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Integration Formulas: Reciprocal Identities
Integration Formulas: Reciprocal Identities
Integration Formulas: Reciprocal Identities
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢 4. cos(90 − 𝑥) = sin 𝑥
25. ∫ = arcsec + 𝑐 5. cot(90 − 𝑥) = tan 𝑥
𝑢√𝑢2 −𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎
1. sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑦 = 2 sin[(𝑥 + 𝑦)⁄2] cos[(𝑥 − 𝑦)/2] 1. 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 cosh 𝑦 = sinh(𝑥 + 𝑦) + sinh(𝑥 − 𝑦)
2. 2 cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦 = sinh( 𝑥 + 𝑦) − sinh(𝑥 − 𝑦)
2. sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑦 = 2 cos[ (𝑥 + 𝑦)⁄2] sin[(𝑥 − 𝑦)⁄2]
3. 2𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑦 = cosh(𝑥 + 𝑦) − cosh(𝑥 − 𝑦)
3. cos 𝑥 + cos 𝑦 = 2 cos[ (𝑥 + 𝑦)⁄2] cos[(𝑥 − 𝑦)⁄2] 4. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑦 = cosh(𝑥 + 𝑦) + cosh(𝑥 − 𝑦)
4. cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑦 = −2 sin[ (𝑥 + 𝑦)⁄2] sin[(𝑥 − 𝑦)⁄2]
Sum and Difference Identities
1. sinh(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 ± cosh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
Definition of Hyperbolic Function 2. cosh(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = cosh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥 ± sinh 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
3. tanh(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = (tanh 𝑥 ± tanh 𝑦)⁄(1 ± tanh 𝑥 tanh 𝑦)
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
1. sin ℎ 𝑥 = 4. coth(𝑥 ± 𝑦) = (coth 𝑥 coth 𝑦 ± 1)⁄(coth 𝑦 ± coth 𝑥)
2
𝑒 𝑥+𝑒 −𝑥
2. cosh = Power of Hyperbolic Functions
2
cosh 2𝑥−1
1. sinh2 𝑥 = 2
sinh 𝑥
3. tanh = cosh 𝑥
cosh 2𝑥−1
1
4. csch 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 2. cosh2 𝑥 = 2
1
Double Angle Formulas
5. sech 𝑥 = cosh 𝑥
1. sinh 2𝑥 = 2 sinh 𝑥 cosh 𝑥
cosh 𝑥
6. coth 𝑥 = 2. cosh 2𝑥 = cosh2 𝑥 + sinh2 = 2 cosh2 𝑥 − 1 = 1 +
sinh 𝑥
2 sinh2 𝑥
2 tanh 𝑥 2
Hyperbolic Identities 3. tanh 2𝑥 = = coth 𝑥+tanh 𝑥
1+tanh2 𝑥
1. sinh(−𝑥 ) = − sinh 𝑥
2. cosh(−𝑥 ) = cosh 𝑥
3. cosh2 𝑥 − sinh2 𝑥 = 1