Experiment No.

-1

Object:- To study various types of starters used for 3 phase induction motor.

Theory:- A three-phase Induction Motor is Self Starting. When the supply is connected to the
stator of a three-phase induction motor, a rotating magnetic field is produced, and the rotor
begins rotating and the induction motor starts. At the time of starting, the motor slip is unity,
and the starting current is very large.

The purpose of a starter is not to just start the motor, but it performs the two main functions.
They are as follows:

To reduce the heavy starting current,

To provide overload and under-voltage protection.

The three-phase induction motor may be started by connecting the motor directly to the full
voltage of the supply. The motor can also be started by applying a reduced voltage to the motor.
The torque of the induction motor is proportional to the square of the applied voltage. Thus,
greater torque is exerted by a motor when it is started on full voltage than when it is started on
the reduced voltage.

Starters for AC Motor

a) Stator rheostat (Reactor) starter

b) Rotor rheostat (Reactor) starter

c) Star- Delta Starter

d) Auto-transformer Starter

e) DOL (Direct On line) Starter

Stator rheostat (Reactor) starter:- In order to apply the reduced voltage to the stator of the
induction motor, three resistances are added in series with each phase of the stator winding.
Initially the resistances are kept maximum in the circuit. Due to this, large voltage gets dropped
across the resistances. Hence a reduced voltage gets applied to the stator which reduces the
high starting current. The schematic diagram showing stator resistances is shown in the Fig.

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When the motor starts running, the resistances are gradually cut-off from the stator circuit.
When the resistances are entirely removed from the stator circuit i.e. rheostats in RUN position
then rated voltage gets applied to the stator.

Motor runs with normal speed.

• The starter is simple in construction and cheap.

• It can be used for both star and delta connected stator.

• Large power losses due to resistances.

• The starting torque of the motor reduces due to reduced voltage applied to the stator.

Rotor rheostat (Reactor) starter

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To limit the rotor current which consequently reduces the current drawn by the motor from the
supply, the resistance can be inserted in the rotor circuit at start. This addition of the resistance
in rotor is in the form of 3 phase star connected rheostat. The arrangement is shown in the Fig.

The external resistance is inserted in each phase of the rotor winding through slip ring and
brush assembly. Initially maximum resistance is in the circuit. As motor gathers speed, the
resistance is gradually cut-off. The operation may be manual or automatic.

The starting torque is proportional to the rotor resistance.

Star- Delta Starter

This is the cheapest starter of all and hence used very commonly for the induction motors. It
uses Triple Pole Double Throw (TPDT) switch. The switch connects the stator winding in star
at start. Hence per phase voltage gets reduced by the factor 1/√3. Due to this reduced voltage,
the starting current is limited. When the switch is thrown on other side, the winding gets
connected in delta, across the supply. So it gets normal rated voltage. The windings are
connected in delta when motor gathers sufficient speed. The arrangement of star-delta starter
is shown in the Fig. The operation of the switch can be automatic by using relays which ensures
that motor will not start with the switch in Run position.

Advantages

• The cheapest of all and maintenance free operation.

Limitations

• It is suitable for normal delta connected motors and the factor by which voltage changes
is 1 / √3 which cannot be changed.

It is used for machine tools, pumps and motor generators etc.

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Auto-Transformer Starter

A three phase star connected autotransformer can be used to reduce them voltage applied to
the stator. Such a starter is called an autotransformer starter. The schematic diagram of
autotransformer starter is shown in the Fig. It consists of a suitable change over switch. When
the switch is in the start position, the stator winding is supplied with reduced voltage.

This can be controlled by tappings provided with autotransformer. The reduction in applied
voltage by the fractional percentage tappings x, used for an autotransformer is shown in fig.
When motor gathers 80 % of the normal speed, the change over switch is thrown into run
position. Due to this, rated voltage gets applied to stator winding. The motor starts rotating
with normal speed. Changing of switch is done automatically by using relays.

• The power loss is much less in this type of starting.

• It can be used for both star and delta connected motors.

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 • But it is expensive than stator resistance starter.

Voltage across motor phase on direct switching is V/√3 and starting current is Ist = Isc

DOL (Direct on line) Starter

Direct On Line Starter method is a common method of starting of Cage Induction Motor. The
motor is connected through a starter across the full supply voltage. The Direct On Line Starter
Method figure is shown below. It consists a coil operated contactor C controlled by start and
stop push button as shown in the connection diagram below:

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The buttons which may be installed in a convenient place away from the starter. The start button
is held open by a spring. On pressing the START pushbutton S1, the contactor C is energised
from two line conductors L1 and L2.

The three main contacts M and the auxiliary contact A are closed. The terminals a and b are
short-circuited. The motor is then connected to the supply mains. The S1 button moves back
under the spring action as soon as the pressure is released. The coil C remains energised through
ab.

Thus, the main contact M remains closed, and the motor continues to get supplies. Therefore,
contact A is known as Hold-On-Contact. The stop button S2 is normally held closed by the
spring. If the S2 button is pressed to STOP the motor, the supply through the contactor coil C
is disconnected. As the coil C is de-energized, the main contacts M and the auxiliary contact A
are opened. The supply to the motor is disconnected, and the motor is stopped.

Undervoltage Protection

When the voltage falls below a certain value or when the supply fails or disrupted during the
operation of the motor, the coil C is de-energized. Hence, the motor is disconnected from the
supply Overload Protection

The motor is overloaded, one or all the overload coils (O.L.C) are energised. The normally
closed contact D is opened, and the contactor coil C is de-energized to disconnect the supply
from the motor. Fuses are provided in the circuit for short circuit protection.

In direct on line starting the starting current may be as large as ten times the full load current,
and the starting torque is equal to full load torque. Such a large starting current produces an
excessive voltage drop in the line which supplies power to the motor.

Conclusion:- We Have Studied various types of starters used for 3 phase induction motor.

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 Experiment No. :-2

Object:- To connect two 3-phase induction motor in cascade and study their speed control.
Theory:-

• In this method, two induction motors are mounted on the same shaft. One of the two
motors must be of slip ring type which is called main motor. The second motor is called
auxiliary motor.

• The auxiliary motor can be slip ring type or squirrel cage type.

• The stator of the main motor is connected to the three phase supply while the supply of
the auxiliary motor is derived at a slip frequency from the slip rings of the main motor.
This is called cascading of the motors

• If the torques produced by both act in the same direction, cascading is called cumulative
cascading.

• If torques produced are in opposite direction, cascading is called differential cascading.

