÍu ;=<ska iudÔh
w¾nqOhla ks¾udKh lsÍu hs' fï ish,af,a m%;sM,h f,i wjidkfha ó.uqj l,mqj o ¨kdj
l,mqj fuka u< l,mqjla ;;a;ajhg m;a úh yels h'
jrdh yd isú,a .=jka fiajd wud;HxYh yd kdúl yuqodj tla j iS maf,aka f.dvnEu i|yd
ó.uqj l,mqfõ bÈlrk .=jka m:h ,xldfõ mdßißl kS;sh wNsfhda.hg ,la lrñka isÿ
lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu lK.dgqjg lreKls'
[95]
cd;sl mdßißl mk; W,a,x>kh lsÍu
ixfYdaê; 1980 wxl 47 orK cd;sl mdßißl mk;g wkqj m%ldYs; 1993 cqks 24 Èk wxl
772/22 ork .eiÜ ksfõokhg wkqj .=jka ;Sre bÈlsÍug m%:u mßir n,mEï we.hSï
^;lafiare& l%shdj,shg hg;aj mQ¾j ,sÅ; mdßißl wkque;sh ,nd .; hq;= h' fuu kS;suh
m%;smdokh W,a,x>Kh lrñka ys;=ukdfma .=jka m: bÈlsÍug tfrysj uOHu mßir
wêldßh lsis÷ l%shdud¾.hla fkd.ekSfuka yd uqksj; /lSfuka isÿ lrk ,oafoa ,xldfõ
mdßißl kS;sh W,a,x>kh lsÍug rdcH wxYfhkau wkqn, ,nd §uls'
ó.uqj l,mq l<ukdlrK m%foaYh wNsfhda.hg ,la lsÍu
ó.uqj l,mqfõ ëjr lghq;= úêu;a lsÍu i|yd b;d l%uj;a kS;s moaO;shla ilia lr
;sfí' tfia ;sìh § Bg n,mEï we;s lrk fujka kS;s úfrdaë l%shd isÿ lsÍu ,xldfõ kS;s
lafIa;%fha isÿjk b;du ydks lr ;;a;ajhls' ke;fyd;a udkj ysñlï yd ëjr m%cdjf.a
uQ,sl whs;sjdilï W,a,x>khg rch úiska u mshjr .ekSuls'
1996 wxl 02 orK ëjr yd c,c iïm;a mkf;a 28 yd 29 j.ka;s j,g wkqj m%ldYs; 1998
cq,s 30 jk Èk wxl 1038/16 .eiÜ ksfõokhg wkqj ,xldfõ m<uq l,mq l<ukdlrK
m%foaYh f,i ó.uqj l,mqj m%ldYhg m;a lr ;sfí' tu.ska ó.uqj l,mqfõ ëjr
fufyhqï lghq;= úêu;a lsÍu yd l<ukdlrKh lsÍu isÿ lrhs' óg wu;r j tu mkf;a
31 jk j.ka;sh hgf;a m%ldYs; 1999 fkdjeïn¾ 30 jk Èk wxl 1108/4 orK .eiÜ
ksfõokhg wkqj ëjr l<ukdlrK wêldßhla msysgqjd ;sfí' ;jo fuu mk;g wkqj
2005/10/18 jk Èk wxl 1415/22 orK .eiÜ ksfõokhg wkqj ó.uqj l,mqfõ udhsï
m%ldYhg m;a lr ;sfí'
fuf,i ó.uqj l,mqj ixrlaIKh i|yd u;aiH iïm; úêu;a l<ukdlrKhlg hg;aj
ëjrhskag ,nd.ekSug wjia:dj ,nd § we;af;a l,mqfõ meje;au iqrlaIs; lsÍug muKla
fkdj wkd.; mrmqf¾ meje;au Wfoid fuu l,mqj ;sridÍ Ndú;hg fhduq lsÍu i|yd h'
ta i|yd fï whqßka mshjfrka mshjr úêu;a kS;suh wdjrKhlg hg;aj l%shd;auljk
ó.uq l,mqj" jrdh yd isú,a .=jka fiajd wud;HxYh yd kdúl yuqodj tlaj ;u
ys;=ukdmh mßÈ iS-maf,aka f.dvnEu i|yd .=jka m: bÈ lsÍu yd ta i|yd ie<iqï ilia
lsÍu jerÈ mQ¾jd o¾Y ,nd §ula muKla fkdj ,xldfõ wfkla l,mq l<ukdlrK
m%foaYj, l%shdldÍ;ajh ms<sn|j wúksIaÑ; ;djhla cks; lrjkakls'
ixj¾Ok ie<iqï ilia l< hq;= jkafka tla iajdNdúl iïm;la wNsfhda.hg ,la lrñka ta
u; hefmk m%cdj wj;eka lrñka fkdj tu iïm; ;sridÍj ,nd .ekSug yelsjk f,i
[96]
yd tu iSudldÍ iïm; u; wiSu;j hemSu md,kh jk wdldrhg úl,am foi fhduq
ùugh' kuq;a ˜iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh˜ yryd isÿ jkafka ;sfnk iajdNdúl iïm; úkdY lr
ta u; hefmk m%cdj wj;eka lr úl,am fj; fhduq ùuls' ie<iqï ilia lrkakka fï
foflys fjki y÷kd .; hq;=h' t<eô iyi%fha § ,xldj ixpdrl l¾udka;h ;=<ska
úfoaY úksuh Wmhk ;;a;ajhg rg f.k hdfï § wksla ish,a, jkid oud ixpdrl
l¾udka;h muKla ia:dms; l< yels o hkak nqoaêu;aj is;d ne,sh hq;=h' fï ish,a, isÿ
úh hq;= jkafka ksis YlH;d wOHkhlska miqj ,xldfõ l%shd;aul kS;s moaO;shg tlÕj h'
tfia fkdue;sj th yqÿ foaYmd,k ;SrKhla u; muKla isÿ fkdúh hq;=h'
8.6.1l,mq igk udOH ls%hdldÍka f.a weiska

th ch.%yKhls æ ienE f,iu th ck;djf.au ch.%yKhls ææ
—i;Hh" hqla;sh yd lemùu˜ hk jpkj,g m%N, wre;la ,ndÿka fkdmiqng W;aidyfha
iy ffO¾hfha m%Óuq¾;Ska jq o" w;a fkdy, wr.,fha ienE igka lrejka o jQ Tõyq"
wr.,h ch.ekSfïo ienEu jq whs;slrejka jqy¡ fuh" uE; b;sydifha wr.,lrejka
úiska Èkd.;a iqúfYaIKSh jq ch.%yKhla u úh¡ fuu wmQ¾j ch.%yKh ;=< ëjr
ldka;djkaf.a o cjh wvx.= ù ;sìu ch.%yKhg ;j;a f.!rjhla yd w.hla tla lf<ah¡
fylaghd¾ 3164 la muK jk c, m%foaYhlska yd fylaghd¾ 3068la muK jk uq;=rdcfj,

f;;a ìfukao iukaú; jq l<mq ud;djf.ka muKla Èú /l .kakd ó.uqfõ l<mq ëjr
m%cdjf.a ysi u;g lvdjegqKq udrlhla nª jq —iS maf,aka˜ wdl%uKfha w. uq, .ek
muKla fkdj" tldjkaj ysÈñka Èh;al< udi lsysmhl wr.,fha oS ëjr m%cdj úiskau
Èkd.;a ch.%yKfha Wodr;ajh .ek o f,djg lshkakg ikaksfõÈldjl f,ig tod ud yg
,enqKq wjia:dj ud olskafka b;du f.!rjhla f,isks¡
ta" tu ch.%yKfha uq," ueo iy w. ieu;eklu isáfha l<mqfjka hefmñka l<mqfõu

Ôú; Èhlr yßk Èßh ëjrhska yd êjr .eyeKqka ksidh' Tjqka yg uÕ fmkajñka
ck;dj iu. Wfrka Wr .eà l%shdlrk êjr ixúOdk yd ck;d ixúOdk lsysmhla ksidh¡
uq,§ isg tfy;a u. § wr.,h w;yeß ks, lf;da,sl iNdj iy uq,isgu ;¾ck .¾ck
ish,a, bjiñka yd uqyqKfoñka ck;dj iuÕ osúh fnod yod .;a ls;=Kq mQcl meúÈ
msßila ksidh'
l,mq wr.,fhka i;s lsysmhlg miqj lf;da,sl iNdfõ ks, isxy, mqj;amf;ys m,jQ
l;=jelshlg wkqj" —iS-maf,aka˜ w¾nqoh úYd, f;dhs,hla u úh' wjika oji olajd u th
kshu f;dhs,hla jqjd o keoao hkak okafka kshu wd;=rfhda yd f;dhs,h kgkakg fnr
.eiSu i|yd kkafoiska meñKs lÜgçfhda u muKs' tu lÜgçfhda .sysfhda jqy" ck;djf.a
m%YaK yd ne÷k" ck;djdoS u; orK .re mshjre yd .re meúos fidhqßfhda jqy" lf;da,sl
fkdjk fjk;a wd.ñl kdhlhska yd .syshka" ñksiqkaf.a uq,sl whs;Ska fjkqfjka l%shdlrk
iudc l%shdOrhska jqy" úmCIfha foaYmd,{hska jqy" nv.skak yd wkdrCIs; Ndjh fyd¢ka
jgyd .;a ;reK yd <ud md¾Yjhka jqy" tfuka u wd;=rhskaf.a wf|dakdjg ixfõÈj jerÈ
[97]
wvúhl ðj;ajk wysxil ì<s fidhd wka;su fudfyd; f;la l=reudkï w,a,k iS-maf,aka
keue;s u< hCIhdf.ka tu wd;=rhska flfia fyda fírd.; hq;= hehs yeÕsula ;snq furg
fuka u úfoia ckudOH o tod ;ukaf.a j.lSu bgqlrkakg f;dú,afmd<g meñKshy'
b;sydifha m<uq j;djg 2010 fkdjeïn¾ ui 17 fjks od" Èkla mqrd wLKavj uyd
ud¾.fhao l<mqfõ o kegq uyd f;dú,h ksid yjia hdufhaÈ wd;=rhskag ;djld,sl
iqjh ,eìKs' wvúh w;ayßk njg;a fjk;a wvúhla fidhd .kakd njg;a iS-maf,aka u<
hCIhd lÜgçkag fmdfrdkaÿ úh' tfy;a Wf.a wvqu-l=vqu ál /f.k m,a,ï nisk f;la
ish¨ lÜgçfhda l<mqfjka tla wähla wdmiaig fkd.;ay' ta w;r;=r hCIhd mekakùu
i|yd lÜgçkaf.a fnr jehSfï fõ.h yd ÿïu, .eiSu wêl jk úg iS maf,aka kï jQ
u,hCIhdf.a m%Odkshd úiska l<mqfõ fnr jhñka wfma foúhkag lkak,õ lrñka isá
ck;djdoS .re msh;=ul= yryd iuia: wr., lrejkagu ±ä Ôú; ;¾ckhla o l, nj;a
ieÕúh fkdyel' b;ska" fï f;dhs,h ksujk f;la wd;=rhska njg m;ajQ ish,a,kagu
fia,hska foñka mK msysgqjd .kakg Wr ÿkafka" ks, jYfhka m;ajqjka fkdj we;eï
lf;da,sl$l%sia;shdks mqcl W;=ukq;a .re meúos fidhqßhkq;a" we;eï rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk;a" foia úfoia úl,am ckudOH lrejkq;a we;eï fm!oa.,sl ys;j;=kq;ah'
iS-maf,aka w¾nqofha wdrïNfhaÈ ks, jYfhka lf;da,sl iNdfõ ëjr WmdOH .re f,iag¾
fkdaksia msh;=ud we;=¨ ñ.uqj Èidfõ .re msh;=uka,d lsysm fofklau m%ixYkSh ienE
odhl;ajhla iemhq nj o fkdryils' êjrhskag ,ndÿka ta iyh ieneúkau w.h lrñ'
kuq;a w¾nqoh W;aikak jk úg Tjqka fyñka iSrefõ m%Yakh w;yer" ck;dj wirKlr
uqksj; rlskakg jqy' uq,oS Tjqka /iaùï meje;ajq kuq;a w¾nqohg úi÷ula fkd,eìks'
jfrl fï m%Yakh ;=< êjrhskaf.a mSvdj fldf;laoh;a" msh;=uka,d iuÕ mej;s tla
/iaùul§ yria m%Yakhla weiq lgqkdhl tla êjrfhl=g" kñka m%isoaO" .re msh;=ful=
myr fokakg .;a W;aidyhla .ek o wms oek.;ssuq' we;eïúg ÿrl:kfhka wu;k
úg .re f,iag¾ msh;=ud ish ÿrl:kh úikaê l< wjia:d we;' ;j;a úfgl t;=ud
yuqjkakg t;=udf.a ksfjig .sh l< t;=udf.a fiajlhdg wkqj msh;=ud we;=f,a isákjdh'
tfy;a t;=ud yuqjkakg meñKs nj okajkakg fiajlhd ksji ;=,g .sh ksfïIhg msh;=ud
fldfyo .sysxh''';j;a úfgl w¾nqofha uq,È ku lshq ieKska y÷kk l%shdOrhskaj w¾nqoh
W;aikak ùfïÈ y÷kkafka ke;sj .sh wjia:do we;''''
fï wdldrfhka Èidfõ ks, n, we;s .re mshjreka ck;dj ;kslr" lr" weÍfuka
wk;=rejo úYd, êjr msßila .re w.ro.=re ysñmdKka f.a Wmka Èkh od ro.re ue÷rg
meñK Tjqkaf.a ÿla.ekú,a, ie,lr isáfha t;=ud flfrys úYajdih ;nñkss' ukao
Wkajykafia ro.re ùug fmr —fi;airK˜ wdh;kh yd iïnkaOj isáh§ êjrhskaf.a ÿl
y÷kdf.k êjr m%Yak flfrys ±ä lemùfuka hq;=j l%shdlrñka êjrhskag fkdfhl=;a
iyk ,ndÈ êjrhskag iene msfhl= fuka" kshu ñ;=frl= fuka l%shdlr ;snqKq ksid;a
j¾:udkfhaÈ Wkajykafia ,xldfõ lf;da,slhkaf.a m%Odk tf`ârdKka jk ksid;a
foaYmd,k jYfhka o Wkajykafia by<u foaYmd,lhskaf.a ms<s.ekSulg md;%ù isák nj
ëjrhka okakd ksid;ah' tfy;a ;enq n,dfmdfrd;a;= ish,a,u iqkalrñka w.ro.=re
ysñmdKka ëjrhskag ,ndÿka ms<s;=r Tjqkaj ;j ;j;a l=rei m;alsßula nj tod Tjqka
[98]
udOHhg mejiQy' ëjr /lshdjgo fkdf.dia Wkajykafiaf.a ueÈy;aùu wfmalaId l,;a th
.Õg lemqq bKs fuka jq nj;a mejiQy'
—±ka b;ska wms ldg lshkak±hs˜ êjrhska weiqfõ w.ro.=re ysñmdKkaf.a ir< ms<s;=r fï
hehs mjiñks' — ud rfÜ ckdêm;s fkfjhs' ug n,hla keye ñ.uqjg iS-maf,aka f.akak
tmd lshkak' ta jefâ È.gu isÿfjkjd' Woaf>daIK mj;aj,d jevla keye' rch ±kgu;a
iS maf,aka ,xldjg f.k,a,hs ;sfhkafk'˜ w.ro.=re ysñmdKkaf.a ueÈy;aùu wfmaCIdl<
fuu wjika W;aidyh;a iuÕska ñ.uqfõ ëjrhska m,a,sh yd lf;da,sl iNdj w;ayßkakg
o ÈjH mqcdj j¾ckh lrkakg o mjd fm<UqKs' tfy;a Tjqkaf.a ta wfmaCId Nx.;ajfha
oreKq is;=ú,s fjkia lrkakg mjd bÈßm;a jqfkaa u;= lshq ck;dj iu. isá .re mqcl
mq;=ka" ÈhKshka yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk l%hs dOrhskah'
wjidkfhaÈ isÿjqfha udi .Kkdjl isgu ±jeka; wr.,j, fhÈfuka ishü fokd
tldfuka l%shdlr we;eï úg êjrhska isrl+vqfõo ys¢ñka Èú mrÿjg ;nd fk,d.;a
m%;sm,h ke;fyd;a ch.%yKh lsis÷ pls;hlska f;drj foaYmd,k ñ;=rka yd w;aje,a
ne|.;a wm iNd fYa%IaGhska fuh Tjqkaf.a mq¾K ueÈy;aùu yd lemùu u; isÿjQjla
njg ;u ks< mqj;am;a u.ska m%isoaO lsÍuhs' ch.%yKfha lS¾;sh ;uka w;am;alr .ekSuhs'
kuq;a fuu ñksiqkaf.a ienE lemúu yd ienE wr.,h mdjdoSu .ek i;Hh okakd lsisu
flfkl= fuh wkqu; fkdlf<ah' th wog;a tfiauh' wjxlju lsjfyd;a" fuu iS-maf,aka
w¾nqofha i;Hh úlD;s lsÍu ms<sn|j" fuu w¾nqofha w.uq,a okakd" óg Wr ÿka niakdysr
m<df;a nyq;r lf;da,sl ck;dj ;=< wm iNdfõ fY%aIaGhska yd l%shdldß;ajh .ek b;du
±ä ms<sl=,la wdfrdamKh jq nj lK.dgqfjka jqj;a fkdj<yd mejish hq;=h.
8.6.2 ó.uq l,mqj iq/lSu ioyd l,mqjg wdorh lrkakkaf.a ix>dhkdjla

