NOJA-7476-01

NOJA Power

Application Note
Broken Conductor 46BC

www.nojapower.com.au
 NOJA-7476-01

Revision History

Rev Author Date Comment

0 BGF 21-04-17 Initial Draft
1 BGF 08-05-17 Case Studies included. Appendix A and Appendix B

NOJA Power® and OSM® are registered trademarks of NOJA Power Switchgear Pty Ltd. This document
is copyright and is intended for users and distributors of NOJA Power Switchgear product. It contains information
that is the intellectual property of NOJA Power Switchgear and the document, or any part thereof, should not be
copied or reproduced in any form without written permission from NOJA Power Switchgear.
NOJA Power® and OSM® are registered trademarks of NOJA Power Switchgear and should not be
reproduced or used in any way without written authorisation.
NOJA Power Switchgear applies a policy of ongoing development and reserves the right to change product
without notice. NOJA Power Switchgear does not accept any responsibility for loss or damage incurred as a
result of acting or refraining from action based on information in this User Manual.

© NOJA Power Switchgear Pty Ltd 2002 - 2017

www.nojapower.com.au
 NOJA-7476-01

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 1
Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
Setting calculation during commissioning ........................................................................................................ 2
HMI and CMS Configuration ........................................................................................................................... 3
Study Cases for Broken Conductor ................................................................................................................. 6
Study Case 1.a - Blown fuse or floating conductor .......................................................................................... 6
Study Case 1.a - CMS Simulation ................................................................................................................... 7
Study Case 1.b - Blown fuse or floating conductor with ungrounded transformer .............................................. 9
Study Case 1.b - CMS Simulation ................................................................................................................... 9
Study Case 2.a - Two open conductors – CMS Simulation .............................................................................. 10
Study Case 2.b - Two open conductors and ungrounded transformer – CMS Simulation .................................. 10
Study Case 3.a - Conductor grounded on bus H side – CMS Simulation .......................................................... 11
Study Case 3.a - Conductor grounded on bus H side with ungrounded transformer – CMS Simulation .............. 12
APPENDIX A – Analysis of open conductor faults ........................................................................................... 13
APPENDIX B – Numerical example: Fault analysis of study case 1.A ............................................................... 17
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................. 20

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Case system for simulation [2] ........................................................................................................ 6

Figure 2: Case system information [2] ............................................................................................................ 6
Figure 3: Case System for Simulation – Ungrounded Transformer [2]............................................................... 9
Figure 4: Open conductor fault on a three phase system between buses m and n ........................................... 13
Figure 5: Thevenin Equivalent circuits from points p and p'. a) positive sequence b) negative sequence c) zero
sequence [1] .............................................................................................................................................. 14
Figure 6: Connection of sequence network for a broken conductor [1] ........................................................... 15
Figure 7: Sequence network connection for two broken conductors [1] .......................................................... 16

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: NPS (I2) Variations .......................................................................................................................... 1

Table 2: Broken Conductor Ratios I2/I1 ......................................................................................................... 1
Table 3: I2/I1 Settings .................................................................................................................................. 5

3 Application Note Broken Conductor Protection

 NOJA-7476-01

INTRODUCTION

It is a well-known fact that the majority of faults on overhead lines are transitory. Only around 10% to 20% of
faults are of a semi-permanent or permanent condition. The first kind of faults are easily detected due to the high
increase of currents, so a protection relay with the appropriate settings can give the trip command to clear the
fault and for the case of reclosers a subsequent close operation can be configured to allow for the continuous
supply of electrical power. However, for the rare occasion where a permanent fault like a broken conductor is
encountered the situation is more complicated.

This document explains the use of protection 46BC to protect against broken conductor faults and how to configure
the settings for the RC.

OVERVIEW

Application of Negative Phase Sequence protection is an excellent detector of phase imbalance, however the
values of I2 can be sensitive to adjustments of real load due to practical limits in achieving balanced networks.
NOJA’s application of ANSI 46BC Broken conductor protection compares the ratio of Positive Phase Sequence
Current (I1) to Negative Phase Sequence current (I2), rather than each protection element in isolation. This assists
in mitigating the variation of NPS values across the scope of energy delivery to customers, whilst additionally
determining if there is a genuine phase discontinuity present.

