2^3 Full Factorial Array (Similar to the Taguchi L8 Orthogonal Array)

By Kim Niles. (See accompanying article at http://www.isixsigma.com/library/bio/kniles.asp)

2 levels of 3 factors with up to 8 reps = (2^3) x 8 = 64 or less data points; Change only yellow boxes

Factor Assignment Response Table (Data) Quick Calculations

Main Effects Interactions (i.e. AxB). Replicates used to normalize the data
Run Order

G=ABC
E=AC
D=AB

F=BC
Run#

Signal- to-
A B C R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 Ave. Std.Dev. Noise (S/N)
1 - - - + + + - - - -
2 + - - - - + + - - -
3 - + - - + - + - - -
4 + + - + - - - - - -
5 - - + + - - + - - -
6 + - + - + - - - - -
7 - + + - - + - - - -
8 + + + + + + + - - -

Reference Key to Factor Selection

Factor A = Your factor: ;B= ;C=
Factor D = Your factor: AB Interaction? ; E = AC Interaction? ;F= BC Interaction? ; G = Error

Confounding Column Information (for alternative factor assignment considerations)

The Taguchi L8 array is very similar to this arrray but has slightly different columns that confound with each other. This
array does not have confounding columns. Using the L8 array requires an uderstanding of column confounding.

Calculating the Significance of Main Effects (Solving for Means)

Factor A Runs Where A is + : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0

Runs Where A is - : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0.00
Total Effect = Difference = 0.00

Factor B Runs Where B is + : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0

Runs Where B is - : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0.00
Total Effect = Difference = 0.00

Factor C Runs Where C is + : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0

Runs Where C is - : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0.00
Total Effect = Difference = 0.00

Calculating the Significance of Main Effects (Solving for Standard Deviation)

Factor A Runs Where A is + : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0

Runs Where A is - : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0.00
Total Effect = Difference = 0.00

Factor B Runs Where B is + : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0

Runs Where B is - : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0.00
Total Effect = Difference = 0.00

Factor C Runs Where C is + : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0

Runs Where C is - : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0.00
Total Effect = Difference = 0.00

Calculating the Significance of Main Effects (Solving for Signal-to-Noise)

Factor A Runs Where A is + : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0

Runs Where A is - : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0.00

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 Total Effect = Difference = 0.00

Factor B Runs Where B is + : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0

Runs Where B is - : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0.00
Total Effect = Difference = 0.00

Factor C Runs Where C is + : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0

Runs Where C is - : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0.00
Total Effect = Difference = 0.00

Calc. the Sig. of 2nd Order Interaction Effects or Aliased Effects (Solving for Means)
Factor D (AB) Runs Where D is + : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0
Runs Where D is - : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0.00
Total Effect = Difference = 0.00

Factor E (AC) Runs Where E is + : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0

Runs Where E is - : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0.00
Total Effect = Difference = 0.00

Factor F (BC) Runs Where F is + : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0

Runs Where F is - : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0.00
Total Effect = Difference = 0.00

Calc. the Sig. of 2nd Order Interaction Effects or Aliased Effects (Solving for Std Dev.)

Factor D (AB) Runs Where D is + : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0

Runs Where D is - : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0.00
Total Effect = Difference = 0.00

Factor E (AC) Runs Where E is + : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0

Runs Where E is - : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0.00
Total Effect = Difference = 0.00

Factor F (BC) Runs Where F is + : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0

Runs Where F is - : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0.00
Total Effect = Difference = 0.00

Calc. the Sig. of 2nd Order Interaction Effects or Aliased Effects (Solving for Sig-to-Noise)

Factor D (AB) Runs Where D is + : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0

Runs Where D is - : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0.00
Total Effect = Difference = 0.00

Factor E (AC) Runs Where E is + : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0

Runs Where E is - : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0.00
Total Effect = Difference = 0.00

Factor F (BC) Runs Where F is + : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0

Runs Where F is - : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0.00
Total Effect = Difference = 0.00

Calc. the Sig. of 3rd Order Interaction Effects, Error, or Aliased Effects (Solving for Means)
Factor G (ABC) Runs Where G is + : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0
Runs Where G is - : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0.00
Total Effect = Difference = 0.00

Calc. the Sig. of 3rd Order Interaction Effects, Error, or Aliased Effects (Solving for Std.Dev.)
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 Factor G (ABC) Runs Where G is + : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0
Runs Where G is - : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0.00
Total Effect = Difference = 0.00

Calc. the Sig. of 3rd Order Interaction Effects, Error, or Aliased Effects (Solving for Sig.-to-Noise)
Factor G (ABC) Runs Where G is + : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0
Runs Where G is - : - + - + - + - = 0 / 4 = Ave= 0.00
Total Effect = Difference = 0.00

Calculating Confidence
ANOVA analysis is used to compare "within variation" with "between variation".
Hypotheses: Ho= All means are equal; HA= They are not equal
Linear contrasts is a method used to test any two levels or combinations of two levels against each other.
Degrees of freedom is always 1 for testing two items.

Calculating the Grand Average

Row Number: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Grand Average (GA)
Row Averages: - - - - - - - - => -

Factor Sum of Squares

(Linear Contrast Effect)^2/((1/n low level)+ (1/n high level)); n = number of data points
Factor A = 0.0 ^2 / (1/2) = 0.0
Factor B = 0.0 ^2 / (1/2) = 0.0
Factor C = 0.0 ^2 / (1/2) = 0.0
Factor D (AB) = 0.0 ^2 / (1/2) = 0.0
Factor E (AC) = 0.0 ^2 / (1/2) = 0
Factor F (BC) = 0.0 ^2 / (1/2) = 0.0
Factor G (ABC) = 0.0 ^2 / (1/2) = 0.0

Total Sum of Squares

Row Number: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Row Averages: - - - - - - - -
GA - Row Average: - - - - - - - -
(GA - Row Average)^2: - - - - - - - - Total SS Groups
Sum of (GA - Row Ave)^2 = 0.00

ANOVA Table
Is there a statistically significant difference between factors, rows, and error?
Df = Degrees of freedom MS = Mean Sum of Squares
SS = Sum of Squares F = F-test characteristic
Alpha = F-test probability

SS Df MS F Alpha Conf.
Factor A 0.0 1 0.00 - - - @ confidence that this is significant
Factor B 0.0 1 0.00 - - - @ confidence that this is significant
Factor C 0.0 1 0.00 - - - @ confidence that this is significant
Factor D (AB) 0.0 1 0.00 - - - @ confidence that this is significant
Factor E (AC) 0.0 1 0.00 - - - @ confidence that this is significant
Factor F (BC) 0.0 1 0.00 - - - @ confidence that this is significant
Factor G (ABC) 0.0 1 0.00
Total 0.0 7

Additional Comments
Note #1: If the data is known to be normally distributed, analyzing the within run data as design replicates yields
higher confidence in the results. Unfortunately this matrix is not set up to do that.
Note #2: Error in the results increases as columns contain greater amounts of partial data. For example, if two reps
are taken for each run, then columns R1 and R2 should be fully filled out.

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2^3 Full Fact. Products
Factors (i.e.AxB).
Runs

ABC
BC
AB
Response
C
A
B

1 + + + + + + Sample Data
2 + + - + - - Sample Data
3 + - + - - - Sample Data
4 + - - - + + Sample Data
5 - + + - + - Sample Data
6 - + - - - + Sample Data
7 - - + + - + Sample Data
8 - - - + + - Sample Data