wjeish'
iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh hkq rdcmlaI wdKavfq õ j;auka wd¾Ól Wmdh ud¾.h yd ne÷kq m%OdK
meyeos,s jHdmD;shls.
hqoaOfhka miq ixpdrlhka jeäfhka ,xldjg f.kajd .ekSu ioyd thg wod,jQ há;,
myiqlï Wmßufhka oshqKq lsÍu wrNhd iS maf,aka jHdmD;sh ó.uq l,mqjg meñfka. l,mqj
hkq th mjq,a 3500 la rlsk ëjr ìulah hkak fï wd¾Ól Wmdh ud¾.h ord isák
foaYmd,khg ;jÿrg;a jeo.;a ke;" Tjqkg th" ixpdrl jHdmdrh i|yd Wmßu
m%fhdack .; hq;= c,dYhls. w;S;fha fukau j¾:udkfha§;a" bosßfhaoS;a l,mqj hkq fï
wruqfKka úúO wdfhdackhka ioyd jk wdfhdack l,dmhls. l,mqfõ we;s ¥m;a j, yd ta
wjg fydag,a boslrkafka;a fï wruqKsks. tmukla fkdj l,mqj ;=, iS>%fhka isÿfjñka we;s
u;aiH iïm; wvqùu .ek wod, j.lSu ork rdcH wdh;k ueosy;aù fidhd fkdn,kafka
fyda ta ;;ajh md,kh lsÍu ioyd wjeis lghq;= fkdlrkafkao fï ksiduh.
flfia fj;;a fuu ie,eiafï tla u¾uia:dkhlajQ iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh mrdch lsÍu hkq
ft;sydisl chls.
[99]
fï wr.,h fjkqfjka jQ iQodkfï uq, isg iïnkaOj isáfhl= f,iska fukau tod l,mqj
;=, mej;s fft;sydisl wr.,fhaoS meñKs wNsfhda.hkag uqyqK oSu ioyd jvd;a iqÿiqu
Wmdh ud¾.h f;aÍug odhljQjl= f,i ksy;udkS i;=glska fï igyk ;nkafkñ.
fï úfrdaO;djfha tla;rd ikaêia:dkhloS wr.,h ch.%ykh i|yd l,mqfjka fld<U
mq;a;,u ud¾.hg wr.,h udrelrkafka ta .ek" ta fudfydf;a .kq ,enQ ksjerosu ;Skaÿj
ksid nj wms úYajdi lruq.
bkamiqj meh lSmhla mqrd fld ld,Sk
jev ms<sfj,lg wm hd hq;=h hk fhdackdjla u;=jqjo th bÈßhg .sfha ke;.
th tfia jQfha wehs?
1' l,mqj ms<sn|j rdcH Wmdh ud¾. ms<sn|j iuia: jegySula fï wr.,hg iïnkaOjQ
fndfyda whg fkd;sîu.
ksoiqkla f,iska fuys ;SrKd;aul ld¾hh Ndrhla bgql, YS% úuqla;s ldka;d ixúOdkh
.ek wmf.a wjOdkh fhduq lrkafka kï"
YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkh hkq ó.uqfõ ëjr ldka;djka ksfhdackh lrk
idudcsl;ajh u; mokïj ls%hd;aul flfrk m%N, ixúOdkhls. miq.shod Y%S úuqla;s
ldka;djka úiska ó.uqj l,mqfõ ¥m;a úkdY lsÍug, úfoaYSh iud.ï yryd rfÜ ëjr
iïm;a úkdY lsÍug úfrdaOh mdñka md.ukska f.dia m%dfoaYSh f,alï fj; fm;aiulao
ndroS ;snqk.s
ó.uqj l,mqfõ iïm;a ëjrhskag jvd jHdmdßlhka yg odhdo lsÍug miq.sh ld,fha
W;aidy oerefõ wdKavq mlaIfha m%N, foaYmd,lhkah.
iS-maf,aka l,mqjg oeóug iQodkñjQ fudfydf;a uq¿ ëjr m%cdju iu. Y%S úuqla;s ëjr
ixúOdkho tlaj m%N, yvla ke.+ ksid th je,lsks.
kuq;a bkamiq ó.uqj l,mqj fj; ld,hla mqrd ne,au fy,ñka isá .=ref.a kï jHdmdßlhd
úiska l,mqjg fndaÜgq oeóug iu;aúh.
kuq;a ta ó.uqj k.r iNdfõ wdKavq mlaIfhao ;j;a m%N, foaYmd,lfhl=f.a iyfhks.
ó.uqfõ lsisÿ ëjr m%cdjlg fyda lKavdhulg fuh je,lsh fkdyels úh. wju ;rñka
ta .ek wjosfhka fyda isáfha ke;. ta wehs?
fï m%YaKh .ek m<df;a lsis÷ ëjr ixúOdkhla ueosy;a ùula isÿ lf,a ke;.
thg úreoaOj yvke.Su ksid wm mqj;am;g tfrysj ó.uqj uy k.r iNdfõ iNd
/iaùï j,oS nrm;, úfõpkhlao t,a, úh. ó.uqfõ ixúOdkj, nyq;rhla fokd weu;s
ksu,a ,xidf.a ldka;d iñ;sj, idudcslfhdah. bka ,efnk m%;,
s dN ish,a, nyq;rhla fokd
,nd .ks;.s mej;s ue;sjrK j,oSo t<fUk ue;sjrK j,oSo fï nyq;rhla fokd Pkaoh
fokafkao ksu,a ,xidf.a m%;s,dN j,g l<.=K i,lñks.
[100]
fuysoS Tjqkag wu;l jk ldrKh kï neis,a rdcmlaIf.a wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok Wmdh
ud¾.h ;=, l,mqj hkq ixpdrl jHdmdßlhka ioyd wjeis iïm;la ñi l,mqj ëjrhdf.a
kscìu fkdfõh hkakhs.
fï we;a; m%YaKh t,shg oud fld;rï lgql jqj;a" l:d fkdlrkafka kï isÿjkafka
l,mqj iy ¥m;a úkdY lrk wdKavqfõ kHdh m;%hg weu;s ksu,a ,xidf.a iñ;sj,
m%;s,dN u;ska .eg.efik msßia u; l,mqj iq/lSug lrkq ,nk b,a,Sï j,g m%;spdr
f,iska jßka jr mdrg meñKsuh.
b,a,qug iemhqu?
oj,a ñf.,a ? oksfh,a l%ufhka /jfgkafka wmsuh. l,mqj we;a;gu fírd .ekSug kï
iuia: ;;ajh wjfndaO lrf.k ta ioyd jev ms<sfj,la f.dvke.sh hq;=h. th wmyiqh.
weu;s ksu,a ,xid wlue;sh. tfy;a we;a;u we;a; thhs.
wm fuh u;=lrkafka lsis÷ ixúOdkhla lsis÷ f,ilska wj;lafiare lsÍug fkdj wm olsk
m%YaKfha .eUqr ,l=Kq lsÍu ioyd tla ksYaÑ; ksoiqkla f,isks.
2' fojk lreK jkafka l,mqj iq/lSu ioyd os.g hk jevms,sfj,la f.dv ke.SfïoS
rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj, ld¾hh Ndrh ksjerosj jgyd .ekSuhs.
tkï fï fndfyduhla rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj, fuu lghq;a; Ndrj isák whg mjd
iuia:h ms,snoj wjfndaOhla ke;. ;snqko fndfyduhla fokdg l,mqj yd ftkaøSh
iïnkaOhlao ke;.
;j;a jev rdcldß rdYshla ueo ixúOdkh ;=, mßir wxYh fjkqfjka l,mqj ms<sno
jHdmD;shla mejreK ls%hdOrfhl= ta ioyd ueosy;a jkafka Tyq fyda wehg l,mqfõ wo
mj;sk iuia: ;;ajh .ek we;s ú.%yfha m%udKhg yd ;uka fj; wdh;kh úiska mjrd
we;s jev ,ehsia;=fõ we;s bv lv m%udKhgh.
fï ksidu l,mqj iq/lSu hkq Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a cSú;fha fldgila fkdj rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdkhl l,mqj ms<snojQ jHdmD;sfha fldgila muKs.
fï ksidu .=ref.a kï fldaám;s jHdmdßlhd f.a jir .kkdjla ;siafia l,mqj ms<sno
ie,eiau iQlaIu f,iska bosßhg ouoaoS th YS% úuqla;s ls%hdldÍkaf.a wjOdkfhka .s,sfyk
whqßkau tka"cS"´ ls%hdOrhskaf.ao wjOdkfhka .s,sfykafka wyïnhlska fkdfõ.
wiajekak ,efnkqfha jmqrk whqßka ñi wmg leu;s f,iska fkdfõ'
b;ska wm l,mqj fírd.kafka flfiao?

1' iuia: ;;ajh ms<sn|j ksjeros ú.%hla iys; leßiaudjla iys; kdhlhka msßila
wjeish. fï wh oj,a ñf.,a ? oksfh,a ,d fkdúh hq;=h.
l,mqj wjg isák jeäfhka l:dlrk wh wm úfgl kdhlhka hehs is;d isáho miqj
jegfykafka fï fndfyda fofkl=f.a ÿriA: md,lh we;af;a ksu,a ,xid w;njhs. îS-maf,aka
igfka bosßfhkau isá m%OdkSka msßila wjidkfha ksu,a ,xid ,`. k;r jkafka wyïnhlska
fkdfõ& ksjeros kdhlhka hkq wmg fndfyda ;ekaj,oS yuqfjk jeäfhkau l:d lshkakka
[101]
ms<sn| ks¾jpkfhka tyd hd hq;=j we;. .Ks;{hka wjeis ;ekg keÜgqlalrejka meñKs
úg isÿjkafka l=ulao?
2' rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhl ksjeros ueosy;aùu ksis f,iska f;areï f.k th jD;a;Sh
uÜgñka bgq lsÍfï jev ixialD;shla ks¾udKh l, hq;=j ;sfí' fï wkqj ;uka fj;
mejfrk m%Odk j.lSu l=ulaoehs ta lafIa;%fha l%shdOrhska f;areï .; hq;=jkafka wjeis
myiqldrlï iemhSu ioydh.
3' zzl,mqj wfma wïudZZ hehs lS mukska bka l,mqjg we;s wdorh fmfkkafka ke;.th
oefkkafka fufia lshkakd fyda ta msßi ;uka fl;rï wdorh lrkafka oehs l%shdfjka
fmkajk wkaough. miq.sh ld,h ;=, iS-maf,aka wr.,fhka miq l,mqj iq/lSu ioyd
jevms,sfj,la ieliSug mej;s idlÉPd tl ;ek m,ajQfha tajdg meñKs fnfyda fofkl=g
Bg l,ska mej;s idlÉPd j,oS l:d l, foa muKla fkdj .kq ,enQ ;Skaÿo wu;l ùu ksid
tlu foa l:d lrñka ta lsisjla l%shdjg kexùug jevms,sfj,la f.dv k.kakg neßùu
ksidh. fï fndfyduhla fokd ;j;a jev rdcldß f.dkaklg iïnkaO jQjka neúka iy
;;ajh f;areï f.k wjeis Wmdh ud¾. ieliSug tys leojqïlrejkag fkdyelsjQ ksid wo
l,mqj úkdYh lrd muKla hk th kej;Sug fyda md,kh lsÍug ls%hdldÍ jev ms,sfj,la
ke;s ;ekg m;aj we;.
4' ó.uqj l,mqj hkq ,xldfõ mj;sk iqúfYaIs l,mqjls. th oeka we;af;a úkdY uqLfha uqj
úgh. fï ;;ajh f;areï f.k l,mqjg wdorh lrkakka th flfia lrkafkao hkak fidhd
.ekSu ioyd ix>dhkdjla l, hq;=h. ksu,a ,xidf.a ueIska j,ska yd l=l=,a megõ
jHdmD;sfhka tyd f.dia ,xid yd neis,a rdcmlaI iy ;j;a wh yryd l,mqjg jefgïka
we;s w÷re fijke,a, ksjerosj oelSfï f;jk weila ks¾udKh l, hq;=j ;sfí.
[102]
9 jk mßÉfþoh
ch.%yKfhka miq wo olajd
l,mq igk ch.%yKfhka miqj isÿjQ isÿùï ud,dj foi ne,SfïoS wo wm iS iS lv úisÍ
isáh;a iqmqreÿ yuqùï ks;sm;d isÿfkdjqk;a iS-maf,aka fkdue;sj jqj;a l,mqjg isÿflfrk
úkdYh w;s úYd,h. tod l,mqj /l .ekSug cSú;h oSug iQodkïjQ msßi wo;a tfiau
isák nj fuu fmd; ieliSug l, yuqùï j,oS m%ldY l,;a ;ju m,odhl ixjdohla
wdrïN ù fkdue;' kuq;a ëjr kdhlhskag Widú hdug isÿjQ úg;a tfiau úúO fpdaokd
t,a, lrñka cSú; ;¾ck meñKsúg;a fuu msßia w;r tluq;=jla isÿfkdùu fuu
ifydaor;ajh m%YaK lrkakls.
jD;a;Sh iñ;sh f.dv k.d bosßhg hEu wms w;miq lr we;af;uq. k.r iNd pkaofhaoS
wju jYfhka l,mq fõ iS-maf,aka nEug iyh fok nj m%isoaO udOH j,g m%ldY l,
wfmalaIlhskag Pkaoh oSfuka je,lS isàug j;a wmg fkdyels úh. fïjd wmf.a iuia:
ixj¾Ok Wmdh ud¾. ms,sn|j we;s Wkkaÿj yd foaYmd,k oekqu yd Wjukdj m%YaK
lrjhs.wmj mSvdjg m;alrk jHdmD;s j,g iyh fokakkagu Pkaoh oSu wm ishosú
kid .ekSula fkdfõo?fï ish,a, ms,sn|j fuu ls%hdldß;ajhg odhljQ ish¿ md¾Yajhka
w;r ixjdohla jydu wdrïN lsÍu w;HjYHh.th wmf.a ck;d foaYmd,kh ms,n s |
wOHdmkh yd jeäysáhka f,i ixj¾Okh ms,sn|j lrk ú.%yhl wdrïNh úh hq;=h.
fuu igyk ta ish¿u md¾Yajhka fuu ixjdoh h,s wdrïN lsÍug mokula f,i f.k
h<s;a tluq;=j ls%hdlsÍug wdrdOkdjls.
9'1 ëjr kdhlhka w;a wvx.=jg .ekSu
foaYmd,lhskaf.a iy jHdmdßlhskaf.a Wjukdjka iòyd ixpdrl l¾udka;h uqjdfjka 2010

w. Nd.fha§ ó.uq l<mqjg iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh f.k taug ie,iqï lrk ,§'thg tl
fy,d ëjr ck;dj úreoaO úh'ck;djf.a talrdYSùu"lemùu yd ck;d Yla;sh ;=,ska iS -
maf,aka jHdmD;sh ó.uq l,mqfjka wl=,df.k f.dia ovq.ï Tfha wefgõjo tho wo
wid¾:l ù we;'
2010 fkdjeïn¾ 17 jk Èk Woaf>daIKh id¾:l j ksud l,;a miqj /iajQ ëjr