Table 1: NPS (I2) Variations

Negative Phase Sequence Protection alone is typically set around 30% of the overcurrent configuration, and if this
was applied to the feeders in Table 1 it could very reasonably be assumed that the broken conductor would not be
detected. This is especially prevalent in lower load conditions, and this table demonstrates a case where a broken
conductor could be detected with a high degree of confidence, despite a load current as low as 10A (highlighted).

I2/I1 is relatively constant for any variation in load demand on three phases, but as soon as a discontinuity arises
the ratio grows rapidly. Table 2 outlines an exploration of some of the typical ratios experienced in a three wire
three phase distribution system.

Table 2: Broken Conductor Ratios I2/I1

1 Application Note Broken Conductor Protection

NOJA-7476-01

From this table, however, it is clearly apparent that a healthy line has I2/I1 of approximately zero, but when a
discontinuity appears on one or two of the lines, the ratio of I2/I1 rises above 20%. Better still, the global
configuration of 20% is a healthy ballpark figure to indicate the presence of a broken conductor.

The exact value to be used for the protection setting will depend on the value of negative phase sequence present
on the network. This value can be obtained from a system study or it can be calculated during the commissioning
of the device by using the readings of the relay.

SETTING CALCULATION DURING COMMISSIONING

When the settings are being calculated during commissioning it is necessary to ensure that the measurements are
being done with the system fully loaded, this way all loads are being accounted.

1. In Load Profile Configuration select I1, I2 and I2/I1 under Others. Allow a few hours to generate enough
records

2. From the load profile records take an average of the values. As an example, let’s consider the following values
I1= 400 A, I2= 40 A. Hence, the ratio I2/I1 is 40/400 =0.1. This value should be checked against the
registered values of I2/I1. To allow for load variations it is recommended to use a value of 200%. Finally, the
setting would be 20%.

Broken Conductor Protection Application Note 2

 NOJA-7476-01

HMI AND CMS CONFIGURATION

1. In the panel go to the active protection group

GROUP 1 SETTINGS

Sectionaliser Mode ►Disabled◄

Protection Settings
OC NPS EF SEF Yn LL
MNT FE VE ABR VRC HRM

Auto Reclosing:
AR ARVE

Directional Elements:
OC NPS EF SEF

Other:
CLP IT TTA

GROUP 1 NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE

NPS ►I2/I1◄

I2/I1 (Broken Conductor):

I2/I1 Mode D
Pickup Value (%) 20
Minimum I2 (A) 15
Tripping Time 10.00

Don’t forget to active the protection on Global Settings

PROTECTION GLOBAL SETTINGS

Page 1 ►Page 2◄ Page 3

NPS Negative Sequence On

OV Over Voltage Off
UF Under Frequency Off
OF Over Frequency Off
HRM Harmonics Off
HLT Link HLT to LL Off
MNT Maximum Number of Trips Off
SSM Short Sequence Mode Off
DFT Disable Fast Trips Off
Max No. of Trips to Lockout Normal
Alarm mode Off

3 Application Note Broken Conductor Protection

NOJA-7476-01

2. In CMS open the active protection group, the settings for broken conductor are in the Auto Reclose tab

Broken Conductor Protection Application Note 4

 NOJA-7476-01

3. Configure the parameters

Table 3: I2/I1 Settings

Parameter Definition Value

I2/I1 Sets protection operation mode L
D: Disable
L: Lockout
A: Alarm

Pickup Value Pickup value for operation of 20 [%]

protection (Value calculated during
commissioning)

Minimum I2 Minimum value of Negative 40

Sequence Current (Value found on the system
without faults)
Tripping time Time since pickup until a trip 10 [s]
command is generated (Default value)

4. Go Online and Download settings

5. In the control tab Enable NPS

5 Application Note Broken Conductor Protection

NOJA-7476-01

STUDY CASES FOR BROKEN CONDUCTOR

When there is a broken conductor there are three main scenarios: one broken conductor, two broken conductors
and one broken conductor touching ground.

Next there is the analysis for all three cases.