Motor A is called the main motor and motor B is called the auxiliary motor.
Let, Ns1 = frequency of motor A
Ns2 = frequency of motor B
P1 = number of poles stator of motor A
P2 = number of stator poles of motor B

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 N = speed of the set and same for both motors
f = frequency of the supply

Now, slip of motor A, S1 = (Ns1 - N) / Ns1.

frequency of the rotor induced emf in motor A, f1 = S1f
Now, auxiliary motor B is supplied with the rotor induce emf

therefore, Ns2 = (120f1) / P2 = (120S1f) / P2.

now putting the value of S1 = (Ns1 - N) / Ns1

At no load, speed of the auxiliary rotor is almost same as its synchronous speed.
i.e. N = Ns2.
from the above equations, it can be obtained that

With this method, four different speeds can be obtained

1. when only motor A works, corresponding speed = Ns1 = 120f / P1
2. when only motor B works, corresponding speed = Ns2 = 120f / P2
3. if cumulative cascading is done, speed of the set = N = 120f / (P1 + P2)
4. if differential cascading is done, speed of the set = N = 120f (P1 - P2)

Conclusion:- We have to connected two 3-phase induction motor in cascade and studied their
speed control.

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 Experiment No:- 3
Object:- To perform load test on 3-phase induction motor and calculate torque, output
power, input power, efficiency, input power factor and slip for various load settings.

i. Efficiency vs. output power.

ii. Torque vs. output power.
iii. Line current vs. output power.
iv. Power factor vs. output power.
v. Slip vs. output power
vi. Torque vs. slip.
APPRATUS :
Sl Apparatus Apparatus Makers
Range Serial No
No Name Type Name
1 Induction Motor
2 Ammeter
3 Voltmeter
4 Wattmeter
5 Variac
7 Tachometer

THEORY :
The load test on induction motor helps us to compute the complete performance of induction
motor means to calculate the various quantities i.e. torque, slip, efficiency, power factor etc at different
loading. In this test supply voltage is applied to motor and variable mechanical load is applied to the
shaft of motor. Mechanical load can be provided by brake and pulley arrangement. The input current,
input voltage, input power and speed of motor are observed from the experiment and various
performance quantities are calculated as explain below.
SLIP :
Due to the three-phase supply given to stator of an induction motor, a rotating magnetic field of
constant magnitude is set up in the stator of the motor. The speed with which this rotating magnetic field
rotates is known as synchronous speed and is given by
120 f
Ns 
P
Where f =supply frequency.
P =no of poles on the stator of the rotor.
The actual speed of the rotor N r is always less than the synchronous speed. So the slip of the
motor is given by following equation. This value of slip at full load lies between 2 to 5%.
N  Nr
s s 100%
Ns

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TORQUE :
Mechanical loading is applied on induction motor by means of brake and pulley arrangement.
The belt can be tightened or loosened by means of threaded rods with handles fixed on frame. Two
spring balances are provided at the end of belt. The net force exerted at the brake drum can be obtained
from the readings of the two spring balance i.e. F1 and F2
d
Net force exerted on drum, F  ( F1  F2 ) Kgf and Torque T  F   9.81 Nw-m
2
Where d = effective diameter of brake drum in meter.
OUTPUT POWER :
2 N rT
The output power of induction motor can be calculated as Po 
60
Where N r = speed of induction motor in rpm.
INPUT POWER :
The input power can be calculated from the readings of two wattmeter connected in the circuit
Pin  W1  W2
At low power i.e. under no load condition one of the wattmeter may read negative. In that case
the connection of one wattmeter coil either pressure coil or current coil should be reversed however such
reading should be recorded as negative reading.
POWER FACTOR :
The power factor can be calculated from the two wattmeter reading using following relation
  W  W2  
cos   cos  tan 1  3 1  
  W1  W2  
EFFICIENCY :
output power
The efficiency of induction motor can be calculated using the relation,   100%
input power

I
Torque

P.F.
N
Tmax
η

Tst

Rated Output

Speed
Output Power Slip N NS

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

3 A M L

Φ C V
3 Φ AC Supply

V W1 F1 F2
V
A 3Φ
R IM
I
W2
A
C V
C
M L

PROCEDURE :
1) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.
2) Set three-phase variac for minimum voltage and brake pulley arrangement is set for no load.
3) Switch ON the power supply and start the induction motor.
4) Now gradually increase applied voltage by varying the variac very slowly up to the rated
voltage.
5) Increase the mechanical load on motor step by step and note down the various reading for
load.
6) Switch OFF the supply and disconnect the motor.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Input Input Input Power Force (Kgf) Speed
SL Voltage Current
W1 W2 Nr
NO V I F1 F2 F = F1 – F2
(watt) (watt) (rpm)
(volt) (amp)
1
2
3
4
5
Diameter of pulley, d = m.

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CALCULATION :
Input Total Output Output
SL Power Force Torque Power
Slip Power Efficiency
NO Pin F T Po
(%) Factor (%)
(watt) (Kgf) (Nw-m) (watt)
1
2
3
4
5
RESULT : Draw the following curve of three-phase slip ring induction motor
i. Efficiency vs. output power.
ii. Torque vs. output power.
iii. Line current vs. output power.
iv. Power factor vs. output power.
v. Slip vs. output power
vi. Torque vs. slip.

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 Experiment no. 4

Aim of the Experiment:

1. To obtain the variation of no load power and current and blocked rotor power and current with
changes in the applied voltage to the stator.

2. To determine the equivalent circuit parameters of an induction motor.

No load test:

THEORY:

The no load test is similar to the open circuit test on a transformer. It is performed to
obtain the magnetizing branch parameters (shunt parameters) in the induction machine equivalent circuit.
In this test, the motor is allowed to run with no-load at the rated voltage of rated frequency
across its terminals. Machine will rotate at almost synchronous speed, which makes slip nearly equal
to zero. This causes the equivalent rotor impedance to be very large (theoretically infinite neglecting
the frictional and rotational losses). Therefore, the rotor equivalent impedance can be considered to be
an open circuit which reduces the equivalent circuit diagram of the induction machine (Fig. 1) to the
circuit as shown in Fig. Hence, the data obtained from this test will give information on the
stator and the magnetizing branch. The connection circuit diagram of no load test is shown in Fig. .
The no load parameters can be found from the voltmeter, ammeter, and wattmeter readings obtained
when the machine is run at no load as shown below:

Readings Obtained:
1. Line to line voltage at stator terminals : Vnl volts
2. Stator Phase Current : I nl amps
3. Per phase power drawn by the stator : Pnl watts

Calculations:
(V / 3 )
Z nl = nl ohms
I nl
P
rnl = nl2 = r1 + rc ohms
I nl
X nl = Z nl2 − Rnl2 = X 1 + X m ohms

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 r1 I1 jx1 jxI22' ' r2'

Im

((1-s)/s)r2'
V1
jxm rc

Per phase equivalent circuit of 3-phase induction motor

r1 Inl jx1

Im

Vnl
jxm rc

Approximate Equivalent Circuit for No-Load Test

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PROCEDURE:

1. Determine the meters and their ratings based on the name plate readings of the machine and
requirement.

2. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 3.