kdhlhska ;SrKh lf,a jHdmD;sh uq¿ukskau l,mqfjka bj;a lsÍug lsis÷ m%;s{djla
fkdue;s ksid fuu lreK ms<snoj wLKavju ck;dj oekqj;a lr iyh oskd .;hq;= njhs .
ta wkqj ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍfï w;a m;s%ld fn§ula 100 fofkl=f.a muk ls%hdldÍ
msßilf.a ueosy;aùfuka 2010 fkdjeïn¾ 27 jk Èk ó.uqj k.rh mqrd isÿlrk ,§'
2010 fkdjeïn¾ 28jk Èk ó.uq l,mq ëjr ck;d ixúOdkfha iNdm;s udlia m%kdkaÿ iy
iuia: ,xld ëjr ck;d jD;a;Sh ix.ufha iNdm;s wreK frdIdka; ëjr kdhlhska
fofokdf.a ksfjia lrd meñKs fmd,sia ks<OdÍka msßila okajd isáfha fmr osk w;a m;s%ld
fnoSu ms,sn|j lgW;a;rhla .ekSug ó.uq fmd,sishg meñfKk f,ihs' miqj"
[103]
lgW;a;rhla ,ndoSug fmd,sishg .sh ëjr kdhlhska fom, rdcH úfrdaë m;%sld fnoñka
ck;dj l=ms; lsÍug W;aidy lf,ah hk fpdaokd f.dkq lrñka w;a wvx.=jg f.k
rojd ;nd .kakd ,oS'
uQ,ia:dk fmd,sia mÍlaIl ;=ud bosßfha r|jdf.k m%YaK lrk úgoS ëjr kdhlhska
ksÍlaIKh lrk ,oafoa fmd,sia i:dkêm;s ;=ud iy ksfhdacH wud;H ir;a .=Kr;ak iy
m,d;aiNd wud;H ksu,a ,xid hehs wKqudk l,yels wh w;r úáka úg ÿrl:kh u.ska
idlÉPd we;sjqk njhss'
bkamiq fmd,sia w;awvx.=jg m;alrk ,ÿj tosk rd;%S 8 muk jk úg kdhlhska fom,
ó.uqj ufyai;a %d;a jrhd bosßfha wem u; uqodyßk ,oS.
kuq;a 2010 foieïn¾ 14jk Èk m<uqjrg Widúhg bÈßm;a lrk ,o w;r bka wk;=rej
jir folla ;=, 17 jdrhla Widúhg le|jQ kuq;a fuu lsis÷ fpdaokdjla Tmamq lsÍug
fmd,sishg lsis÷ idlaIshla fkdue;s ùfuka kdhl fom, ish¿ fpdaokd j,ska ksfodia fldg
ksoyia lrk ,oS' ó.uqj Widúfha kS;s{ uy;au uy;aóka fuu iEu kvqjdrhloSu
fkdñ,fhau bosßm;aù mQ¾K iyh olajk ,o w;r" kvqfõ m%Odk j.lSu fld<U ;reK
lf;da,sl ix.ufha kS;s{ ,laIdka vhia yg mejÍ ;sìks.óg wod, kvqjg fmkSisá Èkhka
my; oelafõ'
2011 j¾Ih ;=, mukla oy jdrhla ó.uqj ufyaia;%d;a Widúfha kvqjdrhkag iyNd.s ùug
fuu kdhlhkag isÿúh.
2011 jif¾ - ckjdß 30" fmnrjdß 27" ud¾;= 30" wfm%a,a 20" cQks 27" wf.daia;= 02"
iema;eïn¾ 24" Tlaf;dan¾ 25" fkdjeïn¾ 27" foieïn¾ 14' ÈkhkayS § o"
2012 j¾IfhaoS h<s;a y;a jdrhla o Widú hdug wr.,hg kdhl;ajh ÿka ëjr kdhlhska
fofokdg isÿúh'
ta wkqj 2012 ckjdß 30" fmnrjdß 22" ud¾;= 29" cQ,s 25" wf.daia;= 21" iema;eïn¾ 27" kvq
jdr j,ska wk;=rej 2012 Tlaf;dan¾ 20 jk Èk" jir 2 g miQj meñKs,af,a idCIs m%udkj;a
fkdue;s nj mjiñka ú;a;slrejkaj ksfodia fldg ksoyia lrk ,§'fuu kvq jdr
fndfydauhlg meñKs,a,g idlaIs oSug isá fmd,sia ks<OdÍka fmkS isáfha ke;'
jeo.;a lreKla jkafka fuu igkska ch.;a l,mq ëjr ck;dj l,mq hoaoS igfka
kdhl;ajh .;a ëjrhska fofofkla mukla ;ksj Widú hduhs.fuysoS;a .re mshjre lsysm
fofkl=;a meúos fidhqßhka lsysm fofkl=;a ifydaor udOH fõoSka lsysm fofkl= iu. YS%
úuqla;sfha ëjr ldka;djka msßila wjia:d .kkdjloSu Widúhg meñK ëjr ifydaor
fom,g iyh m, lsÍuo igyka l, hq;=h.
l<.=K okakd cd;shla jQ wmg wmf.a n;am; fírd oSug kdhl;ajh .ekSu ksid 18
j;djla Widú .sh ifydaorjre mfil isáhoS l,mqj úkdYhg iS maf,aka f.k taug iyh
olajk nj m%ldY l<jqkag Pkaoh oSug ;rïu wmf.a ck;dj, ldka;djka yd msßñka
fomsßiu lD;.=K o;a ck;djla ùu wmg úu;sh okjkakla úh.
[104]
9'2 ó.uq k.r iNd Pkaoh
ó.uq l,mq igk ëjr ck;djg ch.%yKh w;alr foñka yudrúh' l,mq ëjr ck;djf.a
jD;a;sh iñ;shla f.dvke.Sfï jEhu l,mq igfka kshuqjkajQ ksu,a úhdks f.a f,alï
;k;=ßkao fcdaYma mSg¾f.a iNdm;s;ajfhka hq;= jD;a;sh iñ;sh f.dvke.Sula isÿjqjo th
iajdNdúlj urKhg m;aùu isÿúh. jD;a;sh iñ;shg ldka;d odhl;ajh ,nd fkd.ekSug
ilial, jHjia:djo fuhg fya;=jlajQ njg ielhla ke;. ck;dj w;r l,mq igkg
;uka fhduql, m%Odk lreKq ms,snoj ú.%yd;aul ixjdohla fkdue;sju igkaldó ëjr
ck;dj iS iSlv úisÍ .sh w;r" ;u foaYmd,k u;su;dka;r w;r h<s;a isrùu olakg
,eìKs. fï ioyd fya;=jqk ;j;a lreKla jQfha wd.ñl uqyqKqjrlska foaYmd,kh lrk
mqj;am;a u.ska foaYmd,lhskag ,ndÿka ;,a,qjhs.
ir;a boaou,af.dv msh;=udf.a kdhl;ajfhka fi;a;mdvqj lS¢f.dv we;=¿ úúO ia:dk
lsysmhl ixúOdkh l, ëjr ck;d yuq lsysmh;a, YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkh
l=rK, lgqkdhl yd ;,dfyak wdoS m%foaYhkays ldka;d yd ëjr lKavdhï yuqj;a wLKavj
bosßhg f.k hdug Odß;djla fkd;sîuo fuu ck;dj úisrhdug fya;=jqk lreKq úh.
kuq;a fuys jeo.;au lreK jQfha ëjr ck;djg ;ukag lsis÷ ;¾cKhla ñkamiq
fkdue;sj ;u /lshdj lrf.k hdyels njg ;uka ;=, yg.;a úYajdih ksid h<s;a úisÍ
wixúOdkd;aulju cSúldj lrf.k cSj;aùug ëjr ck;dj ;SrKh lsÍuhs.
wk;=rej t,eUqk wjêh jQfha NdKav fnodfoñka ck;djf.a uki wjq,a lrk ;r`.hg
weo ouk m,d;amd,k ue;sjrK iuhhs. fuysoS ó.uqj k.r iNdjg ;r. lrk
wfmalaIlhska w;ßka md,l mx;sfha ksfhdacs;hska ish,a,kau mdfya iS-maf,aka igfkaoS
ck;dj w;yer ;u iajdñhdf.a jHdmD;shg iyh oelajQ msßilau úh.ó.uq l,mq igfkaoS
ck;dj oelajQ igkaldñ;ajh ;=, idïm%odhslj tlai;a cd;sl mlaIhg ysñjk m,d;a
md,k wdh;khla f,i m%p,s;j ;snQ ó.uqj tu mCIhg by,skau i;=úh hq;=úh.^fuh
wmf.a me;=u fkdj fuhg fmr wjia:dj, w;aoelSuhs&
kuq;a ienE f,iu fuu k.r iNdj ch.;af;a iS-maf,aka ó.uq l,mqjg f.fkñka
úkdYhla isÿlsÍug W;aidy l, wdxvq mlaIhuhs.fuh iS-maf,aka igk ;=, u;=jqk
ck;djf.a úfrdaO;djhg isÿjqfka l=ulaoehs wmf.kau m%YaK lr.kakd iy ck;d
m%YaKj,oS wmf.a l%shdud¾.hka fudkjdo hkak f;dard .ekSug fojrla is;d ne,Sug wm
fhduq lrjk wmf.a weia wrjk wjia:djlau úh.
[105]
9.3 ëjr kdhlhkag Ôú; ;¾cK : bkaOk ñ, by, oeóug tfrys ck;d
ke.sàug m%;spdrh
2010 fkdjeïn¾ ui ëjr ck;djf.a iS-maf,aka wr.,h fyj;a l,mq igk ish¿u
md¾Yajhkaf.a iyfhda.h yd odhl;ajfhka id¾:lj ksud lr ch .ekSu ëjr ck;dj ,o
ch.%yKhla nj fuu ,sms fm, lshjk ish,a,kag oeka meyeos,s jkq we;.iS-maf,aka
wr.,hg odhljQ kdhlhska ovhï lsÍu kdhlhka Widú f.khdfuka mukla yudr
lsÍug md,lhkag lsis÷ leue;a;la fkd;sìks. fï ioyd wjia:dj meñfkk ;=re l,a
n,ñka isá md,lhska fï ioyd ;j;a ;SrKd;aul wjia:djla Wmfhda.S lr.;a nj wojk
úg wmg meyeos<s fjñka mj;S'
ëjr ck;djf.a bkaOk ñ,g tfrys Woaf>daIKh
2012 fmnrjdß 11 osk uOHu rd;s%fha isg ,Sgrhla remsh,a 35lska N+ñf;,a ñ, by, oeóu
iq¿ mkak ëjr l¾udka;fha ksr; ëjr ld¾ñlhkag ure myrla úh. thg fya;=j jQfha
remsh,a 71 lg f;,a ñ, mj;soaoS;a uqyqÿ hdu ;jÿrg;a ,dn odhl fkdue;s neúka f;,a
ñ, ioyd hï idOdrKhla bgqlr .ekSug mshjr .;hq;= njg cd;sl ëjr
iyfhda.S;djfha ëjr idudcslhkao cd;sl ëjr lñgq uyd iydj,oS idlÉPd lrñka isá
neúks. fuh ish¿u jevlrk ck;djf.a wd¾Ólhg ure myrla jqj;a ;ukaf.a úfrdaOh
m, lrñka hï jD;a;Sh ls%hd ud¾.hla .ekSug fldkao mk ;snqfka m%jdyK lafIa;%fha nia
ix.ï j,g;a m%udKj;a ixúOdkd;aul njla fkdue;sj jqjo wúêu;a jD;a;Sh
lKavdhulajQ ëjr ck;djg;a muks. f;,a ñ, my; fy,Sug Woaf>daIKh lrk
ëjrhkaf.a yd nia ix.ï j, jevj¾ck ;¾ckh uOHfha" j¾ckfha fojk oskh jk úg
nia ix.ï j, b,a,Sug wjk; fjñka nia .dia;= kexùug wjirh fok ,oS.
oeka yqol,d wr.,fha ksr;jQfha ëjr ck;dj muks. bkaOk ñ, my; fy,Su fjkqjg
bkaOk iykdOdrhla oSug jQ rcfha fmdfrdkaÿj m%;slafIam l, ëjrhska mejiqfõ ;ukag
iykdOdr ms,sn| úYajdihla fkdue;s nj;a ëjrhskag l,ska ñ,gu bkaok ,ndoSug rch
mshjr .;hq;= njhs. ëjr ck;djf.a b,a,Su foaYmd,k b,a,Sula nj;a fuh ëjrhskaf.a
b,a,Sula fkdjk rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkhl ueosy;a ùfuka rch wmyiq;djhg
m;alsÍug .kakd W;aidyhla nj;a m%ldY lrñka ëjrhskaf.a idOdrK b,a,Sï md.d fmdä
mÜgï lsÍug rch mshjr .kakd ,oS.
rcfha fuu widOdrK m%ldYhkag tfrysj osk 10la mqrd mej;s Woaf>daIK jHdmdrhg t,ô
5 jk oskfha tkï fmnrjdß 15 osk rcfha yuqod úiska fjä ;nd y,dj; ßoS je,af,a
wekagks m%kdkaÿ ëjr ifydaorhd urdouk ,o w;r" ;j;a ëjrhska msßila fjä je§ we;'
mh ì£ wín.d;hska njg m;alrk ,os. fuysoS ;u mdohg fjäjeoS wín.d;j ;u ore
mjq, kv;a;= lr.ekSug fkdyelsj wirK jQ y,dj; ßoS je,af,au ;j;a ëjrfhlajQ fÊiq
ußh lsxia,s ;u ifydaor wekagks m%kdkaÿ f;,a igfkaoS urdoud" t<Uqkq yßhgu ;=kaudih
[106]
msfrk oskfha" tkï" 2012 uehs ui 15 osk ;u ksjfia nd,alfha t,a,S ;u osú ydkslr
.kakd ,oS.wirKjQ lsxiA,s ëjr fidhqrdf.a Nd¾hdj wm iu. m%ldY lf,a ;u 15 yeúßos
mq;d wirK jQ ore mjq, kv;a;= lsÍug .kakd m%h;akfhka lsxia,s w;sYh lïmdjg m;aj
isá nj;a orejka yd ;ud ÿla ú¢kq n,d isáh fkdyels neúka lsxia,s osúh yer .sh njhs.
kuq;a fmnrjdß ui ëjr ck;d wr.,hg tfrysj rch iqmqreÿ wdldrfha uv .eiSï yd
fndre m%pdr f.khñka ienE ck;d úfrdaO;djhka hgm;a lsÍug wjYH ish¿ W;aidyhka
ork ,oS.
kuq;a fuu fpdaokdjkag ëjr ck;dj m%;spdr oelajQfha wLKavju wr.,fha ksr; fjñka
uqyqÿ fkdhd ;u hd;%d f.dvìug f.k mdrj,a yria lrñka hd;%d .sKs ;nñka bkaOk ñ,
my; ouk ;=re ;uka wr.,fha ksr;jk nj im: lrñks. kuq;a fuu úfrdaO;djhka
ish,a, ck;djf.A iajhx ke.Sisàulska yd ndysr lsisjl=f.a iyh fyda u.fmkaùulska
f;drj wLKavj osk 10 la mqrd weoS.sh neúka rchg yd n,OdÍkag buy;a wNsfhda.hlau
úh'
úfrdaO;djhg ck;d iyfhda.h yd rchg tfrys fldamh uyd úfrdaO;d jHdmdrhla njg
m;aùug fmr ëjr weu;sjrhd idlÉPd jghlg ëjrhskag wdrdOkd lrk ,oS' ëjr
ck;djf.a b,a,Su b;d meyeos,sj weu;sjrhd yuqfõ bosßm;a lrk ,oS'
“bkaok iykdOdr wmg tmd.l,ska ñ,gu fyda iyk ñ,lg ëjrhdg f;,a ,nd fokak”.
rfÜ we;s TskEu .eg¿jlg ueosy;a ùug Wkkaÿjk kuq;a ;ukag wod,jk lafIa;%j,
u;=jk jD;a;Sh .eg¿ j,g mukla úi÷ï oSug rfÜ ish¿u weu;sjrekag we;s
fkdyelshdj;a ckdêm;s jrhd ueosy;aj ish¿ úi÷ï oSu;a rfÜ j¾:udk idïm%odh neúka
bkaok ñf,a .eg¿ jgo úi÷u ,enqfka ckdêm;s jrhdf.ks.kuq;a ëjrhdg w¿;a hula
,enqfkao ke;.f;,a ñ, fmr ñ,gu ,nd oSula fyda iyk ñ,lg ëjrhdg f;,a ,enqfka
ke;.
,ndÿka bkaOk iykdOdrh mukla ,ndf.k nv.skak" ;ukaf.a foaYfm%auh g hg lrñka
ëjrhska ckdêm;sjrhd iu. idlÉPdfjka ke.sg f.or .shy.
kuq;a ëjr kdhlhskag yd ëjr ixúOdkj,g tfrysj mej;s ëjr weu;sjrhd f.a fldamh
myj f.dia fkd;sìks. bkaok wr.,h bosßfha ëjr ck;dj fmkajQ Yla;sfhka ëjr
weu;sjrhd nrm;, j fldamhg m;aj isá nj meyeos,sh. fuu fldamh ;sj% lrk ;j;a
lreKqjQfha y,dj; ëjrhd f.a >d;khg yd ñf,aÉP myr oSug úfrdaOh mdñka
fmnrjdß 17 osk ó.uqfõ oS mej;s md .uk yd úfrdaO;djh fukau ëjr ixúOdk, isú,a
ixúOdk udkj ysñlï ixúOdk yd tlaj úmlaIfha foaYmd,k mlaI flddaIKh;a ksid;ah. flddaIKhg rcfha yuqod yd fmd,sish fhdod .ksñka l÷¿ .Eia m%ydrhla o t,a,
lrk ,oS.
[107]
wúksYaÑ; wkd.;h foi oEia fhdud
[108]
kuq;a ck;djf.a úfrdaO;djh uymdf¾ weoS hkúg fuhgu iudka;rj md¾,sfïka;=j
;=,oSo ck;d u¾Okhg tfrys úfrdaO;djh úmlaIfha foaYmd,k mlaI biau;= lrk ,oS.
ëjr weu;sjrhd f.a úhrefõ ienE iajrEmh biau;=jqfka bkaok ñ, by, hdug tfrys
fuu újdofha ms,s;=re l:dfõoSh.
ó.uq iS-maf,aka igkg kdhl;ajh ÿka ëjr jD;a;Sh iñ;sfha iNdm;s wreK frdIdka; yd
cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;djfha leojqïlre y¾uka l=udr bkaok ñ, by, oeóug tfrys
ëjr ck;d Woaf>daIKh osh;a lsÍu miqmi isák lvdlmam,a ldÍka nj;a" y,dj; ëjr
ifydaor wekagks m%kdkaÿ f.a urKhg j.lsj hq;af;a fuu ëjr kdhlhska nj;a"
wekagksf.a urKh tiùu u.ska Tjqkag fvd,¾ ,efnk nj;a md¾,sfïka;= jrm%idohkag
uqjdfjñka ëjr weu;sjrhd md¾,sfïka;=j ;=,oS m%ldY lrk ,oS.
fuys nrm;, lu ;j;a jeä lrñka ëjr weu;s jrhd md¾,sfïka;=fõoS tosku m%ldY
lrkafka ;ukag fuu f;dr;=re ,ndfokafka ldosk,a ue,alï rxcs;a ysñku yd fld<U
moúfha ëjr lghq;= WmdOH f,iag¾ fkdaksia msh;=ud nj;ah. fï fofokdu Tjqka igk
w;yer ouoaoS;a iS-maf,aka wr.,fha ksr;jQ isú,a ixúOdk tlaj fuu igk ch.%yKh
lsÍu ms,snoj yd wmf.a iduQySl kdhl;ajh ms,sn|j i;=gg m;aj fkdisá nj wms oksuq.
thg fya;=j kï iS maf,aka wr.,h ksudù udi follg muk miq cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d
jHdmdrfha le|jqïlref.a cx.u ÿrl:kh wu;d f,iag¾ fkdaksia msh;=ud ;¾ckd;aulj
m%ldY lrkafka ldosk,a ;=ud;a" ;ud;a wmf.a l%shdjka ms,snoj wjOdkfhka isák nj;a
mßiaiï ù isák f,i;ah. îS-maf,aka wr.,fhka udihlg muk miq tjlg
w.ro.=re;=udj ldosk,a moúhg m;al, nj jd¾;dúh&
ta wkqj ëjr weu;sjrhd fuu ;SrKd;aul bkaok wr.,fhaoS ;uka ;=, mej;s fldamh
msgl, nj wmg meyeos,sh.
kuq;a fuu ls%hdj,sfha ;SrKd;aul wjia:djloS ó.uqfõ ixúOdk tlaj wreK frdIdka;"
y¾uka l=udrf.a ìßo we;=¿ msßila f,iag¾ fkdaksia msh;=ud;a fld<U moúfha meá%la
fcdaYma wkqkdhl msh;=ud;a, ó.uqj osidfõ osidkdhl" l%siafgdam¾ cq,shia msh;=ud;a iu.
l, ;SrKd;aul idlÉPdjloS m%ldY lrk ,oafoa ldosk,a ;=ud fyda f,iag¾ fkdaksia
msh;=ud ëjr weu;sjrhdg fujeks m%ldYhla fkdlr we;s nj;a fï .ek meyeos,s lrk
m%ldYhla lf;da,sl iNdfõ ks, mqj;am; u.ska lsÍug mshjr .kakd nj;ah.
kuq;a wo olajdu fï meyeos,s lsÍfï m%ldYh lf;da,sl iNdfõ ks,mqj;a mf;a m, lr
;snqfka ke;.thska wm jgyd.; hq;af;a l=ulao? ldosk,a ;=ud iy ëjr WmdOH msh;=ud
tlaj ëjr kdhlhska ms,sn|j ëjr weu;sjrhdg m%ldY lr we;s ksid mqj;a mf;a meyeos,s
lsÍula lr m%ldYhla m, fkdlrkafkao?w;miqùulska fyda ld¾hh nyq,ùfuka wo olajdu
th bgq lsÍug fkdyelsjQjdo?ke;fyd;a idudkH ck;djg md,lhska ,ndfok fmdfrdkaÿ
fuka mQclhskao fuu fmdfrdkaÿ lvlrk nj Tmamq lsÍulao?
[109]
ëjr jD;a;Sh iñ;sfha iydm;sg yd cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;djfha le|
jqïlreg urKSh ;¾ck
bkaOk igfka ld, iSudfõ wjika wjosfha cd;Hka;r lDIsld¾ñl ixj¾Ok wruqof,a
[IFAD] iuq¿jlg frdauhg f.dia isá ëjr iyfhda.s;djfha le|jqïlre y¾uka l=udr
ms,sn|j ó.uq m%foaYfha lg l:djla m;=rejd yßñka" Tyq ó.uqj m%foaYfha ëjrhska
l=,mamq lrñka foaYmd,k .egqï we;s lr" rg yer f.dia we;s njg m%foaYfha
foaYmd,lhska úiska jerÈ u;hla m%pdrh lrk yßkq ,eîh.
rg f.dia h<s meñfkk oskfha .=jka f;dgqm,gu meñk ;uka meyer .ekSug W;aidy
.kakd udrhkaf.ka .e,ù fíÍ m,dhdug Tyqg yelsfjhs. kuq;a ;j;a wjia:d folloSu
isÿflfrk fuu meyer .ekSï m%h;ak folla u.yrjd .ekSugo Tyq iu;afjhs.
fï .e,ùu ioyd odhljQ ieu lD;fõoS;ajfhka isysm;a lrñkau jD;a;Sh iñ;s iNdm;s
wreK frdIdka;f.a cSú;hg t,a,jk ;¾ck ms,sn|jo igykla ;eìh hq;=uh.wreK
frdIdka; ;u cSú;h fkd;ld ëjr ck;djf.a whs;Ska fjkqfjka t,smsgu wr., lrk
ëjr kdhlfhls. fmd,sish isÿlrk widOdrKhka, ks, lf;da,sl m,a,sfha widOdrKhka
fukau foaYmd,lhkaf.a widOdrKhka fjkqfjka ke.S isàu fya;=fjka ;ukag t,a,jk
;¾ck .ek ie,lSula wreKg ke;.jißka wvlau wreKg Widúfha ria;shdÿ ùug isÿj
we;.
l,mq igfkaoS ;uka yd tlaj fírd .;a l,mqjg iqmqreÿ mßos l,mq ëjrhka /lshdjg
hoaoS mqrd jir follau Widú hdug isÿjkafka wreKf.a kdhl;ajh ksidh.
ëjr jHdmdrhg odhl;ajh olajñka ó.uq l,mqj /l .ekSug oelajQ odhl;ajh fjkqfjka
ëjr kdhlhkag urK ;¾ck yd meyer .ekSï j,g b,lal fjoaoS tu l,mqj wo
ksõyekys,af,a mßyrKhg ó.uq l,mqfõ ëjrhskq;a tu ls%hdj,shg fmruqK .;a l,mq
ëjr kdhlhkq;a fm<eö isá;s. Bg;a wu;rj wo l,mqjg isÿj we;s ydkshg úêu;a
mshjr .ekSug h,s tlaj lghq;= lrkjd ;nd fuu l,mq kdhlhska rcfha ks<OdÍka le|
jk idlÉPdjl fmdÿfõ jdäù l,mqfõ m%YaKhla .ek l:dlsÍug mjd úfrdaOh olaj;s.
fuh rg mqrd jmqrd we;s NGO úfrdaOfhka wkaOù isÿ lrk Bkshd foaYfm%aókaf.a uq.aO yd
wkaO úfrdaOhla ñi wka lsisjla fkdfõ.
wmg lSug we;af;a fjk lsisjla fkdfõ.
“mshdKkS fkdoek lrk jrog Tjqkag iudj fokq uekõ”[Æla 23: 34]muks.
“kuq;a oel oel;a fkdolskakkag yd wi wid;a fkd wikakkag mshdKka jykafiaf.ka
iudjla fkd,efnkq we;.” [udla10: 12]
[110]
9.4 ëjr jD;a;sh iñ;sh f.dvke.Su
2010 Tlaf;dan¾ ui 19 jk Èk ó.uq l,mqj wdrCIdlr .ekSug ó.uqj l<mqj wjg

