Complex Engineering Problem

Submitted to
Sir Umer Hamid
Submitted by
Hassan(04)
Danish(14)
Sumama(17)
Abstract:-
Solar energy has incredible potential to power our daily lives.
Researchers suggest that the amount of sunlight that strikes the Earth's
surface in an hour and a half is enough to handle the entire world's
energy consumption for a full year.
Solar power system is one of the best renewable energy which is not
only cost effective but environment friendly as well. For any research, I
have suggested methodologies that may be applicable to other on grid
and off grid applications, I will be explaining design methodology using
an example of on grid and off grid pv panel system.
The project will completely depend on the solar energy i.e. solar
photovoltaic will harvest electricity to supply the devices such as
lighting LED, water pump, ridge, iron, washing machine, 1.5 ton dc
inverter ac and ceiling fan. A battery backup would be used as a
continuous power supply in case of the worst weather.
Figure: On Grid Solar System

Figure: AC Coupled Off Grid Solar System

LITERATURE REVIEW:-
A literature review is necessary to know about
the research area and what problem in that area has been solved and need to
be solved in future. This review process approach were divided into five stages
in order to make the process simple and adaptable. The stages were:-
Stage 0: Get a “feel” This stage provides the details to be checked while starting
literature survey with a broader domain and classifying them according to
requirements.

Stage 1: Get the “big picture”

The groups of research papers are

prepared according to common issues & application sub areas. It is necessary
to find out the answers to certain questions by reading he Title, Abstract,
introduction, conclusion and section and subsection headings.

Stage 2: Get the “details”

Stage 2 deal switch going in depth of each

research paper and understand the details of methodology used to justify the
problem, justification to significance &novelty of the solution approach, precise
question addressed, major contribution, scope & limitations of the work
presented.

Stage 3: “Evaluate the details”

 This stage evaluates the
details in relation to significance of the problem, Novelty of the problem,
significance of the solution, novelty in approach, validity of claims etc.

Stage 3+: “Synthesize the detail”

Stage 3+ deals with evaluation of the

details presented and generalization to some extent. This stage deals with
synthesis of the data, concept & the results presented by the authors.

Load Calculation:-
Task Details:-
Design a grid connected solar system according to AEDB standards
having load:
 Sr # Appliances Quantity Watts Quantity*W Hours/Day Watts/Day
W*H*Q

1 1.5 Ton DC inverter 3 1760 5280 3 15840

AC
2 Washing Machine 1 900 900 1 900

3 Fridge 2 250 500 24 12000

4 Water Pump 1 746 746 2 1492

5 Ceiling Fan 6 80 480 12 5760

6 LED TV 2 17 34 6 204

7 LED 30W Bulb 20 30 600 8 4800

8 Iron 1 1000 1000 1 1000

9 Total Watts Hours Per Day 41996

Calculate Wattage of the Solar Panels:-

41996Wh/day ÷ 3 sun hours/day = 13998.67W
13998.67W ÷ 0.8 (system losses) =17498.34W
17498.34/535 = 32.71(33 Solar panels 535watts)
For the project we would be using 33 panels of 535 Watts each.

Battery Sizing:-
Battery Capacity (Ah) = Total Watt-hours per day used by appliances x Days of
autonomy (0.85 x 0.6 x nominal battery voltage)
For this project, the daily average energy consumption per day is 41996(W-
h/day) for the month of December.
Battery Capacity (Ah) = 41996 x2
(0.85 x 0.6 x 12)
= (41996/ (0.85x0.6x12)) x2
= (41996/6.192) x2
= 6782.3 x 2
=13564.6Ah
13564.6 Ah Battery Capacity required for the system

System Design:-
Invertor Sizing:-
As explained previously that the invertor size should be
based on the wattage and voltage level of the system. This project employees a
12V and 43000W system, hence the invertor that should be used should be of
similar rating.

Charge Controller Sizing:-

For this project a PWM charge controller is to be
used. Following steps will enable us to size the required charge controller.
Voltage level of the system: 12V
Maximum amperage: 10 A
There a PWM controller should be used with 12 V and 10 A with rated voltage and current
specifications.
Future Contribution:-
The deployment of renewables has been growing at a
rapid pace in recent years, reaching record levels and outpacing annual
conventional power capacity additions in many regions. Among all renewable
technologies, solar PV power installations have been dominating the renewables
industry for many years.
As of the end of 2018, the global capacity of installed
and grid-connected solar PV power reached 480 GW (figure), representing 20%
year-on-year growth compared to 2017 (386 GW) and a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of nearly 43% since 2000 (2019c). Considering ample
resource availability, significant market potential and cost competitiveness, solar
PV is expected to continue driving overall renewables growth in several regions
over the next decade. From today’s levels, remap analysis shows that solar PV
power installations could grow almost six fold over the next ten years, reaching a
cumulative capacity of 2840 GW globally by 2030 and rising to 8 519 GW by
2050.
This implies total
installed capacity in 2050 almost eighteen times higher than in 2018(figure). At a
global level, around 60% of total solar PV capacity in 2050 would be utility scale,
with the remaining 40% distributed (rooftop). While utility-scale projects still
predominate in 2050, the remap analysis expects distributed solar PV
installations to grow more rapidly, driven by policies and supportive measures,
as well as consumer engagement in the clean energy transformation.

Figure: Compared to 2018 levels, cumulative solar PV capacity is expected to

grow six fold by 2030, with a CAGR of nearly 9% up to 2050.
Benefit of Society:-
1. Reduces Air Pollution
2. Reduce Water Usage
3. Reduces Dependence on Non renewable Energy Sources
4. Improves Humanity’s Health In The Long-run
5. Helps Fight Climate Change

CONCLUSION:-
Solar power is an immense source of directly useable
energy and ultimately creates other energy resources: biomass, wind,
hydropower and wave energy.
 Most of the Earth's surface receives sufficient solar
energy to permit low-grade heating of water and buildings, although there are
large variations with latitude and season. At low latitudes, simple mirror devices
can concentrate solar energy sufficiently for cooking and even for driving steam
turbines.
The energy of light shifts electrons in some semiconducting materials.
This photovoltaic effect is capable of large-scale electricity generation. However,
the present low efficiency of solar PV cells demands very large areas to supply
electricity demands.
Direct use of solar energy is the only renewable means
capable of ultimately supplanting current global energy supply from
nonrenewable sources, but at the expense of a land area of at least half a
million km2