3. Set/check the variac to be at zero output.

4. First switch on the 3ф supply.

5. Close the TPST.

6. Gradually increase the voltage applied to the machine to the rated voltage. Motor runs at a speed quite
close to its synchronous speed.

7. Take the reading of voltmeter, ammeter ,wattmeter& speed on that particular voltage on the variac and
make a table.

TABLE:

Sl no. Vnl(volt) Inl(amp) Pnl(watt) N(rpm)

CONCLUSIONS:

Hence the parameters found :

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 Blocked rotor test:

THEORY: Blocked rotor test is similar to the short circuit test on a transformer. It is performed in the to
calculate the series parameters of the induction machine i.e., its leakage impedances. The rotor is blocked
to prevent rotation and balanced voltages are applied to the stator terminals at a frequency of 25 percent of
the rated frequency at a voltage where the rated current is achieved. Under the reduced voltage condition
and rated current, core loss and magnetizing component of the current are quite small percent of the total
current, equivalent circuit reduces to the form shown in Fig. 4.

r1 Ibr jx1 jxI22' ' r 2'

Vbr

Fig. 4. Equivalent Circuit for Blocked Rotor Test

The slip for the blocked rotor test is unity since the rotor is stationary.
The resulting speed-dependent equivalent resistance r2’{(1/s)-1} goes to zero and the resistance of the
rotor branch of the equivalent circuit becomes very small. Thus, the rotor current is much larger than
current in the excitation branch of the circuit such that the excitation branch can be neglected. Voltage
and power are measured at the motor input.

Readings Obtained:
Line to line voltage at stator terminals : Vbr volts
Stator Phase Current : I br amps
Per phase power drawn by the stator : Pbr watts

Calculations:
(V / 3 )
Z br = br ohms
I nl

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 Pbr
rbr = 2
= r1 + r2' ohms
I br
X br = Z br2 − Rbr2 = X 1 + X 2' ohms
X br
If it is assumed that X 1 = X 2' , then X 1 = X 2' = ohms
2

PROCEDURE:

1. Determine the meters and their ratings based on the name plate readings of the machine and
requirement.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 3.
3. Set/check the variac to be at zero output.
4. First switch on the 3ф supply.
5. Close the TPST.
6. Now, keeping the rotor still (block the rotor from running), slowly increase the autotransformer
output until rated current flows (Typically, this happens at 25% of the rated voltage).
7. Take the ammeter, voltmeter, and wattmeter readings and tabulate.
8. Repeat the procedure for other values stator phase current less than the rated value.

TABLE:

Sl no Ibr (Amps) Vbr(volt) Pbr(watt)

CONCLUSIONS:

Hence the parameters found :

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 EXPERIMENT -5

AIM
Draw the circle diagram and compute the following (i) Max. Torque (ii) Current (iii) slips (iv) p. f.
(v) Efficiency.

APPARATUS:

S. S. No Equipment Type Range Quantity

1 3 phase auto transformer
2 Ammeter
3 Wattmeter
4 Voltmeter
5 Mechanical Load

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

No - Load & Blocked Rotor Tests on Three Phase Induction Motor

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PROCEDURE:
NO LOAD TEST:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Close the main switch and gradually increase the voltage applied to the stator through the auto
transformer.
3. At rated voltage, take the values of the two watt meters (W1 & W2), stator current I0, Stator voltage
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:
1. For the second figure Block the rotor and vary supply voltage until rated current flows through the
circuit.
2. Note the readings of voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter‟s
3. Tabulate the observations and calculate the power input and power factor for each reading.
4. Measure the stator resistance and make the necessary temperature correction.

CALCULATIONS:

The input Power = W1 + W2 = P0

Stator copper loss = 3I02 R1
We have no load input power P0=√3 VI0 cosΦ0
cosΦ0 =P0 / (√3 VI0)
In phase component of load current = I0 cosΦ0
Magnetizing component of load current = I0 sinΦ0
Resistance in Magnetizing circuit = voltage per phase/ I0 cosΦ0
Magnetizing reactance = voltage per phase/ I0 sinΦ0

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CIRCLE DIAGRAM PROCEDURE:

Tests Required
No-load Test

Run the induction motor on no-load at rated supply voltage. Observe the supply line voltage V0, No-load
line current I0 and no-load power P0.

Phase angle for no load condition Φ0 =

Blocked Rotor Test

Block the rotor firmly and apply a reduced voltage to obtain rated current at the motor terminals.
Observe the supply line voltage VSC, No-load line current ISC and no-load power Psc.

Phase angle for blocked rotor condition ΦSC =

Current drawn if rated voltage is applied at blocked rotor condition ISN =

Power input at rated voltage and motor in the blocked rotor condition PSN =

Resistance Test:
By voltmeter-ammeter method determine per phase equivalent stator resistance, R1. If the machine is
wound rotor type, find the equivalent rotor resistance R2′ also after measuring rotor resistance and
required transformations are applied.

CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCLE DIAGRAM:

1. Draw horizontal axis OX and vertical axis OY. Here the vertical axis represents the voltage
reference.
2. With suitable scale, draw phasor OA with length corresponding to I0 at an angle Φ0 from the
vertical axis. Draw a horizontal line AB.
3. Draw OS equal to ISN at an angle ΦSC and join AS.
4. Draw the perpendicular bisector to AS to meet the horizontal line AB at C.
5. With C as centre, draw a semi circle passing through A and S. This forms the circle diagram which
is the locus of the input current.
6. From point S, draw a vertical line SL to meet the line AB.
7. Fix the point K as below.

For wound rotor machines where equivalent rotor resistance R2′ can be found out:
Divide SL at point K so that SK: KL = equivalent rotor resistance: stator resistance.
For squirrel cage rotor machines: Find Stator copper loss using ISN and stator winding
resistance R1. Rotor copper loss = total copper loss – stator copper loss.
Divide SL at point K so that SK: KL = rotor copper loss: stator copper loss
Note: If data for separating stator copper loss and rotor copper loss is not available then
assume that stator copper loss is equal to rotor copper loss. So divide SL at point K so
that SK= KL

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OBSERVATIONS:
No - Load test:

V (Vats) Io (ANPS) W1 (Watts) W2 (Watts)

Blocked rotor test:

V (Vats) I (AMPS) W1 (Watts) W2 (Watts)

MODEL GRAPHS:

Performance on Three Phase Induction Motor

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PRECAUTIONS:
1. Loose connections are avoided.
2. Note down all meter readings without any parallax error.