.ïudk lSmhla ksfhdacKh jk mßÈ m;alr.;a ó.uq l<mqj iq/lSfï ixOdkfha
fufyhùfuka 2010 fkdjeïn¾ ui 17 Èk oejeka; Woaf>daIKh ch.%dySj ksuúh. bka
miqj /iaù tu lñgqj ;SrKh lf,a ó.uqj m%foaYfha mj;sk wksl=;a oefjk m%Yakj,g
ueÈy;a ù m%Yak úiòd.ekSug ish¨ fokdu fmdÿfõ tl;=õh hq;=h hkakhs' úfYaIfhkau
ëjr fkdjk fi!LH .eg¨;a frday, wdY%s; .eg¿;a idlÉPd l, hq;=h hkakhs'
tu ksidu fuu ixúOdkh wLKavj mj;ajdf.k hEu iòyd;a hï m%YaKhla we;sjQúg

thg ueÈy;aù fmkSisàug jD;a;Sh iñ;shla wjYH nj;a fhdackd lrk ,È'
tu ksidu 2011 ckjdß ui 09 Èk l<mq iq/lSfï ixOdkfha ish¿ isú,a ixúOdk tl;=ù
jD;a;Sh iñ;shla msysgjd .kakd ,§' kuq;a iS-maf,aka jHdmD;sh mrdch lsÍug ;u Ôú;
mjd mrÿjg ;nñka lghq;=l, Y%S úuqla;S ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkfha ldka;djkag tu
jD;a;Sh iñ;sh ksfhdackh lsÍug wjia:dj ,ndfkd§ug wksl=;a ëjr jD;a;Sh iñ;sfha
l%shdldÍkaf.a ;¾lh jQfha iñ;sfha idudcsl;ajh ,ndfokafka l,mqfõ /lshdj lrk
jD;a;slhkag mukla njhs'tu ksidu thg úfrdaOh mE ldka;d ksfhdað;hska tu ia:dkfhka
msgj .sfhah'
ldka;djka ksfhdackh fkdfjkafka wehso hkak mshjreka yer fjk lsisfjl=;a tu

wjia:dfõ yvla ke.=fõ ke;'kuq;a wo isÿù we;af;a l=ulao ?ldka;d kdhl;ajh yd
ksfhdackhla we;s fkdùu fya;=j we;=¿j ;j;a lreKq ksid wo jk úg tu jD;a;Sh
ix.uh wl%Sh ;;ajhg m;aùuhs'
kQ;k wr.,hka ;=, ldka;djf.a N+ñldj fukau tys jákdlu ksis mßos y÷kd fkd.ekSu
fya;=fjka Yla;su;a Ndjh .s,syqkq ixúOdk .; ùu Èhdre ;;ajhg weo jegqkq nj wmf.a
ye`.Suhs'
[111]
10 jk mßÉfþoh
wdishd;sl ck;djf.a igka ls%hdldÍ;ajhka iy ck;d ch.%yK
10.1 bkaoSh ëjr wr.,h
bkaoSh ëjr fmruqK yd taldnoaO ëjr fufyhqï j,g tfrys cd;sl taldnoaO
fmruqK osh;al, wr.,fha 1993 iema;eïnr isg wkql%ñl mshjrhka
bkaoSh rcfha .eUqre uqyqfoa kj ëjr m%;sm;a;sh yd tu.ska ëjr ck;djg isÿjk n,mEu
wOHkh lsÍug NFF fyj;a bkaoSh êjr ck;d jD;a;sh iñ;s fmruqK iq¿ mkak yd
hdka;S%l fkdjk hd;%d iy wfkl=;a lafIa;%hkays iuq¿jla ixúOdkh lsÍu.
1993 Tlaf;dan¾
NFF yd iq¿mkak hdka;S%l hd;%d ls%hdlrkakkaf.a ix.uh u.ska bkaoSh w.ue;sjrhdg

ixfoaYhla bosßm;a lrñka .eTqre uqyqfoa ëjr iïm;a fk,Sug taldnoaO ëjr fufyhqï
kñka ,ndfok n,m;a oSï h,s i,ld ne,Sug;a .eTqre uqyqfoa ëjr iïm;a fk,Su ioyd
kS;s Í;s ilid ;sridr f,i ëjr l¾udka;fha fhoSu osß.kajk f,i;a b,a,d isák ,oS'
1994 fmnrjdß
NFF yd ;j;a ixúOdk 31la yd uqyqÿ ëjr l¾udka;fha ksr; m%dka; 9l ëjr jD;a;sh
iñ;s tla oskl ëjr jD;a;Sh ls%hdud¾.hla osh;a lrk ,oS' fmnrjdß ui 4 osk l=vd
hdka;%Sl hd;%d iy iq¿mkak ëjrhska uqyqÿ hdfuka je,lS isák ,os'
fuosk m%Odk ëjr jrdhka yd ud¿ fj<ofmd<go ndOd isÿúh.
1994 cQ,s
hdka;S%l" hdka;S%l fkdjk yd fjk;a ëjr lghq;=j, kshef,k ish¿u ëjr ls%hdldÍka yd
wxY ;u fío w;yer oud taldnoaO ëjr fufyhqïj,g tfrys ëjr ls%hdldÍ cd;sl
fmruqK kñka úYd, igka fmruqKla f.dvkxjk ,oS'
fuu lñgqj u.ska l¿ oskhla kï lrñka úúO fjr,dikak m%foaYhkays úfrdaO;djhka
osh;a lrñka l¿ fldä Tijñka fm,md,s ixúOdkh lrñka úfrdaO;d jHdmdr ls%hd;aul
lrk ,oS'
1994 fkdjeïn¾
fkdjeïn¾ 23 yd 24 foosk ëjr jD;a;slhka jev jrñka ls%hd;aul ùfuka fjr<dikak

m%dka;hkays jev lghq;= uq¿ukskau wvmk úh. weia;fïka;= lrk ,o ixLHd f,aLK wkqj
ñ,shkhlg wêl ëjr msßila jev j¾ckh lr uqyqÿ hdfuka je,lSu;a u;aiH ieliqï
uOHia:dk wdYS%;j yd u;aiH fj<ofmd, wdYS%;j;a úfrdaO;djh olajk ,oS.
[112]
1995 uehs
ëjr kdhl yd taldnoaO ëjr fufyhqï lñgqfõ le|jqïlre f;dauia fldÉfÉß' .=crdá
m%dka;fha msysá uy;aud .dkaê;=ud f.a Wmka ia:dkh bosßmsgoS osk 8la olajd úysÿkq
udrdka;sl Wmjdihla osh;a lrk ,oS. fuu ls%hd ud¾.hg iyh m,lrñka bkaoshdj mqrd
úúO iyfhda.s;d jev igyka osh;a lrk ,oS.
1995 fkdjeïn¾
bkaoshdfõ ish¿u" m%Odk jD;a;Sh iñ;s jk AITUC, BMS, INTUC "NFF tlaj ëjr
ck;djf.a cd;sl iïfï,khla flar,fha fldÑka k.rfha ixúOdkh lrñka 1996 ckjdß
18 osk iuia: bkaoSh ëjr jev j¾ckhla kï lrk ,oS taldnoaO ëjr fmruqK ish¿u
jrdhka wjysr lsÍfï ls%hdud¾.hla ixúOdkh lrk ,oS.
1996 ckjdß
bkaoSh uOHu jD;a;Sh iñ;s yd taldnoaO ëjr fmruqK taldnoaOj ckjdß 18 osk rg mqrd
jHdma;jQ tlaosk id¾:l jevj¾ckhla osh;a lrk ,oS.
1996 wf.daia;=
uqïndhs k.rfhaoS f;dauia fldÉfÉß úiska wLKav udrdka;sl Wmjdihla osh;a lrk
,oS.uOHu rcfha wdydr ieliqï weu;sjrhd uqïndhs k.rhg meñK ëjr kdhlhska iu.
fuu .eg¿jg úi÷ï ms,snoj ixjdo lrk ,oS.
1996 iema;eïn¾
ëjr .eg¿j,g úi÷ï fiùug m;al, uqrdß lñgqfõ ks¾foaYhka bkaoSh uOHu rcfha
leìkÜ weu;sjre ms<s.kakd ,oS.
1997 fmnrjdß
wdydr ieliqï l¾udka; weu;s taldnoaO ëjr fufyhqï n,m;% m%;sm;a;sh h<s ieliSug;a
,ndoSug kshñ;j ;snQ n,m;% ,nd fkdoSug;a oekg ls%hd;aul n,m;% 31 mukla
,ndoSug;a ;SrKh lrk ,oS.
1997 ud¾;=
uqrdß lñgqfõ ks¾foaY ls%hd;aul lsÍu wëlaIKh ioyd taldnoaO ëjr fufyhqï j,g
tfrys cd;sl lñgqj bkaoSh rch u.ska m;alrk ,oS.
[113]
1997 iema;eïn¾
bkaoSh rch u.ska .eUqre uqyqfoa ëjr lghq;=j,g wod,j ls%hdlsÍu ioyd wdydr ieliqï
wud;HdxYfhka bj;alr i;aj md,k wud;HdxYhg mjrdfok ,oS.ish¿u ëjr lghq;=
i;aj md,k wud;HdxYhg mjrdfok ,oS.
taldnoaO ëjr fufyhqï ys 1998 ka miq ;;ajh
uqrdß lñgqfõ ks¾foaY 21ls%hd;aul lsÍu ;ju;a .eg¿ldÍj mj;S taldnoaO ëjr
fufyhqï j,g tfrys ls%hdldÍ lñgqj iu. rcfha ls%hdldÍ;ajho w;aysgqjd we;. bkaoSh
uqyqfoa ta jk úg;a ;j;a úfoaYSh ëjr hd;%d 40la n,m;% iys;j ls%hd;aul úh. fuu
hd;%djkays ls%hdldÍ;ajh cSú; ld,h mqrdjgu ,ndoS we;s nj oekqï fok ,oS. kuq;a bkaoSh
ëjrhskaf.a fufyhqï n,m;% jd¾ISlj w¿;a l, hq;=h. wr.,h wLKavj bosßhg .,d
hhs.
10.2 nx.,dfoaYfha ëjr wr.,h

iq¿mkak ëjr l¾udka;fha ;srir ixj¾Okh ioyd we;s wNsfhda. ks¾foaY iy ch.%yK,
nx.a,dfoaYfha iq¿mkak ëjr l¾udka;fha j;auka wNsfhda. y÷kd .ekSug;a fuu

wNsfhda. ch.ekSug ëjr ck;djf.a ks¾foaYhka f;dard.ekSug;a COAST úiska ëjr
ld¾ñlhka 500 lf.a muk iyNd.s;ajfhka cd;sl uÜgfï WmfoaYK iNdjla ixúOdkh
lrk ,oS.
y÷kd.;a wNsfhda. yd tajdg wod, ks¾foaYhka my; mßosh.
kS;us h ms,s.ekSu ms,sno .eg¿