STUDY CASE 1.A - BLOWN FUSE OR FLOATING CONDUCTOR

Let’s assume we have a system like the one shown in the figure below

Figure 1: Case system for simulation [2]

Let’s consider the case of a blown fuse or a floating conductor on phase a. The system information is illustrated
on Figure 2

Figure 2: Case system information [2]

When there’s a fault like phase a open, the fault currents will be

𝐼𝑎 = 0
𝐼𝑏 = 410∠ − 154.5°
𝐼𝑐 = 506∠92.3°

See Appendix B for the full numerical example

Broken Conductor Protection Application Note 6

 NOJA-7476-01

STUDY CASE 1.A - CMS SIMULATION

System Settings

System Voltage: 34.5 kV

Nominal Current: 400 A
Power Flow Direction: ABC -> RST

1. Import CMS Simulation file 46BC - Burned Fuse

2. Go Online with relay (Firmware 1.16.1.0)
3. Disable other protection, special care with overcurrent
4. Online Operations -> Start Simulation
5. Check Open/Close Log to confirm protection trip due to I2/I1
6. Check Event Log to confirm trip time

NOTE: The voltages are not of interest, the values may change on the H bus but as the recloser is closed it will
read the values of the G bus. Furthermore, broken conductor protection only works with currents values hence
the values of the voltages don’t affect the operation of the protection.

The ratio of I2/I1 is 46%, value close to the 50% indicated on Table 2

7 Application Note Broken Conductor Protection

NOJA-7476-01

Between the pickup and the trip there are 10 seconds, which correspond to the time configured on the
protection settings

Broken Conductor Protection Application Note 8

 NOJA-7476-01

STUDY CASE 1.B - BLOWN FUSE OR FLOATING CONDUCTOR WITH UNGROUNDED TRANSFORMER

Let’s consider the same system shown in Figure 1, but with the distribution transformer ungrounded as shown in
Figure 3.

Figure 3: Case System for Simulation – Ungrounded Transformer [2]

A similar exercise to the one shown in APPENDIX B is conducted. The positive and negative sequence are not
changed. Hence, only zero sequence calculations are needed. The fault values will be:

𝐼𝑎 = 0
𝐼𝑏 = 405.28∠ − 119.4°
𝐼𝑐 = 405.28∠60.6°

STUDY CASE 1.B - CMS SIMULATION

System Settings

System Voltage: 34.5 kV

Nominal Current: 400 A
Power Flow Direction: ABC -> RST

After running the simulation, the following can be found on the Close/Open log

The ratio I2/I1 for this case is 100%. The value of the ratio will exclusively depend on the type of earthing of
the system.
9 Application Note Broken Conductor Protection
NOJA-7476-01

STUDY CASE 2.A - TWO OPEN CONDUCTORS – CMS SIMULATION

Using the same system of the Study Case 1.a the analysis for two broken conductors yields the following results

𝐼𝑎 = 532∠ − 36°
𝐼𝑏 = 0
𝐼𝑐 = 0
• For CMS

System Settings

System Voltage: 34.5 kV

Nominal Current: 400 A
Power Flow Direction: ABC -> RST

Inputting the new simulation values

From the Close/Open Log

The I2/I1 ratio is 100%, again the value matches what is expressed on Table 2

STUDY CASE 2.B - TWO OPEN CONDUCTORS AND UNGROUNDED TRANSFORMER – CMS
SIMULATION

Considering the system on Figure 3 where the distribution transformer is not grounded we have that the zero-
sequence equivalent Thevenin impedance is infinity. When connecting it in series between the p and p’ points an
open circuit is created, therefore there is no power transfer. This is confirmed by the fact that no power can be
transferred on a one cable system with no return path.

Broken Conductor Protection Application Note 10

 NOJA-7476-01

STUDY CASE 3.A - CONDUCTOR GROUNDED ON BUS H SIDE – CMS SIMULATION

When a conductor is touching the ground the fault analysis is more complicated than what was expressed on
Appendix A. Since the type of fault will vary depending on where the conductor is broken and which side is
touching the ground it is necessary to isolate the faults, this can be done by connecting ideal transformers on the
sequence networks.