RESULT:

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 Experiment No.- 6
Object:- Speed control of 3- Φ Induction Motor
Theory:-
1. Control from Stator side
a. By changing the applied voltage
b. By changing the applied frequency
c. By changing the number of stator poles
2. Control from Rotor side
a. Rotor rheostat control
b. By operating two motors in cascade
c. By injecting an emf in the rotor circuit
By changing the applied voltage
This method, though the cheapest and the easiest, is rarely used because
• A large change in voltage is required for a relatively small change in speed
• Due to reduction in voltage, current drawn by the motor increases. Due to increased
current, themotor may get overheated.
This large change in voltage will result in a large change in the flux density thereby seriously
disturbing the magnetic conditions of the motor.
By changing the applied frequency
Whenever three phase supply is given to three phase induction motor rotating magnetic field
is produced which rotates at synchronous speed given by
𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝒇
Ns= 𝑷

In three phase induction motor, emf is induced by induction similar to that of transformer which
is given by E or V = 4.44 Φ K T f
V
Φ = 4.44 KTf

Where, K is the winding constant, T is the number of turns per phase and f is frequency. If we
change frequency, synchronous speed changes.
By changing the number of stator poles
Whenever three phase supply is given to three phase induction motor rotating magnetic field
is produced which rotates at synchronous speed given by
𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝐟
Ns= 𝐏

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Rotor rheostat control

Advantage
• By increasing the rotor resistance R2 speeds below normal value can be achieved.
• The starting torque of the motor increases proportional to rotor resistance.
Disadvantage
• The large speed changes are not possible. This is because for large speed change, large
resistance is required to be introduced in rotor which causes large rotor copper loss to
reduce the efficiency.
• The method cannot be used for the squirrel cage induction motors.
• The speeds above the normal values cannot be obtained.
• Large power losses occur due to large I2R loss.
• Sufficient cooling arrangements are required which make the external rheostats bulky
and expensive.
• Due to large power losses, efficiency is low.
By operating two motors in cascade
• In this method, two induction motors are mounted on the same shaft. One of the two
motors must be of slip ring type which is called main motor. The second motor is called
auxiliary motor.

• The auxiliary motor can be slip ring type or squirrel cage type.

• The stator of the main motor is connected to the three phase supply while the supply of
the auxiliary motor is derived at a slip frequency from the slip rings of the main motor.
This is called cascading of the motors

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 • If the torques produced by both act in the same direction, cascading is called cumulative
cascading.

• If torques produced are in opposite direction, cascading is called differential cascading.

Motor A is called the main motor and motor B is called the auxiliary motor.
Let, Ns1 = frequency of motor A
Ns2 = frequency of motor B
P1 = number of poles stator of motor A
P2 = number of stator poles of motor B
N = speed of the set and same for both motors
f = frequency of the supply

Now, slip of motor A, S1 = (Ns1 - N) / Ns1.

frequency of the rotor induced emf in motor A, f1 = S1f
Now, auxiliary motor B is supplied with the rotor induce emf

therefore, Ns2 = (120f1) / P2 = (120S1f) / P2.

now putting the value of S1 = (Ns1 - N) / Ns1

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At no load, speed of the auxiliary rotor is almost same as its synchronous speed.
i.e. N = Ns2.
from the above equations, it can be obtained that

With this method, four different speeds can be obtained

1. when only motor A works, corresponding speed = Ns1 = 120f / P1
2. when only motor B works, corresponding speed = Ns2 = 120f / P2
3. if cumulative cascading is done, speed of the set = N = 120f / (P1 + P2)
4. if differential cascading is done, speed of the set = N = 120f (P1 - P2)

By injecting an emf in the rotor circuit

In this method, a voltage is injected in the rotor circuit. The frequency of rotor circuit is a slip
frequency and hence the voltage to be injected must be at a slip frequency.
The injected voltage may oppose the rotor induced e.m.f. or may assist the rotor induced e.m.f.
• If it is in the phase opposition, effective rotor resistance increases.
• If it is in the phase of rotor induced e.m.f., effective rotor resistance decreases.
Thus by controlling the magnitude of the injected e.m.f., rotor resistance and effectively speed
can be controlled.
Practically two methods are available which use this principle. These methods are,

1. Kramer system
It consists of main induction motor M, the speed of which is to be controlled. The two
additional equipment's are, d.c. motor and a rotary converter.
❖ The slip rings of the main motor are connected to the a.c. side of a rotary converter.
❖ The d.c. side of rotary converter feeds a d.c. shunt motor commutator, which is directly
connected to the shaft of the main motor.
❖ A separate d.c. supply is required to excite the field winding of d.c. motor and exciting
winding of a rotary converter.
❖ The variable resistance is introduced in the field circuit of a d.c. motor which acts as a
field regulator.

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❖ The speed of the set is controlled by varying the field of the d.c. motor with the rheostat
R.
❖ When the field resistance is changed, the back e.m.f. of motor changes. Thus the d.c.
voltage at the commutator changes. This changes the d.c. voltage on the d.c. side of a
rotary converter.
❖ Now rotary converter has a fixed ratio between its a.c. side and d.c. side voltages. Thus
voltage on its a.c. side also changes.
❖ This a.c. voltage is given to the slip rings of the main motor.
❖ So the voltage injected in the rotor of main motor changes which produces the required
speed control.

2. Scherbius system
This method requires an auxiliary 3 phase or 6 phase a.c. commutator machine which is
called Scherbius machine.
❖ The difference between Kramer system and this system is that the Scherbius machine
is not directly connected to the main motor, whose speed is to be controlled.
❖ The Scherbius machine is excited at slip frequency from the rotor of a main motor
through a regulating transformer.
❖ The taps on the regulating transformer can be varied, this changes the voltage developed
in the rotor of Scherbius machine, which is injected into the rotor of main motor. This
controls the speed of the main motor.
❖ The Scherbius machine is connected directly to the induction motor supplied from main
line so that its speed deviates from a fixed value only to the extent of the slip of the
auxiliary induction motor

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❖ For any given setting of the regulating transformer, the speed of the main motor remains
substantially constant irrespective of the load variations. Similar to the Kramer system,
this method is also used to control speed of large induction motors.
The only disadvantage is that these methods can be used only for slip ring induction motors.