y÷kd.;a m%Odku .eg¿jla jQfha iq¿mkak ëjr ld¾ñlhkaj yd ëjr l¾udka;fha ksr;
ëjr lïlrejkaj rfÜ ëjr l¾udka;hg wod, kS;suhj fyda ëjr l¾udka;hg wod,
m%;sm;a;Ska ;=, ms,s.ekSula fkdue;sùuhs. fuh ñßosh yd lrosh wxY folgu tlfia
wod,h. rfÜ ish¿u m%;sm;a;s yd kS;Ska ;=, ëjrhd iq¿mkak ëjrhd fyda ëjr lïlrejd
ms,snoj ioykla ke;. i;H jYfhkau ienE iq¿mkak ëjrhd lõoehs y÷kd .ekSug
hdka;%Khla osh;a lsÍug kshñ;j we;. fï fya;=j ksid ëjr l¾udka;h kñka iemfhk
yd ,nd.; hq;=j we;s m%;s,dN yd fiajdjka ,nd .ekSug fyda Wÿrd .ekSug fjk;a
wxYhka ls%hd;aulfõ.
WodyrKhla f,i ëjrhska ioyd we;s iuyr Kh jHdmD;s ëjr iuqmldr j,g ksl=;a
lrk w;r fuu Kh myiqlï ,nd.kafka n,j;a yd n,mEï l, yels jHdmdßl m%cdjhs.
wdka;Sl ëjr m%cdjf.a kñka fuu Kh ,nd .ekSug jHdmdßlhska fm<öfuka idudkH ëjr
m%cdj ;j ;j;a fldkaùug ,lafõ.
fujeks ;j;a myiqlï ëjrhd kñka we;;a fï ish,a, ëjrhdf.ka Wÿrd .kafka fjk;a
mqoa.,hka ùug fya;=j fudjqka fuf;la y÷kdf.k fkd;sîu;a yd ,shdmosxÑhla
fkdue;sùu;a ksidh. fï fya;=j ksidu by; WmfoaYK iNdfõoS ëjr ld¾ñlhkag mqoa.,
[114]
ye÷kqï m;% ,ndoSfï wjYH;djh wjOdrKh lrk ,oS. fï ksid iq¿mkak ëjr
ld¾ñlhkaf.ka fuu lreKg wod,j úYd, iyfhda.hla ,eìks. tfiau fuys ;j;a
ks¾foaYhla jQfha ish¿u ëjr hd;%d ,shdmosxÑ lsÍu u.ska ëjrhska lSfofkl= ëjr
l¾udka;fha kshef,ao hkak;a hd;%d w¿;a jeähdjg yd w¿;ska hd;%d ksmoùug;a fldmuk
uqo,la úêu;aj ëjr ld¾ñl mjq,aj,g ,ndÿkafkao hkak;a fuu.ska iy;sl úh yelsh.
l<ukdlrK .eg¿
ëjr lghq;= flfrys n,md we;s ;j;a .eg¿jla jkqfha ixlS¾K l<ukdlrKfha
.eg¿jhs. iuyr úg oaú;aj l,ukdlrKhla olakg ,efnk w;r iuyr úgl tlsfkl
w;smsys; ùulao olakg ,efí. ëjr lghq;= ixj¾Okh i|ydjk l,ukdlrK frcSuh yd
md,kfha ls%hdj,sh ioyd rdcH wdh;k .Kkdjla olakg ,efí. kuq;a m%Odk ld¾hh
w;am;a lrf.k we;af;a ëjr fomd¾;fïka;=j jk w;r md,kh ysñj we;af;a ëjr yd
i;aj md,k wud;HdxYhghs. rfÜ ëjr ck;djf.a os<s÷ lu wvqlsÍu ioyd;a /lshd
W;amdokh ioyd;a rfÜ ëjr iïm;a ys i;aj md,k lghq;= ioyd;a j.lSu orkafka ëjr
fomd¾;fïka;=jhs' kuq;a c,c mßir moaO;Skays wdodhï Wmhd .ekSu mßmd,k yd
l,uKdlrK lghq;= Ndrj we;af;a bvï wud;HdxYhghs. c, iïm;a wud;HdxYh"
jdßud¾. yd c,mßjyk lghq;= m%j¾Ok lghq;= j,g wod, jHdmD;s myiqlï imhhs.
fuys m%;sM,hla f,i rfÜ ls%hd;aul úúO wdh;k c, iïm; l<ukdlrKhg wod,
lghq;= oaú;aj md,khg ,lalrhs.
rfÜ uiqka we,a,Sfï l¾udka;h ck;djf.a Wreuhls.fuu.ska ;u cSjk ud¾.h ëjr
l¾udka;h mukla jk os<s÷ ëjr ck;djg ie,lsh hq;= /lshd m%udKhlao ckkh lrhs .
1950 ëjr mk;g wkql+,j ixrlaIKh yd wdrlaIdj i|yd ls%hd fkdlsÍfuka iy fjk;a
wdpdr O¾uhkag wkql+,j ls%hd fkdlsÍu ksid ëjr iïm;a wjidkfha iQrd lEug ,laùu
fukau fmdÿ iïm;ays isÿj we;s úkdYhgo ,lafõ.
lrosh ëjr l¾udka;hg wod,j isÿlrk ld¾ñllrKhjQ fg%da,¾ ëjr l¾udka;fhaoS óg¾
40g jeä .eUqf¾ ëjr l¾udka;h hï ÿrlg md,kh lsÍug ëjr fomd¾;fïka;=fõ
lrosh wxYhg yelsj we;. kuq;a hdka;S%llrKhjQ jdKscuh hd;%d iy idïm%odhsl
hdka;S%lrKhjQ hd;%d md,kh ÿIalrù we;. thg fya;= jkqfha ixLHd;aulj úYd,ùu;a
tajd ls%hd;aul jk m%foaYhkays jHdma;sho úYd,ùuhs. h:d¾:h jkafka fuu ëjr hd;%d
mj;sk lsis÷ ëjr l<ukdlrK kS;shla wkq.ukh fkdlsÍuhs. tfia kuq;a ish¿u uqyqÿ
ëjr hd;%d 1983 nx.a,dfoaYa fj<o keõ wd{d mk; hgf;a uqyqÿ hd;%d kS;s .rel j ëjr
lghq;=j, ksr;ùug fyda uqyqfoa Odjkh lsÍu ioyd uqyqÿ fj<o ld¾hd,fha ,shdmosxÑ
iy;slhla ,nd.; hq;=h.
kuq;a ëjr hd;%d i|yd n,m;% ,ndoSu ëjr fomd¾;fïka;=fõ uqyqÿ wxYfha ld¾hm:hg
wh;ah. ëjr wd{dmkf;a 13 j.ka;shg wkqj fuu n,m;%j, j,x.=;djh mj;skqfha hï
ksYaÑ; u;aiH úfYaI i|yd;a ëjr wdïmkak j¾. fyda l%u fõohka ioyd;a fyda ksYaÑ;
m%foaYhlg wod,jk f,i n,m;%fha ioykajk mßosh.
[115]
ëjr fomd¾;fïka;=fõ 1983 uqyqÿ ëjr wd{dmkf;a uqyqÿ ëjr wxYfha fjr< m%foaY
wdYS%; m%;smdokhkag wod,j wod, wxYhkag n,m;% ksl=;a lsÍug n,;, mj;S . kuq;a
oaú;aj l<ukdlrK n,hla iys;j wdh;k .kkdjlska ëjr hd;%d iy ëjr lghq;=
mßmd,kh lsÍfïoS kS;s úfrdaë ëjr lghq;= md,kh lsÍu ÿIalr j we;. j;auka
nx.a,dfoaYfha uqyqÿ ëjr wd{dmk; u.ska iq¿mkak ëjr lghq;= uqyqfoa .eUqr óg¾ 40
olajd iSudlr we;s kuq;a fuh ks;ru uyd mßudK ld¾ñl fg%da,¾ hd;%d u.ska W,a,x>kh
lrkq ,nhs. j;auka ëjr mkf;a wvx.= lreKq yd fr.=,dis ms,snoj ëjr ck;djf.a oekqu
yd wjfndaOh iSñ; neúka thg wkql+,j ls%hd;aul ùuo ÿ¾j,h' kS;sh ls%hd;aul lsÍu
ioyd jk ks<OdÍ ixLHdjo iSñ; neúka kS;sh n,d;aul lsÍuo iSñ;h.
nx.a,dfoaYh ksoyia rdcHhla njg m;aùfuka miq my; ioyka lreKqo we;=,;aj újD;
ëjr iïm;a l,ukdlrKh oshqKq lsÍu ioyd úúO wdldrfha ls%hdud¾. .kakd ,oS.
^wyquâ we;=¿ wh 1997&
 c,c iïm;a ,shdmosxÑ ëjr iuQmldr iï;sj,g nÿoSu iSudlrk ,oS' ^1997&
 c,c iïm;a ys m%j¾Okh fyda iïm;a ixrlaIKh ioyd wdfhdackh lsÍfï

yelshdj we;s mqo.
a ,hska fyda ixúOdk iu. nÿoSu ioyd iDcq ixjdohka osh;a lsÍu'
^1980&
 nÿ mjrdoSu fyda wdodhï tl;= lsÍu ioyd jk n,;, ëjr yd mY= iïm;a
wud;HdxYhg iy ëjr fomd¾;fïka;=jg mjrdoSu' ^1980&
 l=vd mßudK c,c iïm;a ys ^fylaghd¾ 1-8&wdodhï tl;= lsÍu yd nÿ mejÍï

n,;, Wmais,d j,g mejÍu' ^1904&
kuq;a fuu lsisu l,ukdlrK hdka;%Khla Yla;su;a wdh;ksl mokula u.ska ;sridr
újD; c, yd c,c iïm;a moaO;Ska l,ukdlrKhla ioyd fyda m%;s,dNSkaf.a iyNd.s;ajh
Yla;su;a lsÍula olakg ke;.
10.3 mlsia:dk ëjr wr.,h

yuqoduh fkdjk Ng msßia u.ska kS;s úfrdaëj bvï w;am;a lr .ekSï
rdcH yuqod u.ska lrk bvï fld,a,hg m%;sfrdaOh: mlsia:dkfha id¾:l wr.,hka
ëjr c,c iïm; ft;sydislju lsis÷ úêu;a rdcH fr.=,dishlg hg;aj ke;' kuq;a rch
iajdNdúl iïm;a md,kh oeälsÍu ;=, ëjr yd c,c iïm;ao ,shd mosxÑ lrk
n,m;%, ndoSfï l%ufõohlg hg;a lrk ,oS. os`.= ld,hla .;jk ;=reu ,hsika n,m;%h
iòyd whl, uqo, idudkH ëjr ck;djg oeßh yels uqo,la úh. kuq;a wk;=rej t<ô
ld,iSudj ;=, rcfha .scqnj ksidu fldka;%d;a l%uhla y÷kajd fok ,oS. fuu.ska c,c
iïm;a m%dfoaYSh taldêldßhla ;=, fjkafoais lsÍu wdrïN lrk ,oS. id¾:l jQ msßi
jdKscuh wjYH;d ksfhdackh lrk ,o w;r ck;djf.a wjYH;d jka fkdi,ld
yßk ,oS. wixúOdkd;aul ëjr ck;dj taldêldßhla i;=jQ fldka;%d;a lrejkaf.a
iQrdlEfï b,lalhg yiqúh. ks<OdÍka uyd mßudK l¾udka;hka ioyd újD;ùu ;=,
[116]
foaYmd,kslj n,j;a fldka;%d;a lrejkaf.a .%yKhg yiqùfuka ëjr ck;dj
wkdrlaIs; ;;ajhg m;aúh.fuys m%;sM,h jQfha ëjrhdf.a wdodhï ud¾. ì| jeà b;du;a
oreKq iQrdlEfï hdka;%Khlg ëjrhd yiqùuhs.
iuyrla c,c iïm;a cd;Hka;r udhsug b;d iómj msysáfhah. fuu jd;djrKh ksid
wdrlaIl yuqodj, wjOdkhg fuu m%foaY ,lajQ w;r" iuyrla ksYaÑ; m%foaY ks, fkdjk
yuqoduh lKavdhï fyj;a f¾kac¾ia jrekaf.a md,khg 1977 isg k;=úh.fuu ks, fkdjk
yuqodjkag c,c iïm;a ys wêldÍ n,h mjrdfok ,oS. fuu m%foaYhkag Yl+¾ c,c
m%foaYh wâvd Ldka" Yhsldks .dÍ" isï kq,a,d wh;aúh. l,la .;jk úg fuu c,c
moaO;Ska muKla fkdj fjk;a c, m%foaYhkao wdl%uKh lrñka ;ukaf.a n,h whq;= f,i
Ndú;d lsÍug f¾kac¾ia jre fm<fUk ,oS. fuys b;d meyeos,s WodyrKh jkafka
cd;Hka;r iSudfjka ie;mqï .Kkdjla ÿßka msysá näka osia;%slalfha c, ;Srho fudjqkaf.a
md,khg k;=lr .ekSuhs. fuu w;am;a lr.ekSu fndfydaÿrgu lsis÷ uqo,la jeh fkdlru
isÿlrk ,o w;r Wm fldka;%d;a lrejka f¾kac¾ia jrekag f.ùula l,o rchg lsis÷
wdodhula fkd,eìks.fuhg wu;rj isÿl, iQrdlEu jQfha kS;s úfrdaëj isÿl, u;aiH
wiajekak Wÿrd .ekSu;a ëjrhkag YdÍßlj isÿlrk widOdrKhkao úh.
iyh b,a,d wLKavju isÿlrk ,o b,a,Sï j,g m%;spdr f,i jir 2000 oS mlsia:dka ëjr
fmruqK ëjr m%cdj iu. tlaj ck;djf.a iduQySl wr.,hka osh;alrk ,oS. fuu
widOdrKhkag tfrysj osh;a l, wr.,hkays fmruqK .ekSug ëjr ldka;djkao tä;r
úh.ksrka;r udOH iyh u.ska foaYmd,k mlaIhkays uyck ksfhdacs;hkaf.a iyh
,nd.ekSugo yelsúh. fuu jHdmdrh ioyd úúO isú,a iudc jHdmdrhkays iyh
oskd.ekSug yelsùu ;=, yuqodjka u.ska isÿlrk widOdrKhkag tfrys uyck u;h
m%N, f,i by, ;,hl rojd .ksñka fuu yuqodjkays jdKscuh wjYH;djhka ms,sno
oelajQ n,f,daNS;ajhg tfrysj ls%hd;aul ùug iudcSh fm<Uùu isÿlrk ,oS.
wdrlaIl fya;+ka fhdod .ksñka uyck;djg isÿ lrk widOdrKhka ms,sn|j cd;Hka;r
u;hla f.dvk.ñka cd;Hka;r iyfhda.S;djh oskd.ekSu ;=,ska rch wmyiq;djhg
,lalsÍugo yelsúh. yuqod le/,a, u.skao wm wfmalaId fkdl, hym;a m%;sM,
wr.,hg ,`.dlr fok ,oS. 2004 jk úg fuu m%foaYfha ls%hd;auljQ ks< fkdjk yuqodjka
rfÜ fjk;a m%foaYj, ia:dk .;lrk ,oS. rg ueo c,c moaO;Skays ks< n,h ysñjQ iskaê
m%dka; rch m%cd ëjr whs;Skag ks, ms,s.ekSula ,nd oSu ksid ;jÿrg;a wdrlaIdj ,nd
fok ,oS. b;d jeo.;a ld¾hh jkafka ldka;djka fuu wr.,fha m%N, ld¾hNdrhla
bgqlrk .re;ajhlska hq;a msßila f,i ms,s.ekSug ,la ùuhs.
wNsfhda.hka wLKavju mj;S

wdhqO ikakoaO lKavdhï w;S;fha ;ukag ck;djf.ka mej;s wNsfhda.hka ksid ck;djg
yd ls%hdOrhkag mdvï b.ekaùug bosßfhaoS ls%hd lsÍug yelsùu m%Odk wNsfhda.hls . tfiau
rcho ëjr ck;djg fmdfrdkaÿjQ mßos fldka;%d;a l%uh wfydais lrñka ëjrhdg iaÓr
wdrlaIdj i,idoSu ioyd wjYH kS;suh miqìu ieliSug mshjr .;hq;=h. fï i|yd ir,
yd oeßh yels ñ,g n,m;% ,ndoSu rch isÿl, hq;=h.
[117]
fuu w;aoelSu u.ska PFF ys ldkaa;d idudcsl;ajh j¾Okhg fya;=úh yelso@ rch u.ska
os`.=ld,Skj isÿlrk fujeks wys;lr ;;ajhka ch.ekSu ioyd ,nd osh yels
odhl;ajhla ;sfío@ fuu w;aoelSu u.ska f,dal ëjr ck;d iïfï,kfha wksl=;a
rgj,g ,nd.; yels w;aoelSu l=ulao@
mlsia:dk ëjr wr.,fhka bf.k.;a mdvï
1. ëjr kdhlhska f.a foaYmd,k neoSï ksid ck;dj icSùlrKh ;=,ska wr.,hg
odhl lr.ekSug wys;lrf,i n,mdk ,oS.
2. kdhlhska ls%hdldÍj idudcslhka iu. .ejiSu yd ls%hdlsÍu u.ska ;u ls%hdldÍka

