Math 12 Name _______________

Date ________________
Sec 5.1 Graphing Sine and Cosine Functions

1. Theory
Imagine that P rotates counterclockwise around the circle starting at the positive x-axis. As θ
increases, (x, y) changes over a particular interval, causing a change in sin θ , cos θ and tan θ .

Sine and cosine functions are _______________

______________. The values of these functions
repeat over a specific _____________.

2. Periodic Functions - a function that _________ itself over regular intervals (cycles) of its domain
A sine graph is a graph of the function y = sin θ . You can also describe a sine graph as a
__________________________. This is the name given to a curve that fluctuates back and forth
like a sine graph. The curve oscillates repeatedly up and down from a centre line. The sine
function, y = sin θ , relates the measure of angle θ in standard position to the y-coordinate of the
point P.
y y

θ y

The cosine function, y = cosθ , relates the measure of angle θ in standard position to the x-
coordinate of the point P. y
y
θ y

Sec  5.1  Graphing  Sine  and  Cosine  Functions  -­‐  Page 1 of 4  

 
The coordinates of point P repeat after point P travels completely around the unit circle, a
circumference of _______. Therefore, the smallest distance that P travels before the values for
y = sin θ and y = cosθ repeat is _______. This distance is the ___________ of sin θ and cos θ .

The amplitude is the maximum vertical distance above and below the horizontal ________ ______.

Summary of the Features

y = sin θ y = cosθ
Domain
Range
Maximum
Minimum
Amplitude
Period
y-intercept
θ -intercept

3. Period - the length of the interval of the domain over which a graph repeats itself
- in terms of transformations, period is the horizontal trigonometric term to indicate a
_______________ _____________ by a factor of ______

Examples 1 - Graph 1 period of the following using 5 key points and state the period.
1
a) y = sin θ b) y = sin 2θ
2
y y

x x

1
c) y = cos θ b) y = cos5θ
5

y y

x
x

Sec  5.1  Graphing  Sine  and  Cosine  Functions  -­‐  Page 2 of 4  

 
 Summary
y = sin bθ and y = cosbθ

“b” determines the period = ________

- if 0 < b < 1 → _______________ _______________
- if b > 1 → _______________ _______________
- if b is negative → ___________________________________________

4. Amplitude - half the distance between the maximum and minimum values
Recall that a function of the form y = af (x) is related to y = f (x) by a _____________
___________ of a factor a about x-axis. This transformation also applies to the sine and cosine
functions. If a < 0, the function is also reflected in the _________.

Examples 2 - Graph 1 period of the following and state the amplitude and period.
1
a) y = 2sin θ b) y = sin θ c) y = −3sin θ
2
y y y

x x x

amplitude = amplitude = amplitude =

period = period = period =

Summary
y = asin bθ and y = a cosbθ

“a” determines the _______________

- if 0 < a < 1 → _______________ _______________
- if a > 1 → _______________ _______________
- if a is negative → ___________________________________________

The amplitude can be determined using the following formula:

Sec  5.1  Graphing  Sine  and  Cosine  Functions  -­‐  Page 3 of 4  

 
 Practice - Graph the following, showing at least two cycles, and determine the key features.
a) y = 3 sin 4x
y
Amplitude =
Period =
Maximum =
Minimum =
x
x-intercept =
y-intercept =
domain =
range =

1
b) y = −4 cos x
3
y
Amplitude =
Period =
Maximum =
Minimum =
x
x-intercept =
y-intercept =
domain =
range =

Sec  5.1  Graphing  Sine  and  Cosine  Functions  -­‐  Page 4 of 4  

 
Math 12 Name _______________
Date ________________
Sec 5.2 Transformations of Sinusoidal Functions
The rules that you have applied to the transformations of functions also apply to the transformations
of sinusoidal curves.
y = sin(q - c) + d and y = cos(q - c) + d
- “c” translates the graph ___________________
- “d” translates the graph ___________________

1. Vertical Displacement - vertical translation of the graph of a periodic function

Examples 1 - Graph the following and state the vertical displacement, domain and range.
a) y = sinq +1 b) y = sinq - 3
y y

x x

v.d. = v.d. =
domain: domain:
range: range:

2. Phase Shift - _________________ translation of the graph of a periodic function.

Examples 2 - Graph the following and state the phase shift, domain and range.
æ pö æ pö
a) y = sin çq - ÷ b) y = sin çq + ÷
è 2ø è 4ø
y y

x x

p.s. = p.s. =
domain: domain:
range: range:

Sec 5.2 Transformations of Sinusoidal Functions - Page 1 of 6

Overall Summary
y = asin(b(q - c))+ d and y = acos(b(q - c))+ d

“a” determines the ______________ “b” determines the period = _______

- if a is positive, do nothing - if b is positive, do nothing
- if a is negative, reflect over the __________ - if b is negative, reflect over the ________

“c” determines the ___________ _______________ “d” determines __________ ___________

- if c is positive, shift ______ - if d is positive, shift ________
- if c is negative, shift _________ - if d is negative, shift ________

Note: Before finding the phase shift, make sure there is no coefficient directly in front of q . If there
is, factor it out first.

Examples 3 - State the amplitude, period, phase shift and vertical displacement.
æq ö
a) y = 5sin(2q + 6)+ 7 b) y = -4sin ç - 7p ÷ - 8
è3 ø

amplitude = amplitude =
period = period =
p.s. = p.s. =
v.d. = v.d. =
domain: domain:
range: range:

3. Graphing
a) Method 1 - Use Transformations
Sketch the graph of y = sin q or y = cos q for one cycle. Apply the horizontal and vertical
stretches. Then, apply the horizontal and vertical translations.

b) Method 2 - Using Key Points

1) Draw mid-line using (as a dotted line) using the vertical displacement
2) Find first point using phase shift (based on original function) and amplitude (for cosine
only) if necessary. Use the mid-line as a reference.
3) Find the fifth point of one period by adding the period to the starting point. ( q changes
but y value stays the same)
4) Find the middle points by continuously halving the distance between points. Find third
point, then second point and then the fourth.

* Refer to the graph of y = sin q or y = cos q to guide your drawing.

Sec 5.2 Transformations of Sinusoidal Functions - Page 2 of 6

Examples 4 - Sketch the graph of the functions over two cycles. Identify the amplitude, vertical
displacement, period, phase shift, domain and range.

1æ p ö
a) y = -2 cos çq + ÷ +1
3è 2ø

amplitude =
period =
p.s. = x

v.d. =
domain:
range:

b) y = 2sin(q - p ) + 6
y

amplitude =
period =
p.s. =
v.d. =
domain:
x

range:

æp ö
c) y = -3cos ç q + p ÷ -1
è2 ø

amplitude =
period =
x

p.s. =
v.d. =
domain:
range:

Sec 5.2 Transformations of Sinusoidal Functions - Page 3 of 6

4. Writing a Sinusoidal Equation

Examples 5 - Identify a, b, c and d for each graph. Then, write the function using sine and
cosine in the form y = asin(b(q - c))+ d and y = acos(b(q - c))+ d

1. y
4

x
-p/2 p/2 p 3p/2 2p 5p/2 3p 7p/2

-2

-4

2. y
2

x
-p/2 p/2 p 3p/2 2p 5p/2 3p 7p/2

-2

-4

-6

3. y

x
-p p 2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p 8p 9p 10p 11p

-2

4. y

x
-1 1 2 3 4 5

-2

-4

-6

Sec 5.2 Transformations of Sinusoidal Functions - Page 4 of 6

5. Applications

Example 6 – The height of a chair on a Ferris wheel varies sinusoidally with time. The radius
of a Ferris wheel is 12 m, and the wheel rotates once every 40 seconds. A person sits 14 m
above the ground and is rising when the wheel starts to rotate. The lowest height is 2 m above
the ground.

a) Determine an equation for the height of the person at time t.

Sine cosine
value of a =

value of b =

value of c =

value of d =

Equation = _____________________________, _____________________________

b) Graph the equation on your calculator for one complete rotation

c) How high is the person 25 seconds after the wheel starts turning?

d) At what time is the person 6 m above the ground?

Sec 5.2 Transformations of Sinusoidal Functions - Page 5 of 6

Example 7 – The equation for the average monthly temperature at Eureka, Nunavut is given
by T  22.39sin(0.53M  1.96)  16.78 where T is the average monthly temperature (  C) and M
is the number of the month of the year (January is 1, February is 2, etc.).
a) Sketch a graph of the equation over one year. Label the axes.
y

30

20

10

x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

b) What is the median value?

c) What is the amplitude?

d) What are the maximum and minimum average monthly temperatures?

e) What is the period of the graph?

f) What is the average monthly temperature for July?

g) For how long in one year is the average monthly temperature below zero?