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 EXPERIMENT NO: 7

AIM:- TO FIND REGULATION OF A THREE-PHASE ALTERNATOR BY OPEN CIRCUIT

AND SHORT CIRCUIT TESTS

APPARATUS:-
1. Ammeter (0-5A) AC-1No; (0-1A) DC-1 No.
2. Voltmeter (0-300V) AC-1 No.
3. Tachometer - 1 No.
4. Rheostats (400. 1.7A) 1No; 1000. 1.2A 1No.
5. Alternator 3 kVA, 4.2A, 1500 RPM, 3
6. D.C. Motor 3 HP, 220V, 1500RPM
7. Connecting wires etc.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
[A] OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

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[B] SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

LFA

STATOR

220 V A
DC M
SUPP
LY

Neutral
link
Fus
e A
ROTO
R

220 V
DC
SUPP
LY

created by: Avtar Singh

 PROCEDURE:

[A] OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

1) Connect the circuit as shown.
2) Set potential divider to zero output position and motor field rheostat to minimum value.
3) Switch on dc supply and start the motor.
4) Adjust motor speed to synchronous value by motor field rheostat and note the meter readings.
5) Increase the field excitation of alternator and note the corresponding readings.
6) Repeat step 5 till 10% above rated terminal voltage of alternator.
7) Maintain constant rotor speed for all readings.

[B] SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

1) Connect the circuit as shown.
2) Star the motor with its field rheostat at minimum resistance position and the potential
divider set to zero output.
3) Adjust the motor speed to synchronous value.
4) Increase the alternator field excitation and note ammeter readings.
5) Repeat step 4for different values of excitations (field current). Take readings up to rated armature
current. Maintain constant speed for all readings
6) Measure the value of armature resistance per phase Ra by multimeter or by ammeter-
voltmeter method.
7) Plot the characteristics and find the synchronous impedance.

PRECAUTIONS:

1)All connections should be perfectly tight and no loose wire should lie on the work table.
2)Before switching ON the dc supply , ensure that the starter’s moving arm is at it’s maximum
resistance position.
3)Do not switch on the supply, until and unless the connections are checked by the teacher
4)Avoid error due to parallax while reading the meters.
5)Hold the tachometer with both hands steady and in line with the motor shaft so that it reads correctly.
6) Ensure that the winding currents do not exceed their rated values.

OBSERVATIONS:

Alternator armature resistance per phase Ra = ------- Ω Rotor speed = -------------------- RPM

O.C TEST. S.C.TEST

Sr. Field Terminal Sr. Field Short

No current voltage No. current circuit
If Per If current
(Amp) phase Isc
Vo

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 GRAPH: Plot the readings to draw following graphs. Use same graph paper for both curves.
1. If versus Vo(from OC test)
2. If versus Isc (from SC test)

CALCULATIONS:
OA Vo1
Synchronous impedance Zs = ---------- = for field current Isc1
OB Isc1
Isc1 is selected over the linear part of OCC, generally it corresponds to rated armature current.
S.N. Zs Zs (av).
Xs Xs (av).
Synchronous reactance Xs = √ (Zs2 - Ra2)
Where Ra = Armature resistance of alternator (per phase)

Calculate the excitation emf Eo and voltage regulation for full-load and
1.0.8 lagging p.f.
2. UPF
3.0.8 leading p.f.

Eo = [(V cos + Ia Ra)2 + (V sin  + Ia Xs)2]

+ sign is for lagging pf load.

- sign is for leading pf load.
V = rated terminal voltage per phase of alternator

Eo - V
%Regulation = ------------ x 100
V

PHASOR DIAGRAMS:

Draw phasor diagrams for above three loads and verify the calculated results.

RESULT:
Regulation of alternator at full load is found to be,
At unity pf = --------------
At 0.8 lagging = ---------------
At 0.8 leading = --------------
Synchronous Impedance varies for different values of excitation.

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 Experiment No.- 8

TITLE DETERMINE THE DIRECT-AXIS REACTANCE (XD) AND QUADRATURE-AXIS

REACTANCE (XQ) OF A THREE PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES BY SLIP
TEST.
OBJECTIVE : To determine the direct-axis synchronous reactance (Xd) and quadrature-axis
synchronous reactance (Xq) of a three phase synchronous machines by slip test.
APPRATUS :
Sl Apparatus Apparatus Makers
Specification / Range Serial No
No Name Type Name
1 Synchronous Machine
2 Ammeter
3 Voltmeter
4 Variac
7 Tachometer

THEORY :
When a three phase synchronous alternator operates under normal condition, the resultant
armature mmf is stationary with respect to the field mmf. As such the effect of armature mmf cannot be
studied unless it is resolved into two components, one is along the axis of pole known as direct axis and
another is along the axis quadrature to this known as quadrature axis. The component of armature mmf
acting along direct axis has overcome lesser reluctance as compared the component of armature mmf
acting along quadrature axis, and can therefore, establish more flux. On the other hand, quadrature axis
path has higher reluctance and therefore, quadrature axis mmf will establish lesser flux. So, under the
steady stat operation condition of the synchronous machine we define two reactance as follows
Direct axis reactance = Xd

Quadrature axis reactance = Xq

The value of X d and X q are determined by applying a balanced reduced external voltage to an
unexcited synchronous machine at a speed of little less than the synchronous speed. Due to applied
voltage to the stator terminals a current will flow causing a stator mmf. This stator mmf moves slowly
relative to the poles and induced an emf in the field circuit in a similar fashion to that of rotor in an
induction motor at slip frequency. The effect will be that the stator mmf. will move slowly relative to the
poles. The physical poles and the armature-reaction mmf are alternately in phase and out, the change
occurring at slip frequency.
When axis of the pole and axis of armature reaction mmf wave coincide, the armature mmf acts
through the field circuit. Therefore, the corresponding reactance is direct axis reactance and is given by
maximum value of armature voltage (phase value)
Xd 
minimum value of armature current (phase value)

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 When armature reaction mmf is in quadrature with the field poles, the applied voltage is equal to
the leakage reactance drop plus the equivalent voltage drop of the cross-magnetizing field component.
Therefore, the corresponding reactance is quadrature axis reactance and is given by
minimum value of armature voltage (phase value)
Xq 
maximum value of armature current (phase value)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
L F A
A 3
Φ
A1 F1

DC Supply

3 Φ Supply
V
V
DC Supply

F1
M A
F2 R
Alternator
A2 I
F2
A
C
FIG : EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP FOR PERFORMING SLIP TEST OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE

PROCEDURE :
1) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig.
2) Bring the field circuit rheostat of D.C. motor to its minimum value and switch ON the supply.
3) Start the D.C. motor with the help of three point stater.
4) Check the direction of rotation of the synchronous machine. The direction of rotation of
synchronous machine when run by D.C. motor should be the direction of rotation when run as
induction motor. If it is not same, change either the direction of rotation of D.C. motor or the
phase sequence of synchronous machine.
5) Increase the speed of D.C. motor by increasing the field rheostat so that the speed reaches a little
less than the synchronous speed of machine. Maintain the slip to be less than 5 %.
6) Check that the three phase variac is set to zero position. Switch ON the ac supplies with opening
field circuit and apply it to the stator of synchronous machine.
7) Increase the supply voltage using three phase variac so that the machine draw the rated current.
8) It will be observe that induced voltage, applied voltage to the stator winding and current in stator
winding will fluctuate from their minimum values to maximum values.
9) Note down the reading.
10) Repeat the step 5, 7 and 8 for some other suitable speeds.
11) Reduce the applied voltage to stator winding of synchronous machine by means of three phase
variac to zero and switch OFF the ac supply.
12) Reduce the speed of dc motor by decreasing its field resistance and switch OFF the dc supply.

created by: Avtar Singh

OBSERVATION TABLE :
Speed Slip Armatures Voltage Armature current Xq
SL
N S Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum
Xd Xq
NO (Ω) (Ω) Xd
(rpm) (%) (V) (V) (A) (A)
1
2
3
4
5
RESULT :
The average direct axis reactance Xd = Ω
The average quadrature axis reactance Xq = Ω

THEORY :
The regulation obtained by synchronous impedance method is based on total synchronous
reactance i.e. sum of armature leakage flux reactance and reactance due to armature reaction. But in
Zero Power Factor (ZPF) or Potier reactance method regulation calculation is based on separation of
reactance due to leakage flux and that due to armature reaction flux.
To determine the voltage regulation by this method, a curve between terminal voltage and field
excitation while machine is being run on synchronous speed and delivering full load at zero power factor
(lagging) have to be drawn along with no load characteristic as show in figure. The ZPF characteristic
curve is of exactly same shape, as the OCC but it is shifted vertically downward by leakage reactance
drop IX L and horizontally by armature reaction mmf.

Vt Air-Gap Line OCC Curve

D

C F B

ZPF Curve

O H A
If

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 The point A is obtained from a short circuit test with full load armature current. Hence OA
represents excitation (field current) required to overcome demagnetizing effect of armature reaction and
to balance leakage reactance drop at full load. Point B is obtained when full load current flows through
the armature. From B, line BC is drawn and parallel to OA. Then a line is drawn through c parallel to
initial straight part of OCC (parallel to OG), intersecting the OCC at D. BD is joined and a perpendicular
DF is dropped on BC. The triangle BFD is imposed at various points OCC to obtain corresponding
points on the ZPF curve. The length BF in  BFD represents armature reactance and the length DF
represents leakage reactance drop IX L . This known as Potier reactance voltage drop and the triangle is
known as Potier Triangle. The potier reactance is given as
voltage drop per phase (DF)
Xp 
zero power factor current per phase
In case of cylindrical rotor machines, potier reactance is nearly equal to armature leakage
reactance. In case of salient pole machine, the magnetizing circuit is more saturated and the armature
leakage reactance is smaller than the potier reactance.
POTIER REGULATION DIAGRAM :
OV is drawn horizontally to represent full load terminal voltage, V and OI is drawn to represent
full load current at a given power factor. VE is drawn perpendicular to phasor OI and equal to reactance
drop ( IX L ), neglecting resistance drop. Now phasor OE represents generated emf E. From OCC field
excitation I1 corresponding to generated emf E is determined, OI1 is drawn perpendicular to phasor OE
to represent excitation required to induce emf OE on open circuit. I1I2 is drawn parallel to load current
phasor OI to represent excitation equivalent to full load armature reaction. OI2 gives total excitation
required. If the load is thrown off, then terminal voltage will be equal to generated emf corresponding to
field excitation OI2. Hence OEo will lag behind phasor OI2 by 90°. EEo represents voltage drop to
armature reaction. So, regulation can be obtained from the relation below
Eo  V
Percentage regulation  100%
V

Eo

I2
I1

E
90° 90°
IXL
θ V
I

FIG : POTIER REGULATION DIAGRAM

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OBSERVATION TABLE :
Open-circuit Test Short-circuit Test Zero Power Factor Test
Field Terminal Field Short-circuit Field Terminal
SL
Current Voltage Current Current Current Voltage
NO
If Vt If Vt If Vt
(amp) (volt) (amp) (volt) (amp) (volt)
1
2
3
4
5
Armature resistance per phase = Ω
Effective value of armature resistance = Ω
Field resistance = Ω
RESULT :
Synchronous reactance per phase = Ω
Voltage regulation at 0.8 power factor lagging = %
Voltage regulation at 0.8 power factor leading = %
Voltage regulation at zero power factor = %

created by: Avtar Singh

 Experiment No.-9

Object:-Voltage Regulation of Synchronous Machines [Alternator] By Direct Loading

Test

The definition of Voltage regulation of a synchronous machine:

Voltage Regulation of synchronous machine is defined as the difference between the terminal
voltage at no load and terminal voltage at full load and excitation, speed must remain same.
Voltage Regulation of synchronous machine is generally calculated in percentage of full load
terminal voltage.

Objectives for calculating Voltage regulation of a synchronous machine:

1. Parallel operation of alternators is affected by the voltage regulation. By calculating voltage

regulation of synchronous machine, we can adjust the parallel operating machines to be in
synchronism.
2. Calculating voltage regulation of a synchronous machine determines the type of automatic
voltage control equipment required for resisting the voltage changes.
3. When the load is thrown off voltage rise must be known because with the rise in voltage the
insulation must be able to withstand this rise.

So the calculation of voltage regulation of synchronous machine has a great importance.

The general expression for calculating Voltage regulation of synchronous machine:

Now let us derive the general expression for calculating voltage regulation of a synchronous
machine

Let E be the terminal voltage of the synchronous machine at no load. Now if the synchronous
machine is given full load the terminal voltage will no longer be E because of the losses so let
the terminal voltage now be V.

So general expression for Voltage regulation of a synchronous machine is given by

Voltage regulation% = (E – V / V) × 100

Methods for calculating voltage regulation of synchronous machine:

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There are two types of methods for calculating voltage regulation of synchronous machine.

1. Direct load test method.

2. Indirect Method.

The indirect method of calculating voltage regulation of synchronous machine can be further
classified into 3 types:

1.EMF method or Synchronous impedance method.