Yla;su;a lsÍug yelsùu.
3. ksis wjia:dfõoS udOHhka yd foaYmd,k mlaI fhdod .ekSu.
4. iEu ls%hdldÍ;ajhloSu ldka;d iyNd.s;ajh yd odhl;ajh osß.kajk iq¿ yd jvd;a
M,odhl nj.
5. ilik b,lal ch.ekSu ioyd mrÿ Ndrlrejka w;r ixOdk f.dvke.Su yd
cd,.;ùu w;HdjYH lreKls.
6. ixúOdkh wLKavj mj;ajd .ekSu ioyd m%cd ls%hdldÍka w;r ksrka;r idlÉPd
wka;¾ l%shdldÍ;ajhka meje;aùu jeo.;ajkq we;.
7. udOH ls%hdldÍ;ajhka yd ueosy;aùï u.ska wr.,fha jeo.;a wjia:djka biau;=
lsÍug;a ls%hdldÍ;ajhka Yla;su;a lsÍug;a WmldÍ jkq we;.
[118]
11 jk mßÉfÊoh
ixpdrl l¾udka;fha f.da,Sh m%jk;djhka yd m%cd uQ,sl ixpdrl

l¾udka;hla i|yd fhduq ùfï wjYH;djh
ck;dj" ck;dj w;r in|;djhka f.dvke.Su( m%cd ixpdrl l¾udka;hla

ioyd jk fhdackdj,shla
uu ixj¾Ok ksfhdacs; wdh;khl ls%hdldßlfhla f,i ol=Kq wdishdfõ fukau
.sKsfldK os. wdishdfõ nyq,ju pdßld lr we;af;ñ. fuu pdßld j,oS uf.a w;aoelSu
jQfha fuu rgj, ckhd ;ukaf.a cSj;aùu ioyd .kakd w;suy;a W;aidyhka yd wr.,hka
fukau úúO wdldrfha cSj;aùu i|yd ck;djf.a Wiia l%shdldrs;ajhka ;=<ska ,o w;aoelSï
ksid buy;a m%;s,dN ,nd .ekSug yelsùuhs. j;auka f,dal foaYmd,k yd iudc
jgdmsgdj ;=, f,dal .ïudkfha ck;dj ;uka w;r in|;d mj;ajd .ekSu h:d¾:hla jk
w;ru fndfyda wdh;k fuu ino;d u.ska jvd;a idOdrK yd iudkd;au;djfhka hq;=
f,djla ms,sno y÷kd.ksñka thg jvd;a WmldÍo fõ. fuu.ska ixpdrl l¾udka;fha
oshqKqj ioyd l=uk wdldrfha n,mEula we;s lrhso?
fuysoS ug miq.sh jir 6l ld, iSudfõoS ó.uq l,mqfõ isÿl, fndaÜgq pdßld meyeos,sj
isyshg k.d.; yelsh. fuu ld, iSudfõ§ uu uf.a YS% ,xldfõ ixj¾Ok
WmfoaYd;aul ;k;=f¾ wjidk ld, iSudjg t,U isáfhñ. uf.a tla W;aidyhla jQfha
foaYSh ixj¾Ok ixúOdk i|yd ;u ixj¾Ok lghq;= ;srirj mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH
uq,H m%;smdok ndysr cd;Hka;r ixúOdk yd iyldr wdh;k j,ska iajdëkj imhd
.ksñkau ck;djg j.lSula iys; ls%hdldrs;ajhlg fhduq ùug Tjqkag u. fmkaùuhs.
l,mqj fukau fjr< ;Srh mqrdo fydag,a f.dvke.Sfuka ;ukaf.a cSjk ud¾. j,g isÿj
we;s w;súYd, úkdYh yd wkd.;fhaoS fuu úkdYh ksid ;u l,mqjg isÿjk ydksh
ms,sn| idOdrK ìh ëjr ck;dj fuu .ufkaoS udyg fmkajd fok ,oS. ixpdrl jHdmdrh
u.ska isÿúh yels wys;lr n,mEu ms,n
s o idOdrK ìhla Tjqka ;=, úh.
oskla idïm%odhsl biaika Trejl isg ysre nei hdu ksÍlaIKh l, yelsúh. fuu
wjia:dfõoS ud oel we;s ysre nei hdïj,g jvd w;sYh pu;aldr ckl o¾YKfhka
l=,au;ajQ ud biaika ìug Trej meohk ëjr ld¾ñlhdf.ka úuid isáfha zzud ÿgq fuu
pu;aldrfha w;aoelSu yd ëjr l¾udka;fha ls%hdldrs;ajh wksl=;a ixpdrlhkag fmkaùug
Wkkaÿ fkdjkafka ukao hkakhs. “fuh u.ska idudkH ëjr ck;djg wdodhï ud¾.hla
,nd.; yelshdj fukau uyd mßudK ixpdrl jHdmdrhka i|yd isÿ lrk boslsÍï ksid
ëjrhdf.a cSjk ud¾.j,g isÿlrk ydksh ms,sn|j;a ckcSú;hg isÿlrk n,mEu;a jgyd
oSug w;sYh jeo.;a wjia:djla f,i fuh Ndú;d l, yels”nj myod ÿksñ.
[119]
wo oskjk úg meh 24 mqrdu m%jD;a;s u.ska yd f,dj mqrdu oejeka; mßudKfhka isÿlrk
ixpdrhka ksid f,dj wo b;du;a l=vd ù we;. f,dj mqrdu ÿmam;=ka yd fmdfydi;=ka we;s
kuq;a W;=r yd ol=K f,i th kS¾Kkh lsÍu w;sYh ÿIalrù we;. jvd;a Okj;=kag
;ju;a ÿmam;a rgj, ixpdrh lsÍug yelsù we;;a fuu rgj, we;s h:d¾:hka jgyd
.ekSug ;ju;a fkdyelsù we;.fuh oejeka; yd uyd mßudK ixpdrl l¾udka;fha
ixj¾Okh ;=, wo w;aolsk .eg¿jhs.
m%cdj uq,alr.;a [ck;dj w;r isÿlrk] ixpdrl l¾udka;hlska fuhg wNsfhda. l,

yelsh.fuh úúO wdldrfha ls%hdud¾. u.ska Okj;a wd¾Ólhka yg w;aoelSug ie,ish
yels w;r os<s÷ wjixj¾ê; rgj,a j, wd¾Ól ;;ajhka ms,sno .eUqre yd mq¿,a
wjfndaOhla ,ndoSugo yelsh.
.DydYS%; kej;=ï fïjk úg w;sYh nyq,j isÿflf¾. fuu.ska ;u ksjdihka ys kjd;eka

oSu u.ska ;u cSú; yd ;u ixialD;Ska w;r we;s oshqKq yd Wiia ,laIK jgyd .ekSugo
bvosh yelsh. tfukau úúO wkqudkhka yd wúYajdihka fõ kï wNsfhda.hg ,lal, yels
w;r úúO uydoaùm yryd in|;d j¾Okhgo bvi,ihss.
fuu.ska ixpdrlhd ;u kjd;ek, wdydr yd ixpdrhg lrk wdfhdackhg m,odhl;ajhla

fukau m%cdjf.a w;aoelSu yd ixpdrlhska f.a weiqr u.ska ,nd.kakd iDcq m%;s,dN rdYshla
we;.
kuq;a fuu m%;s,dNhka wd¾Óluh m%;s,dNhka fndfyda ÿrla blaujd hhs. ixpdrlhska g
;uka meñfkk rg ms,n s oj oekqu yd w;aoelSu iys; ck;djf.au weiska oel n,d
.ekSug yelsh' ie`.jqkq ueKsla jka jákd udkj iïm;a y÷kd .; yelsh. WodyrKhla
f,i f.oru Whk wdydr fõ,l ri ne,sh yelsh . idudkH jgdmsgdjl msysgk mkai,"
m,a,sh" uqia,sï foajia:dkh ms,sn|j fukau weoys,s wdosh ms,sn|j jgyd .; yelsh.
fïjdfha ienE ;;ajh ndysr mqoa.,hkag jgyd .ekSug ke;fyd;a wjldY ke;. WoEik
fj<|fmd,g fyda yjia jrejl mdr fomi isák ckhd iu. fudfyd;la l=¿m.j
l:dlsÍfuka ck;djf.a is;=ï me;=ï yd Tjqka ms,sn| wjfndaOh j¾Okh lr.ekSug
buy;aj WmldÍfõ.
ieneúkau fuu w;aoelSuo iu. ysre t,sfhka .ejiS.;a fmd,a w;=fijk iys; fjr<
;Srfha .;l, osk 14l ld, iSudfõ fyda ;re 5 l fydag,a ldurfha yd ixpdrlhska ioyd
ieliqkq fmdl=fka .;l, úfkdaod;aul ld,h iu.ska jk u;lh iu. ishrg meñKsh
yelsh. kuq;a fuh ks;ru isÿ lrkqfha idïm%odhsl ëjrhd f.a cSú;fhka f.jk ñf,ka yd
Tjqkaf.a cSjk ud¾.h i,ik fjr< ;Srh yd tajgd msysgk ksjdihkays ixpdrl
l¾udka;h i|yd isÿlrk kQ;k boslsÍï u.sk's idïm%odhsl m%cdjf.a ixialD;sh
fndfydaúg ixpdrl l¾udka;hg wod,j ixpdrl ksfhdacs;dh;k hkays wjYH;d yd
b,a,Sï u.ska idïm%odhsl ixialD;Ska h<s mk.ekaúh yelsh.nd,s mqrjrfha je,,qkq
[120]
ixialD;sh fufia leurd ldphka u.ska h<s tys kùk;ajh ;=, mqk¾ckkh l, wjia:djla
fia yeòskaúh yelsh.
kuq;a jvd;a .eUqrg wOHhkh lsÍfuka jgyd .; yels lreKla jkafka i;a;lskau fuu
ck;dj w;r isÿlrk ixpdrl l¾udka;h ;=,o oejeka; .eg¿ iy.; ;;ajhka we;s
njhs. NdIdj i;H jYfhkau fnoSï j,g fya;=jkq we;;a fuh wm is;kjdg jvd
fndfydaÿrg wvq .eg¿ldrs;ajhla iys; úi|d .;hq;= .eg¿jls.
i;a;lskau ixpdrlhskag kjd;eka fok ksjeishdf.ka uQ,sl jpk lsysmhla fyda bf.k
.ekSu w;sYh M,odhl fukau" ixpdrlhskaj ixialD;sl oekqu wjfndaOh we;=¿ úúO
ud¾.j,ska ;u ;ud jvd;a fmdfydi;a lr.kakd ld¾hhls' tfiau" ixpdrlhska g
kjd;eka fok ksjeishdgo úfoaYSh NdIdjla oek.ekSu u.ska fukau úfoaYslhkaf.a
yelshdjka oek.ekSu u.ska m%;s,dN w;am;a lr.; yelsh.fndfydaúg ud y÷kd.;a tla
ÿIalr;djhla jQfha foaYSh NdIdfõ jpk Ndú;d lsÍuhs.
;ud kjd;eka .;a f.or ksjeishdf.a ixj¾Okh ioyd m%;smdok ,ndoSug ixpdrlhd
fm,öu hï .eg¿ldrs;ajhka fyda wk;=reodhl;ajhka u;= lsÍug fya;= jkq we;s neúka
fujeks lghq;= ioyd osß .ekaùug wfmalaId fkdlrhs. ksjdi wdYS%; ixpdrl osúh wdOdr
ioyd úl,amhla f,i fkdj foaYSh m%cdjf.a wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd ienE iyhla f,i
isÿl, hq;=h.
mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;h, wOHdmKsl ixpdrl l¾udka;h, m%cd uQ,sl ixpdrl

l¾udka;h hk ish¿ wxYhka wojk úg j¾Okh fjñka mj;sk w;r fï ish,a, u.ska
ck;dj yd rg .ek wOHhkh i|yd úYd, bvla i,ik w;ru foaYSh m%cdjf.a
ixj¾Okh yd ixialD;shgo .relsÍula isÿlrhs. wms ks;ru ixialD;slj úkdYldÍ
wdl,amhkaf.ka yd yeisÍï j,ska je,lSug fhduqúh hq;= w;ru fuh fndfyda úg uyd
mßudK ixpdrl lafIa;%fhaoS úYd, jYfhka hgm;a lrouhs. fuu ixpdrlhska ioyd
ksjdi wdYS%; ixpdrl l¾udka;fha kshe,Sfï ls%hdj,shla u.ska úúO ixialD;Skag foaYSh
ls%hdldrs;ajhkag fukau yeisÍï rgdjkag .re lsÍug;a WmldÍfõ.
[121]
12 jk mßÉfþoh
ck;djf.a ch.%yKfhka bosßhg
ó.uq l,mqfõ jeo.;a lï yd m%fhdackhka rdYShla mj;sk w;r" wd¾Ól jákdlï

w;ßka m%uqL ;ek ysñjkqfha biaika wdYs%; ëjr l¾udka;hgh' l,mqfõ wdodhï w;r
jeäu jd¾Isl wdodhula ,nd fokqfha biaikaf.a wiajekak u.sks' fuu biaikaf.a fndaùug
yd j¾Okhg jeo.;au idOl jkafka" l,mqj wjg we;s j.=re ìï" lfvd,a Ydl yd tajdfha
fmdaIl fldgia" uqyqÿ ;DK ^mdis j¾.& yd ndOdjlska f;drj isÿ jk jvosh ndosh
l%shdj,shhs'
 l,mqfõ bjqre yd lfvd,dk Ydl u.ska fukau uqyqÿ ;DK u.ska ,ndfok
jdis /ils'
 uiqka fndaùug wjYH fmdaIKh yd /ljrKh ,nd fohs'
 l,mqj wjg we;s bjqre j, lfvd,dk yd uqyqÿ ;DK u.ska fndajk u;aiH
.ykh fya;=fjka ëjrhska 3500lg wêl ixLHdjlg /lshd iïmdokh ùu ;=,
rgg jirlg ñ,shk .Kkska wdodhï ,nd .ekSug yels ùu'
 lfvd,dk Ydl m;% ye,S osrdm;aùu u.ska biaika yd ll=¿jka i|yd b;d fyd|
fmdaIl uOHia:dkhla f,i l%shd;aul ùu'
 lfvd,dk Ydlj, uq,a moaO;sh w;r yd ta wjg m%foaY u;aiHhskag ;u j¾.hd

fnda ùug iq¥iq mßirhla ieliS ;sîu'
 iq<x yd r< ndOlhla f,i l%shd lrñka fjr< Ldokh yd bjqre Ldokh j,lajd
,Su'
 ëjrhskaf.a rej,a wdïmkak j¾K .ekaùug yd uia w;= l¾udka;hg WmldÍ

ùu ;=, mdrïmßl ëjr ld¾ñlhdf.a /lshdjg uy;a rel=,la ,nd oSu'
 jdhqf.da,Sh WKqiqu jeä lrk ldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqj wjfYdaIKh lr

.ksñka mßirh isis,a lsßu yd foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdihkag uqyqK oSug iyhùu'
 frdka uv yd li, lfvd,dk uQ,a u.ska r|jd .ekSu fya;=fjka uy uqyqfoa

fldr,a mr yd uiqka fndajk ia:dk wdrCId ùu'
 mdie,a ÿjd orejkaf.a wOHhkhkago jvd;a jeo.;a jk mßir moaO;shls'
úYd, wiajekakla ,nd fok fuu u;aiH iïm;g fmdaIKh imhk idOlhka y÷kd
.ekSu yd wdrCId lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' fuu idOlhka wdrCId lr .ekSu w;sYh jeo.;a
lreKls'
[122]
tfy;a wo jk úg isÿ jkafka l=ulao hkak ms,sn|j fidhd ne¿fjd;a fmkS hk
fÄoKSh ;;ajh kï" ixj¾Okfha kdufhka yd ixpdrl l¾udka;fha Wkak;sh Wfoid
iqkaor k.r ks¾udKh lsßu ;=, isÿ flfrk k.r w,xlrK lghq;= fya;=fjka ó.uq
l,mqjg yd mßirhg isÿ flfrk úkdYh iq¿mgq tlla fkdjk njhs' tys ;j;a me;slvla
jkqfha ixj¾Okh kdufhka isÿ flfrk wêfõ.S ud¾.h bos lsÍu fya;=fjka lfvd,dk
iïm; uyd mßudKfhka bj;a lsÍuhs' u;aiH wNsckkhg yd u;aiHhsf.a fmdaIKhg
wjYH fmdaIl fldgia m%jdykh lrk" m%jdyk udOHhla jk" jvosh ndosh l%shdj,shgo
úYd, ndodjka t,a, ù ;sîu;ah'
óg wu;rj ixpdrl l¾udka;hg wjYH wdl¾YkSh Ndjh i|yd l,mqj wjg j.=re ìï
yd ¥m;a f.dv lrñka fydag,a bos lsÍu;a ta i|yd jk wksl=;a há;, myiqlï ks¾udKh
lsÍfïoS;a wLKav mdßißh úkdY lrhs'
fuh ó.uq l,mqj u< l,mqjla njg m;a lsßug wjYH l%shdj,shla hhs lSfjd;a ksjerosh'
ukao wo jk úg l,mqfõ u;aiH wiajekak fmr fkdjq whqßka b;d iS.%fhka my; jefgñka
mj;S' ëjrhska mjik wkaoug wo ly fldr,shd l,mqfõ olskakg fkdue;' ñ.uq l,mq
ëjrhdg fyd| wdodhï ud¾.hla jq lfvd,a ll=¿jdo j|fjñka hk njhs' jir 2000§
wdpd¾h chïm;s iurfldakaf.a ióCIKhlska fy,sorõ jQfha" tjlg jd¾Isl wodhu
remsh,a ñ,shk 250 blaujk njhs' tfy;a wo jk úg tu wiajekak" ^jd¾Isl wdodhu&
remsh,a ñ,shk 150 lg;a jvd wvq nj mßir ixrlaIK Ndrfha kj;u ióCIK j,ska
fy,sù we;' fuu fÄokSh ;;ajhg iDcqju n,mj;ajkqfha l,mqj wjg isÿ jk uyd
mdßißl úkdYh yd ¥IKhhs'
 l,mqj j¾;udkfha uqyqKfok ;¾ck fndfydauhls. tajd isÿjkafka