Sec 5.2 Transformations of Sinusoidal Functions - Page 6 of 6

Math 12 Name _______________
Date ________________
Sec 5.3 The Tangent Function

1. Theory
Recall that the tan of an angle is the ratio of the length of the ____________ side and the
____________ side of a right triangle. In a unit circle, the value of the tangent of an angle θ is
the ________ of the line passing through the origin and the point on the unit circle. Hence, the
tangent ratio can be interpreted as

tan θ =

Let’s say x =1. Then, tan θ = ______.

Therefore, the tangent ratio is the length of the
line segment (___________________________
_________________________________) from
the x-axis to the terminal arm of the angle at
point Q. This is why it’s called the tangent ratio!

2. Graphing Tan
Graph the function y = tan θ and describe its characteristics.

θ y y
y

Since tan θ = _________, you can also refer to the graph of y = sin θ and y = cosθ when graphing.
Observe:
• when sin θ = 0, tan θ =
• when cos θ = 0, tan θ =

Sec  5.3  The  Tangent  Function  -­‐  Page 1 of 3  

 
Summary of the Features
y = tan θ
Domain
Range
Maximum
Minimum
Period
y-intercept
θ -intercept
Equation of vertical
asymptotes

Note: - y = tan θ does not have an _________________ but it can still have a vertical stretch.
- To find the period of a tan function, the period is ________.

Practice - Graph the following, showing at least two cycles, and determine the key features.
a) y = 2 tan 3x
y
Period =
x-intercept =
y-intercept =
x
domain =
range =
eqn of asymptotes:

! 1 ! π $$
b) y = tan # # x + && +1
" 3" 2 %%

Period =
x-intercept =
y-intercept =
domain =
range =
eqn of asymptotes:

Sec  5.3  The  Tangent  Function  -­‐  Page 2 of 3  

 
Your Turn (pg 261) - A small plane is flying at a constant altitude of 5000 m directly toward an
observer who is standing on the ground. Assume that the ground is flat in the region close to the
observer.

a) Sketch the graph of the function that represents the relation between the horizontal distance, in
metres, from the observer to the plane and the angle, in degrees, formed by the vertical and the
line of sight to the plane.

b) Use the characteristics of the tangent function to describe what happens to the graph as the plane
flies from the right of the observer to the left of the observer.

Sec  5.3  The  Tangent  Function  -­‐  Page 3 of 3  

 
Math 12 Name _______________
Date ________________
Sec 5.4 Equations and Graphs of Trigonometric Functions
You can represent phenomena with periodic behavior or wave characteristics of trigonometric
functions or model them approximately with sinusoidal function. Once you have these functions,
you can then use them to make predictions by interpolation and extrapolation. Problems can include
the swing of a pendulum, the motion of a wheel, variations in blood pressure, and vibrations in
sound.

1. Solving a Trigonometric Equation

Example 1
Determine the solutions for 0  x  2 for the trigonometric equation 4sin 2 x - 3 = 0 by
i) solving algebraically ii) solving graphically

Window: [ , ][ , ]

Solution: ____________________
Practice 1

Determine the general solutions for the trigonometric equation 10  6sin x 8
4
a) algebraically b) graphically (using a system of two functions)
y1 =
y2 =

Window: [ , ][ , ]

Solution: ____________________

Sec 5.4 Equations and Graphs of Trigonometric Functions- Page 1 of 2

2. Solving Problems
Example 2 − One particular afternoon, the tide in Victoria, BC, reached a maximum height of
3.0 m at 2:00 pm and a minimum height of 0.2 m at 8:00 pm.
a) Write a sinusoidal function, using sine and cosine, that represents the tide in Victoria, BC, on
this day.
y

b) At what time is the tide first at a height of 1 m?

c) For how many hours during one day is the tide below 1 m?

Your Turn (pg 271) − In some Caribbean countries, the current makes 50 complete cycles each
second and the voltage is modeled by V  170sin100 t .
a) Graph the voltage function over two cycles. Explain what the scales on the axes represent.
y

b) What is the period of the current in these countries?

c) How many times does the voltage reach 110 V in the first second?

Sec 5.4 Equations and Graphs of Trigonometric Functions- Page 2 of 2