2. MMF method or Ampere turn method.

3.Zero power factor method or Potier method.

Direct load test method for calculating voltage regulation of synchronous machine:

Now let’s see how to calculate voltage regulation of synchronous machine by using direct load
test method:

Circuit diagram for calculating Voltage regulation of synchronous machine by direct load test:

Circuit connections for calculating voltage regulation of synchronous machine by direct load
test:

created by: Avtar Singh

1. Firstly connections are to be made as given in the circuit diagram:
2. Armature which is star connected is connected to the three-phase load with the help of
TPST. TPST is a switch and it means triple pole single through.
3. A rheostat is connected in series with the field winding.
4. The field winding is excited by using D.C supply and flux is adjusted by adjusting the
rheostat. Flux adjustment is nothing but adjusts the current flow through field winding.

Procedure for calculating voltage regulation of synchronous machine by direct load test:

1. Adjust the prime mover such that the alternator rotates at synchronous speed Ns. we know
Eph α 𝞍 from emf equation.
2. Now DC supply is given to the field winding and the current flow through the field is
adjusted so that the flux is adjusted such that the rated voltage is obtained at its terminals
which can be seen on the voltmeter connected across the lines.
3. Now load is connected to the alternator with the help of TPST switch
4. The load is then increased such that the ammeter reads rated current. This is full load
condition of the alternator. Now as the load is connected due to armature reaction there is
a loss of voltage so let the induced voltage be V.
5. Now again adjust the rheostat of the field winding to get rated voltage at alternator
terminals.
6. Now remove the load by opening TPST switch and the excitation, speed should not be
changed it should be same as before removing the load.
7. As there is no load there is no armature reaction the induced emf is equal to the terminal
voltage which is E.

Now we can calculate voltage regulation of synchronous machine by

Voltage regulation% =( E – V / V) × 100 at a specific power factor.

Limitations for calculating voltage regulation of synchronous machine by using direct load
method:

This method is applicable only for small capacity machines for larger capacity machines it is
not economical because that much load cannot be given directly.

In this way, we have calculated the voltage regulation of synchronous machine by direct load
test method.

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For larger capacity machines voltage regulation can be calculated by the Indirect method.

In the next post, we can see how to calculate voltage regulation of synchronous machine by the
Indirect method.

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EXPERIMENT NO : EM – II/4 A
Experiment no.-10

OBJECTIVE : To determine the voltage regulation of a three phase alternator by synchronous

impedance method.
APPRATUS :
Sl Apparatus Apparatus Makers
Specification / Range Serial No
No Name Type Name
1 Motor
2 Alternator
3 Voltmeter
4 Ammeter 1
5 Ammeter 2
6 Rheostat

THEORY :
The synchronous impedance of a given three phase alternator can be determined from the
following two experiments.
1. OPEN CIRCUIT TEST :
In this test, the alternator is run with the prime mover i.e. dc motor. The output terminals of the
alternator are kept open i.e. alternator run on no-load. The induce emf per phase corresponding to
various values of field current is measured. The curve is drawn between the induced emf per phase and
the field current as shown in Fig. This curve is known as open circuit characteristics (O.C.C.).
2. SHORT CIRCUIT TEST :
In this test, the output terminals of the alternator are short circuited through low resistance
ammeter. The short circuit current is measured corresponding to various values of field current while
speed is kept constant with the help of field rheostat. The curve is drawn between short circuit current
and field current as shown in Fig. (Curve II). This curve is known as short circuit current (S.C.C.).

Eo / Isc
C I
Vt
II

A If

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 From the Fig. let OA represent the field current corresponding to rated terminal voltage. Then
AB represents the rated short circuited current and AC represents the induced emf per phase. Under the
short circuit condition whole of the emf AC is used to create the short circuit current AB. Now, we can
write
AC (in volts)
Synchronous impedance, Z s 
AB(in amperes)
The value of armature resistance per phase Ra can be determined by an accurate ohmmeter. The
effective value of armature resistance can be determined by increasing the measured value by 20 % to
account for the skin effect and effect of temperature rise. Then, synchronous reactance Xs can be
calculated using the following relation
X s  Z s2  Ra2

Now no-load induced emf per phase Eo  (V cos   IRa )2  (V sin   IX s )2

Eo  V
And percentage regulation  100%
V
N.B. For lagging power factor sin  should be taken as positive and for leading power factor
sin  taken as negative.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

L F A

A
A1 F1

DC Supply
V
DC Supply

F1
M G
F2

Alternator
A2
F2

FIG 1 : EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP FOR PERFORMING OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

L F A

A
A1 F1
DC Supply

A
DC Supply

F1
M G
F2
Alternator
A2
F2

FIG 2 : EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP FOR PERFORMING SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

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PROCEDURE :
1) Connect the circuit as shown in Fig. 1.
2) Switch ON the dc power supply and start the motor with the help of three point starter
keeping the field rheostat at its minimum value.
3) Now adjust the speed of motor equal to the synchronous speed of alternator with the help of
field rheostat. Maintain this synchronous speed throughout the experiment.
4) Increase alternator field current by varying the field voltage gradually. Note down the
voltmeter reading connected across the alternator terminals for various values of alternator
field current. Go up to 10 % above the rated voltage of alternator.
5) Switch OFF the dc supply.
6) Short the alternator output through ammeter as shown in Fig. 2 and repeat steps 2 and 3
above.
7) Increase alternator field current by varying the field voltage gradually. Note the ammeter
readings connected across the alternator terminals for various values of alternator field
current.
8) Switch OFF the dc supply and disconnect all connection.
9) Measure per phase armature resistance and field resistance with the help of multi-meter.
10) Plot the O.C.C. and S.C.C. curves.
11) Calculated the value of synchronous reactance and regulation of alternator.
OBSERVATION TABLE :
Open-circuit Test Short-circuit Test
SL Field Current Terminal Voltage Field Current Short-circuit Current
NO If Vt If Isc
(amp) (volt) (amp) (amp)
1
2
3
4
5
Armature resistance per phase = Ω
Effective value of armature resistance = Ω
RESULT :
Synchronous reactance per phase = Ω
Voltage regulation at 0.8 power factor lagging = %
Voltage regulation at 0.8 power factor leading = %
Voltage regulation at zero power factor = %

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 EXPERIMENT - 11
AIM:
To study effect of variation of field current upon the stator current and power factor of
synchronous motor and Plot V-Curve and inverted V-Curve of synchronous motor for
different values of loads.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:
DC MOTOR SYNCHORONOUS MOTOR
HP HP
Voltage Voltage
Current Current
Field voltage Poles
Field current
Frequency