mdßißl kS;s W,a,x>Kh lrñks'
 ó.uq l,mqfõ isÿjk kS;s úfrdaê mßir úkdYldÍ l%shd w;r"
 kS;s úfrdaê whqßka lfvd,dk lemSu yd bjqre f.dv lsÍu'
 kS;s úfrdaê whqßka l,mqj wjg lfvd,dk yd j.=re ìï f.dv lrñka wkjir
f.dvke.s,s bos lsÍu'
 l,mq udhsï lKq bj;a lrñka l,mqj f.dv lr bvï mq¿,a lr .ekSu'
 l,mqj wjg mj;ajdf.k hk i;aj md,kh^W!rka md,kh& úiska yd msg m,d;a
j,ska f.keú;a ¥Il wmøjH ó.uq l,mqjg neyer lsÍu'
 l,mqj wjg osfkka osk ckdlS¾K ùu fya;=fjka Tjqka bj;,k li< úYd,
jYfhka l,mqjg neyer lsÍu'
 l,mqjg hdno l¾udka;Yd,d u.ska yd úúO mqoa.,hka úiska wmøjH yd ridhksl
øjH l,mqjg neyer lsÍu'
 wmøjH yd ridhksl øjH l,mqjg neyer lsÍu fya;=fjka ldjdá jeks ydkslr
l%YafÜIshdjka l,mqj mqrd jHdma; ùu" neyer lrk wmøjHhka j,ska bjqrej, yd
¥m;a wdYs%;j we;s uqyqÿ ;Dk yd mdiS j¾. hg ù úkdY ù hdu'
[123]
 úúO m%foaY j,ska l,mqjg .,d tk we, ud¾. j,g yd l,mqjg ridhksl øjH
uqod yeÍu ksid u;aiHhskaf.a fndaùug ;¾ck u;=ùu yd l,mqj wjg ck;djf.a
fi!LHhg wk;=re odhl ;;ajhka u;=j ;sîu'
 bvï fkdue;s whg bvï ,nd oSu i|yd lfvd,dk jkdka;r úkdY lsÍu'
 nyqÈk hd;%d u.ska oeú f;,a yd wm øjH neyer lsÍu fya;=fjka isÿjk l,mq
¥IKh fya;=fjka u;aiHhska wdydrhg .ekSug fkdyels ùu'
 wm bosßfha we;s wNsfhda.
rgla ;sridr ixj¾Okhla lrd f.k hk rchla wksjd¾hfhkau l, hq;af;a iajdNdúl

iïm;aj, jákdlu y÷kdf.k tajd wdrCId lr.ksñka ;srirj tu iïm;a j,ska
m%fhdack" ck;djg ,nd .ekSug wjYH ksis l,uKdldß;ajhla ks¾udKh lr tajd wkd.;
mrmqrg odhdo lsÍu;ah'
tfy;a wo jk úg rfÜ mj;sk tjka wñ, jákdlï we;s iïm;a úkdY lrkjd mukla
fkdj ta wdYs%;j f.dv ke.S ;sfnk l¾udka;hkao úkdY jk mßos l%shd lrhs' thg fyd|u
WodyrKh ó.uq l,mqjg wo Wodù we;s ;;ajfhka ms,sìUq fõ' ixpdrl l¾udka;fha
Wkak;sh Wfoid" ó.uq l,mq mßirh;a" ta wdY%s;j ks¾udkh ù ;sfnk ëjr l¾udka;h;a
wo úkdY uqLhg weo oud we;'
tfyhska ó.uq l,mqfõ ëjr l¾udka;h yd ta wdY%s; wksl=;a l¾udka;hka u; hemqkq fuu
ck;djf.a ffoksl wodhï osfkka osk lvd jefgk w;r mj;sk WoaOukldß ;;ajh
yuqfõ ;=ka fõ, wdydr imhd.;a ck;dj wo yß fmdaIKhlska f;dr wudrefjka fofõ,
imhd .kakd ;;ajhlg jeà isáhs'
tfy;a m%foaYfha ck;djf.a Pkaofhka n,hg m;a foaYmd,k kdhlhska ls%hd lrkqfha ëjr
l¾udka;fha meje;aug wjYH mdßißl yd iudcSh idOl wdrCId fkdlr" mSvdjg m;aj
isák ck;djf.a m%YaK j,g me,eia;r f,i" úh,s wdydr" i;aj md,khg wjYH i;=ka"
ëjr wdïmkak fnod oSu yd wksl=;a iajhx /lshd i|yd wOdr ,nd oSuhs' ta ;=, ks¾udkh
jkqfha foaYmd,lhd u; hefmk ck msßila ñi" fldkao fl,ska ;ndf.k ;u Ôúldj
Yla;su;aj lrf.k hk f.!rjdkaú; mqrjeisfhla kï fkdfjhs' túg rgla flfia
ixj¾Okh fõúo@
l,mq lñgqj f.dvke.Su yd ck;d ls%hdldß;ajh
ó.uqj l,mqj yd uq;=rdcfj, f;;aìï mßirh ixrlaIKh lr" u;aiH iïm; úêu;a
l<ukdlrKhlg hg;aj ëjrhskag fk,d .ekSug wjia:dj ,nd §u ëjr mßmd,lhskf.a
j. lSuls'
tfy;a wo jk úg isÿjkafka l=ulao hkak rfÜ ck;djg m%fya,sldjls' Tjqka iEu w;lskau
mSvdjg m;a lrjk foaYmd,ksl jgmsgdjla ks¾udkh lr we;. ó.uq l,mqfõ —uia w;=˜
[124]
ëjr l¾udka;hg wjYH lfvd,dk w;a;la lemqfjd;a tu ëjrhdg úreoaOj kS;sh ;oskau
l%shd;aul lrhs. kS;sh ;Èka l%shd;aul lsÍfïwjYH;dj ms<sn| ielhla ke;skuq;a
jHdmdßlhska yd foaYmd,k n,j;=ka úiska wlalr .Kkska lfvd,dk iys; j.=re ìï yd
¥m;a msáka úkdY lr ouk úg" fuu iïm;a wdrCId lsÍug isák n,OdÍkaa kS;sh
l%shd;aul fkdlsÍu wNsfhda.hls'
tneúka fuu ;srirj Ndú;hg;a, l,mqj /l .ekSug wjYH;djhla yd Wkkaÿjla we;s

ëjr ck;dj" ëjr kdhlhska yd isú,a iafjÉPd l%shdOrhska yd isú,a ixúOdk kdhlhskaf.a
tluq;=jlska ó.uq l,mqj yd mßirh wdrCId lr .ekSug wjYH ixúOdkd;aul Yla;sh
f.dv k.d .ekSug wjYHj we;'
fï jk úg ó.uq l,mqj yd wjg mßirh wdrCId lr .ekSug wjYH uq,sl y÷kd .ekSï
yd l%shd ldrlï isÿ lrñka wjYH kS;suh wdjrKhka ,nd .ekSug i|yd l%shd;aul
fjñka isáuq'
[125]
13 mßÉfþoh
l,mq igfka ch.%yKh ms<sn|j igyfka miqjokla
ó.uq l,mq igkg wm wj;S¾K jkqfha YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;d ixúOdkh ëjr
iyfhda.s;djfhaoS fuu wk;=r ms,snoj lreKq u;=l, úghs. fuysoS wms uq,skau weu;=fõ ta
jk úg ëjrhskaj oekqj;a lrñka fuu ls%hdj,sfha fmruqfKau isg kdhl;ajh ÿka f,iag¾
fkdaksia msh;=udjhs. fuysoS msh;=udg l:dl, ëjr iyfhda.s;djfha .S;d ifydaoßhg
msh;=udf.a m%;spdrh jQfha “wmsg ó.uq l,mqj jgdu we;s óiï j, msh;=uka,d yryd
iS-maf,aka .ek ëjrhskaj oekqj;a l, yelshs. fuhska we;s lrk n,mEfuka l,mqfõ
iS-maf,aka m%YaKh ldf.aj;a Woõ ke;sjg wmg úi|kak mq¿jka. tfyu lrkak neß
Wfkd;a w.ro.=re ;=ud yryd ckdêm;s ;=udg oekqï oS,d wms fïl kj;a;kjd. wmsg NGO
j, Woõ wjYH keye.” hkqfjks.
kuq;a wms msh;=udg wmsj ;kslr" ;ksj ls%hdlsÍug bvla fkdÿkafkuq. t;=udf.a kdhl;ajh
hgf;a fuu wr.,h lsÍug ;SrKh lr" yels iEu úgu t;=ud iu. tlafjñka ëjr
ck;dj oekqj;a lsÍug;a wms ieu fokd ls%hdlf,uq. wms úYajdi lf,a lf;da,sl iNdj
fuu wr.,hg kdhl;ajh oSu w;HdjYH yd fhda.Hu ls%hdjla njhs. ^w;S;fha lf;da,sl
iNd kdhlhska úúO wjia:dj, ck;dj w;yer oeuQ nj wms fufyd;lg wu;l lf,uq.&
fï ms<sn|j wm lKavdhu w;r lsis÷ u;fNaohla fkd;sìks.i;H jYfhkau fuu igfka
;SrKd;aul oskh t,fUk fkdjeïn¾ 11 osk;a wm lKavdhu tl`. jkafka f,iag¾ fkdaksia
msh;=udf.a kdhl;ajfhka ckdêm;s;=ud yuqùug hdug wm iQodkï njhs.
mej;s jd;djrKh ;=, igka w;yeß msßia iu. ;jÿrg;a tlaj hdug fkdyelsjQ ksid
ck;djg ;ksj hdug isÿjqk nj igyka l, hq;=uh. kuq;a th leue;af;ka l, fohla kï
fkdfõ. ck;dj wjidk fudfyd; olajdu iNd tfâreka f.a iyh fidhd hkafka tneúks.
w;S;fha oS lf;da,sl iNdj fujka wr.,hkaysoS oelajQ odhl;ajh wu;l fkdlrñkau
hï ;SrKd;aul fudfyd;loS ck;dj yer ouk nj o igyka lr ;nkafka l,mq igk
ksudù ck;dj ch.%yKh l, miq lf;da,sl iNdfõ ks, isxy, mqj;am; fuu
ls%hdldrs;ajhg m%ydrhla t,a, lrñka “kgmq f;dú,hl=;a kE fnf¾ m,qjl=;a keye. ó.uq
l,mqfõ f;dú,a kgmq ck;djdoSka hehs lshk msßia l,amsáh ¥m;a jdiSkag isÿjk Nhdkl
jHikfhaoS ck;dj w;yer oud we;s njhs. tfukau ó.uqfõ f;dú,a kgmq wh ke;;a
lf;da,sl iNdfõ tf`âreka l,amsáh ¥m;ajdiS ck;dj iu. isák nj” m%ldY lrñks.
udfk,a fmf¾rd fidhqßh f;dú,hla .ek ;u ,smsfha igyka ;nkafka fuu lreK isysm;a
lrñks' ^weuqkqu 4 {dkd¾:fha ,smsh&
l=uk ;;ajhla hgf;a fyda ck;djf.a l,mq igk ch.%yKhg Wrÿka msßi ish oyia
.kkls. fuh ch.%yKhg Wrÿka ieuf.a kï fuys igyka ;nd ke;snj wjOdrKh
lrkafka tu msßfiau wdrlaIdjg yd myiqj ksid nj i|yka lruq. l,mq igkg l=uk
whqrlska fyda odhl ùu ksid ke;sjkakg foa we;s wh m%isoaêfha fuhg odhl fkdjqk;a wka
[126]
fndfyda fofkla b;d leue;af;ka u fuu igykg ,sms imhd oSug bosßm;ajQ nj ioyka
lrkafka Tjqkg lrk f.!rjhla jYfhks.
úfYaIfhkau fuu ls%hdj<sfhaoS wmg iyhjQ iuyrla W.;=ka nqoaêu;=ka fuu igykg ,sms
iemhSu wNsfhda.hla f,i ie,l+ nj wms oksuq. tjka ksoyia jd;djrKhla wmg ke;s njo
wms h,s;a mila lr .;suq. kuq;a l,mq igkg odhljQ wmf.a ifydaor ëjr ck;dj
úfYaIfhkau wmf.a ldka;d ifydaoßhka .ek úfYaI igykla ;eìh hq;=h. l,mqj /lSfï
ls%hdj,sh wm ieu h,s;a ixjdo l, hq;=h. fï ms,sno ixjdoh fm%ã ifydaorhd;a ir;a
boaou,af.dv msh;=ud;a ;u ,sms j,ska wdrïN lr ;sfí. fuh w;sYh jeo.;a jkafka ó.uq
l,mq 4 jk mßÉfþofha oS kd,l frdihsfrda fidhqrd b;d meyeos,sj olajd we;s neúks.
ó.uq l,mqfjka bj;al, iS-maf,aka rfÜ ;j;a c,dY .kkdjl ls%hd;aul lsÍug fhdacs;hs.
mq;a;,u, fld.a.,, mdku we;=¿ l,mq .Kkdjl;a ;j;a jeõ 25la muK;a fï ioyd
f;dardf.k we;.
kuq;a fmdf,dkakrej mrdl%u iuqøhg iS maf,aka f.k taug .;a W;aidyho wo jk úg