Using the same system shown in Figure 1 the analysis for a broken conductor touching ground on the Bus H side
yields the following fault values:

𝐼𝑎 = 0
𝐼𝑏 = 404 ∠5.1°
𝐼𝑐 = 672∠ − 91.9°

• For CMS

System Settings

System Voltage: 34.5 kV

Nominal Current: 400 A
Power Flow Direction: ABC -> RST

Inputting the new simulation values

From the Close/Open Log

The I2/I1 ratio is 40%, the value is between the 25-50% range matching what is expressed on Table 2

11 Application Note Broken Conductor Protection

NOJA-7476-01

STUDY CASE 3.A - CONDUCTOR GROUNDED ON BUS H SIDE WITH UNGROUNDED TRANSFORMER
– CMS SIMULATION

Considering the same system as shown in Figure 3, the analysis for a broken conductor touching ground on the
Bus H side is done. The fault values are:

𝐼𝑎 = 0
𝐼𝑏 = 416 ∠ − 125.5°
𝐼𝑐 = 368∠ − 67°

• For CMS

System Settings

System Voltage: 34.5 kV

Nominal Current: 400 A
Power Flow Direction: ABC -> RST

Inputting the new simulation values

When the system is ungrounded the I2/I1 ratio will be 100%

Broken Conductor Protection Application Note 12

 NOJA-7476-01

APPENDIX A – ANALYSIS OF OPEN CONDUCTOR FAULTS

On Figure 4 two cases are shown for a broken conductor, Figure a) shows one broken conductor while figure b)
shows two broken conductors. This kind of faults can be analyzed with the help of the impedance matrices 𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠
of the sequence components along with Thevenin equivalent circuits between buses m and n. Also, is necessary
to stablish the relationship between the impedance matrices 𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠 and Thevenin impedances1.

Figure 4: Open conductor fault on a three phase system between buses m and n
a) conductor a open
b) conductors b y c open. [1]

Note 1:
A more thorough analysis of open conductor faults can be found on Power Systrem Analysis by Stevenson and
Grainger [1]

13 Application Note Broken Conductor Protection

NOJA-7476-01

Figure 5: Thevenin Equivalent circuits from points p and p'. a) positive sequence b) negative
sequence c) zero sequence [1]

• ONE BROKEN CONDUCTOR

Considering the case shown on Figure 1 a) we have 𝐼𝑎 = 0, therefore

𝐼𝑎 (0) + 𝐼𝑎 (1) + 𝐼𝑎 (2) = 0

Where 𝐼𝑎 (0) , 𝐼𝑎 (1) y 𝐼𝑎 (2) are the symmetrical components of the line current from phase 𝑎.

Since phases 𝑏 and 𝑐 are closed, we have

𝑉𝑝𝑝′ ,𝑏 = 0 𝑉𝑝𝑝′,𝑐 = 0

From the symmetrical components

𝑉𝑎 (0) 1 𝑉𝑝𝑝′𝑎 𝑉 ′
1 1 1 1 𝑝𝑝 𝑎
[𝑉𝑎 (1) ] = [1 𝑎 𝑎2 ] [ 0 ] = [𝑉𝑝𝑝′𝑎 ]
3 3
𝑉𝑎 (2) 1 𝑎2 𝑎 0 𝑉𝑝𝑝′𝑎
This means
𝑉𝑝𝑝′𝑎
𝑉𝑎 (0) = 𝑉𝑎 (1) = 𝑉𝑎 (2) =
3

Hence, the opening of the conductor from phase 𝑎 causes an equal voltage drop on the sequence networks
between the points p and p’. From this, the circuits shown on Figure 5 can be connected in parallel as illustrated
on Figure 6

Broken Conductor Protection Application Note 14

 NOJA-7476-01

Figure 6: Connection of sequence network for a broken conductor [1]

From the analysis of the circuit we get:

𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (1) (𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (2) + 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (0) )

𝐼𝑎 (1) = 𝐼𝑚𝑛
𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (0) 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (1) + 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (1) 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (2) + 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (2) 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (0)
and
𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (0) 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (1) 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (2)
𝑉𝑎 (0) = 𝑉𝑎 (2) = 𝑉𝑎 (1) = 𝐼𝑚𝑛
𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (0) 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (1) + 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (1) 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (2) + 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (2) 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (0)

Where
𝐼𝑚𝑛 : 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝒎 𝑡𝑜 𝒏 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 (𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡)