APPARATUS:
S. No NAME RANGE TYPE QUANTITY
1 Ammeter
2 Ammeter
3 Voltmeter
4 Wattmeter
5 Rheostat
6 Load

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

V and Inverted V-Curves of 3- Synchronous motor

created by: Avtar Singh

PROCEDURE:

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the AC supply feeding to 3-phase synchronous motor and start the motor using 3- phase
variac
3. Ensure that the motor is running at no-load and synchronous Speed.
4. Now the field winding of the synchronous motor is exited with excitation unit.
5. Set the Rheostat of the field winding of the motor to the position of the normal excitation. (Here the
armature current will draw the minimum current from the mains.)
6. Note down all meter readings at this position.
7. Decrease the excitation current in steps an note down ammeter and wattmeter readings. (Excitation
current may be reduced till the rated armature current flows in the armature circuit of the
synchronous motor) (If as Ia ).
8. Again set back rheostat position to normal excitation position, now increase the excitation in steps
and note down all meter readings.
9. Repeat the step - 5, 6, 8, and 8 for half load and full load.
10. Decrease the load on the motor and switch of the supply.

Note:

1. Keeping fixed load on the dc machine (DC Generator), the data for a V-curve is obtained by varying
the field current and note down the armature current as suggested earlier. The V-curves are drawn
for no load, Full load and one intermediate load.
2. For same data inverted V- curves are drawn between Cos (p.f) and If.

MODEL GRAPHS:

V and Inverted V-Curves of 3- Synchronous Motor

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TABULAR COLUMN:

At Full load
S.No If (A) Ia (A) W (Watts) Cos Φ
1
2

Half full load

S.No If (A) Ia (A) W (Watts) Cos Φ
1
2

At No Load
S.No If (A) Ia (A) W (Watts) Cos Φ
1
2

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Loose connections are avoided.
2. Note down all meter readings without any parallax error.
3. If the watt meter reading shows negative reading (Kick backs), then interchange the connection of
M and L of the wattmeter.

RESULT:

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 Experiment No.-12
Parallel Operation of Alternator

The operation of connecting an alternator in parallel with another alternator or with common bus-
bars is known as synchronizing.

 It means that the alternator is connected to a live system of constant voltage and constant
frequency.
 The electrical system, to which the alternator is connected, may has already so many
alternators and loads connected to it that no matter what power is delivered by the incoming
alternator, the voltage and frequency of the system remain the same.
 In that case, the alternator is said to be connected to infinite bus-bars.
 It is never advisable to connect a stationary alternator to live bus-bars, because, stator induced
e.m.f. being zero, a short-circuit will result.

 For proper synchronization of alternators, the following three conditions must be satisfied :

1. The terminal voltage (effective) of the incoming alternator must be the same as bus-bar
voltage.
2. The speed of the incoming machine must be such that its frequency (= PN/120) equals bus-
bar frequency.
3. The phase of the alternator voltage must be identical with the phase of the bus-bar voltage.
It means that the switch must be closed at (or very near) the instant the two voltages have
correct phase relationship.
Condition (1) is indicated by a voltmeter, conditions (2) and (3) are indicated by
synchronizing lamps or a synchronoscope.

Synchroscope

 A synchroscope is recommended for synchronizing two alternators since it shows very

accurately the exact instant of synchronism.
 The pointer rotates clock wise when an alternator is running fast and counterclockwise when
an alternator is running slow.
 When the pointer is stationary, pointing upward, the alternators are synchronized.
 The synchroscope is connected across one phase only. For this reason it cannot be used safely
until the alternators have been tested and connected together for the proper phase rotation.
 Synchronizing lamps or other means must be used to determine the phase rotation.
In commercial applications, the alternator connections to a three-phase bus through a
paralleling switch are permanent. This means that tests for phase rotation are not necessary.
 As a result, a synchroscope is the only instrument required to bring the machines into
synchronization and thus parallel them; however, a set of lights is often used as a double-
check system.

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 Advantages of Parallel Operating Alternators
 When there is maintenance or an inspection, one machine can be taken out from service
and the other alternators can keep up for the continuity of supply.
 Load supply can be increased.
 During light loads, more than one alternator can be shut down while the other will operate
in nearly full load.
 High efficiency.
 The operating cost is reduced.
 Ensures the protection of supply and enables cost-effective generation.
 The generation cost is reduced.
 Breaking down of a generator does not cause any interruption in the supply.
 Reliability of the whole power system increases.

 There are certain requirements which must be met for parallel operation of alternators be
reliable.
1)The rated speeds of the alternators should be such that they give same frequency generated
voltage (f =PNs/120)
2)The output voltage rating of the alternators must be same.
3)Even though the kVA ratings of the alternators are different, they should be of the same type so
that waveform of generated voltage is same.
4)The armature of alternators should have reactance.
5)The prime movers of the alternators should have same speed load drooping characteristics so
that they can be loaded in proportion to their output ratings.
This conditions for proper synchronization of the alternators for the parallel operation to be
successful are as given below.The alternator or group of alternators which are already in operation
and load sharing are called running machines while the alternator which is to be connected to
these alternators for parallel operation is called incoming machine.The incoming machine must
meet the following conditions for proper parallel operation of alternators.

 General Procedure for Paralleling Alternators

The figure below shows an alternator (generator 2) being paralleled with a running power system
(generator 1). These two machines are about to synchronize for supplying power to a load.
Generator 2 is about to parallel with the help of a switch. This switch should never be closed
without satisfying the conditions.

1. To make the terminal voltages equal. This can be done by adjusting the terminal voltage of
incoming machine by changing the field current and make it equal to the line voltage of
running system using voltmeters.
2. There are two methods to check the phase sequence of the machines. They are as follows
 First one is using a Synchroscope. It does not actually check the phase sequence but it
is used to measure the difference in phase angles.

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  Second method is three lamp method. Three light bulbs are connected to the terminals
of the switch. Bulbs become bright if the phase difference is large. Bulbs become dim
if the phase difference is small. The bulbs will show dim and bright all together if
phase sequence is the same. The bulbs will get bright in progression if the phase
sequence is opposite.
 This phase sequence can be made equal by swapping the connections on any two
phases on one of the generators.

3. To check and verify the incoming and running system frequency.This can be done by
inspecting the frequency of dimming and brightening of lamps.
4. When the frequencies are nearly equal, the two voltages (incoming alternator and running
system) will alter the phase gradually. These changes can be observed and the switch, can
be made closed when the phase angles are equal.

created by: Avtar Singh