wl=,df.k we;af;a ó.uqj l,mqfõoS fukau ck;djf.a yd isú,a m%;sfrdaë ls%hdldrs;ajhla
;=,sks. Mq,;sismqr f.dú ëjr ixúOdkh f.dvk.ñka fmdf,dkakrefõ f.dú kdhlhska jk
ljqvq,af,a ch;siai yd ùKdêm;s jeks ifydaorjreka yd ëjr ls%hdldÍka f,i ufkdaÊ
is,ajd ud¾,ska fmf¾rd meúos fidhqßh jekakka f.a ueosy;a ùu ;=,;a lf;da,sl mshjreka
f,i mdßia chuy msh;=udf.a;a lemùu yd iyfhda.s;d ls%hdldß;ajh ;=,hs.,nd.;a fuu
ch.%yKhka wmg W.kajk mdvu kï iduQysl;ajh u; wmg fndfyda foa l, yels njhs.
fuh wEka fmf¾rd meúos fidhqßh ^Y=Ojq mjqf,a fidhqßfhda&;u ,smf s hka fmkajd oS we;s
mßos “ck;djf.a tluq;= ùfuka wmg wdYap¾hhka isÿl, yels nj” h,s;a ikd: lrhs.
fuu lreK wms wjOdrKfhka hq;=j fuys ioyka lrkqfha l,amsáh fhdacs; ixpdrl
mqrjrfha ck;dj f.dvke.Su ioyd u;=lrk ndOl ;=,ska ;uka bgqlrkafka ldf.a
wjYH;djhkao hkak ta ioyd ndOd t,a, lrk ish,a,kag isysm;a lr oSfï;a woyisks.
ó.uq l,mqfõ iS-maf,aka wr.,h mSä;hd yd mSvlhdf.a .eàu iys;jQ f,dj mej;s tlu
ck;d ke.sàu fkdjk nj;a ck;djf.a whs;Ska yd iajdNdúl iïm;a wdrlaId lr ;srirj
Ndú;d lr u;= mrmqrg Wreulr oSug f,dj mqrd ëjr ck;dj fmruqK f.k we;s nj yd
kdhl;ajhka úYd, lemlsÍï lr we;s nj bkaoshdfõ" mlsia:dkfha yd nx.a,dfoaYfha ëjr
wr., wmg isysm;a lrjhs fuu igykg ;u ,sms iemhSu u.ska wdishdfõ ëjr kdhlhska
wmf.a w;aoelSu yd mkakrh ;j;a j¾Okh lsÍu ms,snoj Tjqkag ëjr ck;djf.a m%Kduh
mqo lruq.
fuu ,sms fm,g igyka ;nk icSj pdñlr fidhqrd wm fndfydafofkla fkdokakd iy
fkdoelmq me;s .kkdjla bosßm;a lrñka wmf.a igyfka jmißh mq¿,a lrk ,oS' fuu
fmd;g mßir úoHd;aulj jeo.;a lreKq rdYshla fukau iudcSh yd wd¾Óljo jeo.;a
lreKq rdYshla /ialr igyka ;eîu wms úfYaIfhka w.h lruq.
l,mq igfkaoS ck;dj iu. isáñka os.ska os.gu udOHhka yryd fuu m%YaKh iudc
.;l, yd igfka iEu mshjrloSu ck;dj iu. isá udOHfõoSka w;ßka fofofkl=f.ka
mukla igyka ;eîu ms,sn|j wfkl=;a udOH ifydaor ifydaoßhkag lk.dgqj m%ldY
[127]
lruq. ta w;ru udfk,a fmf¾rd ifydaoßh ish oeä ck;djdoS ia:djrhka tf,iskau
fy<sorõ lrñka ,smsh ieliSu ms,sn|j wmf.a lKavdhfï f.!rjh mqolruq.
fm%ã ifydaorhd l,mqfõ wo isÿfjk jHikhka .ek lïmdfjñka yd l,mq igkg odhljQ
msßi wo ta ms,sn|j olajk oeä ksyv;djh m%YaK lrñka igykla ;nd we;. tfiau l,mq
igkg ueosy;ajQ wmf.a odhl;ajh h,s f.dv ke.Su ms,snoj ix.dhkdjl ld,Sk
wjYH;djh biau;= lr fmkajd § we;.,smsh ;=, we;s i;Hh lgqlj bosßm;a lsÍfuka
ms,s.ekSug ue,s lula oelaúh yelsjqj;a fuu wNsfhda.h ch .ekSu wm bosßfha we;s
h:d¾;hhs.
fuu ls%hdj<sfhaoS wms ixpdrl l¾udka;hg úreoaO neúka rfÜ ixj¾Okhg úreoaO
zzixj¾Ok >d;lhskaZZ f,i y÷kajd ÿkak;a wms mqÿuhg m;a fkdfjuq.m%;súreoaO u;hla
bjiSug yels jkqfha hï úfõl nqoaêhla we;s whg muks.úfõpkhl we;s yrh ms<s.ekSug
fyda ta ms<sn|j újD; ukilska ne,Sug wms úYd, ue,s njla olajuq. kuq;a fuu ls%hdj,sh
;=, wms ixpdrl l¾udka;hg úreoaO moku iaàõ we,aiagka fidhqrdf.a ,smsh u.ska
meyeos<s lr we;. úl,amh l=ulao hkak wms uQ,sl woyila f,i fuys bosßm;a lrñka
osß .ekaùug úfoaYSl ixpdrlfhl= f,i ;uka olsk wdldrh igyka ;eîu ms,snoj iaàõ
ifydaorhdg wmf.a m%Kduh msßkuuq.
fuu wr.,h ms,snoj igykla ;eîug jir 3 l ld,hla blau .sh;a wms wo fyda fuu
igyk ;eîug ,eîu jdikdjla f,i olsuq. úfYaIfhkau l,mq igkg Wrÿka ëjr
ldka;djka yd msßñka fuys olajd we;s woyia ;=, wmg wkd.; iduQysl l%shdldrs;ajhla
ms,snoj n,dfmdfrd;a;= o,ajd we;.l,mq igfka ksudj;a iu. fuf;la ksy`vj isá ëjr
ls%hdldÍ kdhlhska kdhsldjka ish¿u fokd îduQyslj ls%hd;aul fkdjQ kdhlhska& ó.uq
l,mqj wo mj;sk jHikfhka uqojd .ekSug cSú; mß;Hd.fhka lemjk nj m%ldY lsÍu
b;du;a jeo.;ah.
wreK, ksu,a, fcdaYma mSg¾, ksfrdaIka, rxcs;a, ud¾lia fuu msßig kdhl;ajh ÿka w;r
;j;a ish .kkla fuu igk bosßhg f.khdug l=uk fyda whqrlska odhlù we;.wms fuu
ish¿ fokdg wmf.a f.!rjh mqo lruq.
bkaødKs, ud,kS, f.a%gd, f.%aia, koSYdks we;=¿ YS% úuqla;s ëjr ldka;djkag ish,a,kaf.a
m%Kduh mqolr we;s nj fuu igyka fm, mqrdjgu oelsh yelsh .wmo tu fmryerg
tlafjuq.msosh hq;a;ka msosh hq;=uh.Tn fuu igkg oelajQ odhl;ajh ó.uqfõ bosß
mrïmrdjkag f.khdug fuu igyka fm, odhljkq we;.
“mQcdp mQckShdkx”
ir;a boaou,af.dv msh;=ud ieu osklu ck;d flakaøSh ixjraOkh ms,snoj wmg isysm;a
lrk w;ru fuu wr.,fha w;aoelSu ;=,skao ,nd.;hq;= mdvu f,i isysm;alr fokafka
fuu lreKhs' mj;akd iudc h:dra:hka ;=, Wmdhudra.sl ixOdk f.dvke.sh hq;=o keoao
hkak wm w;r ixjdo l, hq;= w;ru foaYmd,k mlaI yd isjs,a ls%hdldrs;ajfha iSud udhsus
i,l=Kq lr.kafka flfia l, hq;=o hkak wms oS¾>j idlÉPd lsrSug wm w;r b;srsj we;s
lreKq w;rfõ.
[128]
isú,a iudch yd foaYmd,k mlaI w;r we;s nrm;, iSud udhsñ milalr .ksñka ck;dj
n,j;a lrk w;ru j¾;udk mSvdldrS jgdmsgdj ;=, mej;Sfï wNsfhda.h ch .ekSu
ms,sno ixjdoh ì%fgda ifydaorhd ksrka;rfhka u;=lrk lreKls. fuu ls%hdj,sh ;=,o wms
th w;aoelafluq' l,mq igfka ksudj iu.ska ëjr kdhlhskag t,a,jQ Ôú; ;¾ck fuhg
ukd idlaIshls. ì%fgda ifydaorhd fuu lreK ms,sno h,s isysm;a lsÍu wmf.a wr.,hkays
yevrej ;SrKh lsÍug wmg jeo.;a jkq we;.
fIrdâ msh;=ud ëjr lghq;= WmdOH mshku fkdjqko ëjrhskaf.a l,mq igfka m%Odku
kshuqfjla úh. iS-maf,aka wr.,hg fmr isgu ëjr jD;a;Sh iñ;sh iu. noaOfjñka
ó.uqfõ;a" osjhsk mqrdu ëjr wr.,hkag kdhl;ajh ,ndfok ,oS.fï ms,sn|j ish
,smsfhka msh;=ud lreKq olajd we;s w;r fuu igfkaoS ;SrKd;aul fufyhla bgqlrk ,oS"
cqì,s Yd,dfõoS f.dvk.d.;a ó.uq l,mqj iq/lSfï ixOdkfha wdrïNl /iaùfï isg fuu
;SrKd;aul ls%hdldß;ajh wjidkh olajdu kshdul ld¾hhla bgqlsÍug ksrka;rfhka
odhljQ msh;=udg l,mqj ;=,oS ;SrKd;aul weu;=ug o ms,s;=re oSug isÿúh. kuq;a msh;=udu
;u ,smsfhka fmkajdoS we;s mßos fndfyduhla wd.ól kdhlhskag ;u ¥; ld¾hh h,s;a
isysm;a lsÍug yelsùuo w;sYh jákd ld¾hhls. fï ish,af,a wjidk m%Óm,h l=uk fyda
fya;+ka u; wo msh;=ud ó.uqfjka bj;g weo oeóuhs.
wjidk jYfhka fuu fmd; t,s oelaùug odhljQ YS% úuqla;s ldka;d ixúOdkfha
finia;shka úkaikaÜ fidhqrdf.a odhl;ajh;a, iqNdYsKS lu,kdoka fidhqßh;a, ñ,skd l=udß
fidhqßh;a isysm;a l, hq;=uh.,sms ieliSu ioyd ëjr kdhlhska yd ëjr ldka;d
fidhqßhka yuqùug yd ld,Skj tajd imhd oSug úkaikaÜ fidhqrdf.a odhl;ajh fuysoS w;s
úYd,h.
ëjr iyfhda.s;djfha ld¾hdxYfha lKavdhu ksrka;rfhka fuu ld¾hh yd nefoñka

bgql, fufyh fkdjkakg fufia ó.uq l,mq igk fkdjeïn¾ 21 osk jk úg Tn w;g
m;afkdjkakg ;sìks. kuq;a kd,l frdihsfrda" m%shxlr fldaia;d, ,laisß m%kdkaÿ yd *%ekaisia
rdcka fidhqrka f.a yd .S;d ,lañKs fidhqßhf.a ,sms j, odhl;ajh;a kd,l frdihsfrda
fidhqrd yd ,laisß fidhqrka wLKavju ixialrKhg oelajQ odhl;ajh;a fuysoS isysm;a
lruq.
ó.uq l,mqj /l.ekSug iudc jHdmdrhla f.dv ke.=jdla fukau fuu w;aoelSu
igyka ;eîugo tlS ls%hdj<sfhau ;j;a iudc ls%hdldÍ;ajhla f.dv ke.Sug iyhjq
ish,a,kagu Y=N m;uq. wms b;sydih h,s f.dv ke.Sug odhlùfï wNsudkh wm ieu
fokdg we;s nj fkdwkqudkh.
[129]
weuqKqï
weuqKqï 1 Asia News on Sea Plane Crisis
01/07/2011 18:02
SRI LANKA
Sri Lanka government ready to move seaplanes from Negombo Lagoon
by Melani Manel Perera
http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Sri-Lanka-government-ready-to-move-seaplanes-from-
Negombo-Lagoon-20445.html
12/14/2010 13:24
SRI LANKA
Sri Lanka: environmentalists against Negombo lagoon tourism project
http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Sri-Lanka:-environmentalists-against-Negombo-lagoon-
tourism-project-20252.html
12/02/2010 16:55
SRI LANKA
Sri Lankan fisher people call on Card Ranjith to mediate with the government
http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Sri-Lankan-fisher-people-call-on-Card-Ranjith-to-mediate-
with-the-government-20160.html
11/25/2010 11:29
SRI LANKA
Over one thousand people for the World Day of fisheries in Sri Lanka
http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Over-one-thousand-people-for-the-World-Day-of-
fisheries-in-Sri-Lanka-20085.html
11/18/2010 15:48
SRI LANKA
Some 8,000 fisher people hold sit-in against government tourist project
http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Some-8,000-fisher-people-hold-sit-in-against-government-
tourist-project-20032.html
11/17/2010
SRI LANKA
Fishermen appeal to Card. Ranjith: stop government project
http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Fishermen-appeal-to-Card.-Ranjith:-stop-government-
project-20011.html
11/02/2010 13:40
SRI LANKA
Catholic priests support fishermen's protest against seaplanes
http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Catholic-priests-support-fishermen's-protest-against-
seaplanes-19882.html
[130]
weuqKqu 2 ( ixpdrl l¾udka;h wdYs%; f;dr;=re
[131]
(
[132]
ixpdrl l,dm 45
1. l,amsáh 39' ud;f,a

2. udrú, 40' oUq,a,
3. jhslald, 41' iS.sßh
4. ó.uqj 42' .sß;f,a
5. fld<U 43' Wvj,j
6. .,alsiai 44' jia.uqj
7. jdoa¥j 45' r;akmqr
8. l¨;r
9. fírefj,
10. fnkaf;dg
11. fooa¥j
12. udÿ.`.
13. n,msáh
14. wyqka.,a,
15. yslalvqj
16. .d,a,
17. Wkjgqk
18. fld.a.,
19. je,s.u
20. ñßiai
21. ud;r
22. ;ka.,a,
23. yïnkaf;dg
24. ;siaiuydrdu
25. hd,
26. wre.ïfí
27. msisl=vd
28. ;%Sl=Kdu,h
29. ks,dfõ,s
30. mskakj,
31. kqjr
32. kqjrta,sh
33. nKavdrfj,
34. uiafl,sh
35. ynrK
36. fmdf,dkakrej
37. wKqrdOmqr
38. úlafgdaßhd c,dYh
[133]
weuqKqï wxl 03( ó.uqj l,mqj iq/lSfï ixOdkh f.dvke.Sfï wdrdOkd ,smsh
weuqKqu 4( {dKdra: m%oSmh l;=jelsh
[134]
weuKqï 4( {dkd¾: m%§mh l;=jelsh
[135]
weuqKqu 5: fld<U mojsfha lf;da,sl msh;=uka,d msrsila iS maf,aka uS.uq l,mqfjka bj;a
lrk f,i b,a,d ckdOsm;s;=udg fhduql, ,smsh
[136]
[137]
[138]
[139]

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ó.uq l,mqfõ iS-maf,aka jHdmD;shg tfrysj

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09. ;SrKd;aul ch.%yKfhka miq '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''y¾uka l=udr

9'1 ëjr kdhlhka w;a wvx.=jg .ekSu

10. wdishd;sl ck;d wr.,hka iy ch.%yKhka i|yd ck;d ls%hdldÍ;ajhka

12' ó.uq l,mqfõ fyg oji @''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' ,laisrs m%kdkaÿ

13' miq jokla''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''y¾uka l=udr

tfukau fï i|yd wm fmd<Ujk ,o m%Odku lreKq folla úh' wm ish,a,ka okakd

1'1 N+ñh" c,h yd jkdka;r ck;djf.a wkq,x>kSh whs;shls

kuq;a ck;djg ;ukaf.a whs;sh wysñ lrkakkag tfrysj ls%hdlsÍug ffO¾hh

ixj¾Okfha Wreulrejka jk m%cdj fkdue;sj lsisu ixj¾Okhla isÿ úh fkdyels

1'3 iajdNdúl iïm;a foaY.=Ksl úm¾hdihkag yd wdmod je,lSug

ñys;,h WKqiqï lrk yß;d.dr jdhQka(Green House gases) jdhqf.da,hg ksoyia

kuq;a uydpd¾h ud,d wurisxy ó.uqj lfvd,alef,a m%foaYfha fylaghdr 13.5 l

iqkdñfhka Èk 100la imsfrk ojfia cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.S;d jHdmdrh úiska

ó.uqj Woaf>daIKh ó.uq k.r uOHfha oyia ixLHd; ëjrhska yd iqkdñ

tu wjia:dj jkúg ckdêm;s pkaøsld nKavdrkdhl uy;añh" ol=Kq yd ngysr

uyuqyqog läkïj m%úYaG ùfï yelshdj iys;j" ;u wdïmkak wdrCId lr.ksñka

cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrfha le|jqïlre iqkdñh;a iu.ska osh;a l, rg h<s

hqfrdamd ix.ufha wdOdrfhka osh;a lrk YS% ,xldfõ iqkdñ m%;sixialrK

ck;djf.a úfrdaO;d ud,djla uOHfha" ckdêm;s l=udr;=x.f.a fjr< ;Srfha ;yku

2006 ckjdß 19 Èk" yïnkaf;dg m%foaYfha uqia,sï ck;dj úfrdaO;djla meje;ajQfha

iykdOdr fkdue;sùu" wêldÍkaf.a w;a;fkdau;sl jev ms<sfj, iïNkaOj wd§

m%udkj;a iyk yd iykdOdr ,nd fkd§ug tfrysj nQiafia ck;dj úfrdaO;djl

ldka;djka iïnkaO ù isÿl, ëjr l¾udka;h wdY%s; l=vd wdodhï W;amdok

cd;sl ëjr iyfhda.s;d jHdmdrh, cd;sl bvï yd lDIs m%;sixialrK jHdmdrh,

ixpdrl l,dm 15la f.dv ke.Sfï mYapd;a iqkdñ fhdackdj,sh yd l,amsáh

2009 ix.kKhg wkqj l,amsáfha ck.yKh 64"908ls' f,dal wdydr yd lDIsl¾u

jir 2003 oS y÷kajdÿka ixpdrl ixj¾Ok Wmdhud¾.hg wkqj l,amsáh m%foaYh

fuf;la ck;djf.a úfrdaO;djhka f.dkqlr foaYmd,lhska yd ks<OdÍka iu.

wo jkúg ck;djf.a cSjk ud¾.j,g muKla fkdj iudcSh yd ixialD;sl

3'1 ixpdrl l<dm f.dvke.Su

is;shu( 2005 ixpdrl l,dm ie,eiau

ksjdi yd fmdÿ myiqlï wud;HdxYfha

hdmkh" W;=re ueo" kef.kysr"

is;shï wxl 2 uQ,h: cd;sl fN!;sl ie,iqï

is;shï wxl 3 fhdacs; wêfõ.S ud¾. cd,h cd;sl fN!;sl ie,iqï

is;shï wxl 5: fhdacs; yd oekg mj;akd .DydY%s; .=jka f;dgqm,

rg jfÜu isÿjk ixpdrl l<dm f.dvke.Su i`oyd;a wksl=;a jHdmD;Ska f.dvke.Su

PdhdrEm wxl 01 iS-maf,aka f.dvnEu

ñ,skao fudrf.dv uy;dg lrkakg fkdyels jQ foh 2005 Tlaf;dan¾ 18 jk Èk jk

ixpdrl jHdmdrfha j¾;udk wdl%ukYS,S j¾Okhg iqkdñ jHikho úYd, rel=,la

lgqkdhl cd;Hka;r .=jka f;dgqm,ska rgg msúfik ixpdrlhka yg ;u b,lal

is;shu wxl 6( c,pr .=jkahdkd .ukdka; yd .=jka ud¾.

4'2 uyskao Ñka;kh ^2005& ;=, ixpdrl jHdmdrfha .ukau.

“YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg ixpdrl jHdmdrfhka ,nd.; yels odhl;ajh

“Y%S ,xldfõ mdßißl iy ixialD;sl wdl¾Ykhkaf.ka Wmßu m%fhdack .ekSu

“fuu w;sf¾l ixpdrl m%udKh ord.ekSu i|yd wjYH fydag,a l¾udka;h

“ixpdrl lafIa;%h wdY%s; úêu;a we.hsulg ,la ù fkdue;s uÕ fmkajkakkag ksis

“yïnkaf;dg" l,amsáh" wre.ïfí we;=¿ ixpdrl l¾udka;h i|yd wdl¾YkSh

Wmqgd .ekSu - uyskao Ñka;kh bÈßoelau yd ixpdrl l¾udka;h

j.=j wxl 1: wfmalaIs; ixpdrl meñKSu yd wdodhï

2010 1, 500 000 2

2015 2, 500 000 5