−𝑍0 2
𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (0) = (0)
𝑍𝑡ℎ, 𝑚𝑛 − 𝑍0
−𝑍1 2
𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (1) = (1)
𝑍𝑡ℎ, 𝑚𝑛 − 𝑍1
−𝑍1 2
𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (2) = (2)
𝑍𝑡ℎ, 𝑚𝑛 − 𝑍2
𝑍𝑡ℎ,𝑚 𝑛 = 𝑍𝑚𝑚 + 𝑍𝑛𝑛 − 2𝑍𝑚𝑛

𝑍𝑚𝑚 , 𝑍𝑛𝑛 , 𝑍𝑚𝑛 ∶ 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑠

• TWO BROKEN CONDUCTORS

Considering the case shown on Figure 1 b) we have

𝑉𝑝𝑝′,𝑎 = 𝑉𝑎 (0) + 𝑉𝑎 (2) + 𝑉𝑎 (1) = 0

𝐼𝑏 = 0 , 𝐼𝑐 = 0
From the symmetrical components

𝐼𝑎 (0)
1 1 1 1 𝐼𝑎 1 𝐼𝑎
[𝐼𝑎 (1) ] = [1 𝑎 𝑎2 ] [ 0 ] = [𝐼𝑎 ]
3 3 𝐼
𝐼𝑎 (2) 1 𝑎2 𝑎 0 𝑎
𝐼𝑎
𝐼𝑎 (0) = 𝐼𝑎 (1) = 𝐼𝑎 (2) =
3

The previous conditions are validated by connecting the sequence networks on series, as illustrated on Figure 7

15 Application Note Broken Conductor Protection

NOJA-7476-01

Figure 7: Sequence network connection for two broken conductors [1]

From the circuit we have:

(0) (1) (2)

𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (1)
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑚𝑛
𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (0) + 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (1) + 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (2)
and

(1)
𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (1) (𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (2) + 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (0) )
𝑉𝑎 = 𝐼𝑚𝑛
𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (0) + 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (1) + 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (2)
−𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (1) 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (2)
𝑉𝑎 (2) = 𝐼𝑚𝑛
𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (0) + 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (1) + 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (2)
−𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (1) 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (0)
𝑉𝑎 (0) = 𝐼𝑚𝑛
𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (0) + 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (1) + 𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (2)
Where
𝐼𝑚𝑛 : 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝒎 𝑡𝑜 𝒏 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 (𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡)
−𝑍0 2
𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (0) = (0)
𝑍𝑡ℎ, 𝑚𝑛 − 𝑍0
2
−𝑍1
𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (1) = (1)
𝑍𝑡ℎ, 𝑚𝑛 − 𝑍1
−𝑍1 2
𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (2) =
𝑍𝑡ℎ, 𝑚 𝑛 (2) − 𝑍2
𝑍𝑡ℎ,𝑚 𝑛 = 𝑍𝑚𝑚 + 𝑍𝑛𝑛 − 2𝑍𝑚𝑛

𝑍𝑚𝑚 , 𝑍𝑛𝑛 , 𝑍𝑚𝑛 ∶ 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑠

Broken Conductor Protection Application Note 16

 NOJA-7476-01

APPENDIX B – NUMERICAL EXAMPLE: FAULT ANALYSIS OF STUDY CASE 1.A

Following the analysis shown in Appendix A we have the following

• Verify values are in the same Sbase and Vbase

30
𝑋1𝑠 = 𝑋2𝑠 = ⋅ 0.15 = 0.09
50
30
𝑋𝑇 = ⋅ 0.07 = 0.042
50
• Draw sequence networks

• Calculate impedance matrices

0.0102 + 𝑗0.1231 0.0209 + 𝑗0.1044

𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠 (1) = [ ]
0.0209 + 𝑗0.1044 0.1065 + 𝑗0.2506

17 Application Note Broken Conductor Protection

NOJA-7476-01

0.0122 + 𝑗0.1175 0.0232 + 𝑗0.0894

𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠 (2) = [ ]
0.0232 + 𝑗0.0894 0.1043 + 𝑗0.2119

0.008 + 𝑗0.0398 −0.0015 + 𝑗0.0042

𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠 (0) = [ ]
−0.0015 + 𝑗0.0042 0.0028 + 𝑗0.0720

• Calculate equivalent Thevenin Impedances

−(0.0684 + 𝑗0.1986)2
𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (1) =
0.0102 + 𝑗0.1231 + 0.1065 + 𝑗0.2506 − 2(0.0209 + 𝑗0.1044) − (0.0684 + 𝑗0.1986)

𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (1) = 0.9684 + 𝑗0.8465

−(0.0684 + 𝑗0.1986)2
𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (2) =
0.0122 + 𝑗0.1175 + 0.1043 + 𝑗0.2119 − 2(0.0232 + 𝑗0.0894) − (0.0684 + 𝑗0.1986)

𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (2) = 0.5932 + 𝑗0.7015

−(0.250 + 𝑗0.589)2
𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (0) =
0.008 + 𝑗0.0398 + 0.0028 + 𝑗0.0720 − 2(0.0232 + 𝑗0.0894) − (0.0684 + 𝑗0.1986)

𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (0) = 0.2500 + 𝑗0.7110

(1)
• Calculate 𝐼𝑎 , with 𝐼𝐺𝐻 = 1∠ − 25.84° = 0.9 − 𝑗0.4359

(1)
𝐼𝑎
0.9 − 𝑗0.4359 × 0.9684 + 𝑗0.8465 × (0.5932 + 𝑗0.7015 + 0.250 + 𝑗0.711)
=
(0.250 + 𝑗0.711 × 0.9684 + 𝑗0.8465) + ( 0.96849 + 𝑗0.8465 × 0.5932 + 𝑗. 7015) + (0.5932 + 𝑗0.7015 × 0.250 + 𝑗0.711)

(1)
𝐼𝑎 = 0.6549 − 𝑗0.3897

(1) (2) (0)

• Calculate 𝑉𝑎 , 𝑉𝑎 y 𝑉𝑎
(1) (2) (0)
𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑎
0.9 − 𝑗0.4359 × 0.9684 + 𝑗0.8465 × 0.5932 + 𝑗0.7015 × 0.250 + 𝑗0.711
=
(0.250 + 𝑗0.711 × 0.9684 + 𝑗0.8465) + ( 0.96849 + 𝑗0.8465 × 0.5932 + 𝑗. 7015) + (0.5932 + 𝑗0.7015 × 0.250 + 𝑗0.711)

(1) (2) (0)

𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉𝑎 = 0.2764 + 𝑗0.1628

(2) (0)
• Calculate 𝐼𝑎 , 𝐼𝑎
(2)
(2) 𝑉𝑎 −(0.2764 + 𝑗0.1628)
𝐼𝑎 = = = −0.3296 + 𝑗0.1153
𝑍𝑝𝑝′ (2) 0.5932 + 𝑗0.7015
(0)
(0) 𝑉𝑎 −(0.2764 + 𝑗0.1628)
𝐼𝑎 = (0)
= = −0.3254 + 𝑗0.2744
𝑍𝑝𝑝′ 0.250 + 𝑗0.711

• Checking the currents

(1) (2) (0)

𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑎 + 𝐼𝑎 ≈ 0

• Calculate phase currents

(0)
𝐼𝑎 1 1 1 𝐼𝑎 0 0
[𝐼𝑏 ] = [1 𝑎2 𝑎 ] [𝐼𝑎 (1) ] = [−0.9255 − 𝑗0.4411] = [1.0252∠ − 154.5°]
𝑐 1 𝑎 𝑎2 𝐼 (2) −0.0507 + 𝑗1.264 1.2651∠92.3°
𝑎

Broken Conductor Protection Application Note 18

 NOJA-7476-01

• Transforming from per unit to system values

𝐼𝑎 0 0
[𝐼𝑏 ] = 400 ∗ [1.0252∠ − 154.5°] = [410∠ − 154.5°]
𝑐 1.2651∠92.3° 506∠92.3°

19 Application Note Broken Conductor Protection

NOJA-7476-01

REFERENCES

[1] J. Grainger, W. Stevenson, Power System Analysis, USA: McGraw Hill, 1994

[2] J.L. Blackburn, Symmetrical Components for Power Systems Engineering, Marcel Dekker, New York 1993

[3] J.L.Blackburn and T.J.Domin, Protective Relaying Principles and Applications, Third Edition, Boca Raton: CRC
Press, 2007.

[4] J. Glover, M.S.Sarma and T. Overbye, Power System Analysis and Design, fifth edition, USA: Cengaje
Learning, 2011.

Broken Conductor Protection Application Note 20