Alberto Moreiras - Comentario A Portinaro Maquiavelo e Italian Theory

You might also like

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 18

!

"#$%&'(%)*$%$+,-)$-

!"##$%&''()*+)%)*#*,-./'$-.#1(12*()#-.)13'"##$%2()*+)%)*#*245*(62-./2*7$*()*8#*2+.)
!"##$%&''()*+)%)*#*,-./0

!"!#$%&'()**+&,--.$/#$&$/*/0%12-#3*/2%14-!"!#$%&-5

!"#$%&'()"*'
+,-("-)'.)/%*0$
1'23)'4$5"6*7%'*.(8&).'*0$
5'*9&'5)'%*:;$"(<=>*0$*?)$(
?'"5"*?"(&)%'("
!"#$%&'()'%$*%+,

!"# $%&'()")(*+# ,+# -./"01.# 2+(01.# ,+# 3445


0,'#'(&61#,0(/"01#$16#7()8",'#9"60/#:#;"1'1
<(6+1=# !"#$%"&' ()*+,)-' $.' /-"&0=# >"6)"# ?%(@A
,'# >1>,+/1# 0,# (66%$)(*+# ,+# ,'# $"+16">"
(+/,6+")(1+"'# 0,'# $,+.">(,+/1# (/"'("+1
)1+/,>$16A+,1#)1>1#$,+.">(,+/1#6"0()"'
0,# (@?%(,60".=# $1./1$,6"B./"=# 0,6(C"&',# 0,
'"# .(/%")(*+# $1'B/()"# (/"'("+"# ,+# '1.# "D1.
.,/,+/"#$,61#/">&(E+#0,6(C"&',#0,#'"#)6(.(.
"$"6,+/,>,+/,# /,6>(+"'# 0,# '1.# $"6/(01.
)1>%+(./".# 0,# F))(0,+/,G# -+# ,.,# '(&61
H,+/,# 0,# '"# %+(C,6.(0"0# +16/,">,6()"+"
)1>1# :1=# ,+# "?%,''"# E$1)"# %+# "11$1-".-
23*4511*3# 1# ?%(@A.# :"# 6,)(E+# $61>1C(01
"' "11*%$"-5# ,+# '"# %+(C,6.(0"0# 0,# I%J,=
(+/,6,."01.# ,+# '"# /,16B"# :# /">&(E+# ,+# '"
$1'B/()"# $,61# +1# $"6/()%'"6>,+/,
)1>$61>,/(01.# )1+# '"# "))(*+# $1'B/()"
0(6,)/"=# ,>$,@">1.# "# K">('("6(@"6+1.# )1+
+1>&6,.# )1>1# ,'# 0,# ;"1'1# <(6+1# 1# ,'# 0,
7"%6(@(1# !"@@"6"/1# :# 6,H(./6">1.# )(,6/"
$,6$',L(0"0# "+/,# ,+.":1.# )1>1# ,'# 0,
M1.."+"# M1."+0"=# (+)'%(01# ,+# ,.,# '(&61=# :
/(/%'"01# NOP1# 9%+06,0# Q%,./(1+.# K16
R+:1+,# S81# S"+/.# /1# T,# U1>>%+(./# (+
/8,# 344V.WG# U1+1)B">1.# :"# ,'# '(&61# ()5
6*7$.,' 6*77+.$-0=# 0,# X(16H(1# RH">&,+=
$%&'()"01# ,+# (+H'E.# ,+# 344Y=# ?%,# 8"&B"
/,+(01# %+# EZ(/1# )1+.(0,6"&',[RH">&,+# ,.
1/61# 0,# '1.# $,+."016,.# (+)'%(01.# ,+# '"
"+/1'1HB"# 0,# 9"60/# :# <(6+1=# $,61# K%,# '"
$%&'()")(*+# 0,# 8*7*' 9"%53=# 0,# \VVV# ,+
(+H'E.=# '"# ?%,# ,+/61+(@*# "# RH">&,+# )1>1
%+# +%,C1# >",./61# 0,# $,+.">(,+/1G# # # 7(
%+(C,6.(0"0#,./"&"#(+/,6,."0"#,+#6,)'%/"6#"
7()8",'# 9"60/# :# $16# '1# /"+/1# )1+1)B">1.
/">&(E+# ,'# $6(>,6# '(&61# ?%,# 9"60/# $%&'()*
)1+# R+/1+(1# ],H6(=# :";*3' *4' <0*.$1+1=# 0,
344^G

-.1.# "D1.=# 0(H">1.# ,+/6,# 344Y# :# \VVV# 1


\VV3=# $"6"# >B# /10"CB"# "D1.# K16>"/(C1.=# .,
)"6")/,6(@"&"+# ,+# ,'# >%+01# ")"0E>()1
+16/,">,6()"+1#$16#%+"#)(,6/"#0,)"0,+)("
0,["'# >,+1.=# )(,6/">,+/,# ,+# I%J,=
"+(>1.(0"0# )1+/6"['"# 0,)1+./6%))(*+# _,+
'"#?%,#:1#(+)'%(6B"#'"#/,16B"#K,>(+(./"#?%,#"
>B# >,# (+/,6,."&"# :# >,# (+/,6,."=# '"# 0,
`"6"8# a1K>"+# :# ],'':# M()8"60# :# !%),
b6(H"6":c=# .1&6,# /101# 8")("# d+"',.# 0,# '"
0E)"0"=# ?%,# )1(+)(0(*# )1+# %+# )6,)(>(,+/1
0,#'"#0,>"+0"#$1'B/()"#,+#'"#%+(C,6.(0"0[,'
'(&61# 0,# e")?%,.# I,66(0"=# 925%-531' *4' ="3>=
K%,#&(,+#6,)(&(01#$16#'1.#0,66(0,"+1.#$,61
0(6,)/">,+/,# (H+16"01=# 8"&'"+01# ,+
H,+,6"'=#$16#>"6Z(./".#:#$1./>"6Z(./".=#,+
/101# )".1# $1)1# (+f%:,+/,G# g%,61+# "D1.
>%:# >"6)"01.# $16# '"# ".),+0,+)("
$"6"0*L()"# 0,# '1.# ''">"01.# N,./%0(1.
)%'/%6"',.=W# )%:"# 0,&('(0"0# .,# 8")B"# /"+/1
>A.# 1&C("# "# >,0(0"# ?%,# )6,)B"# .%
$1$%'"6(0"0#:#0(.,>(+")(*+G
g%,#,+#\VVV#)%"+01#.,#$%&'()*#?72$35=#?%,
/%C1#%+#H6"+#EZ(/1G#I,.0,#,'#$%+/1#0,#C(./"
/,*6()1# >%)81.# ."'%0"61+# ,+# E'# '1# ?%,
,?%(C"'B"#$16#%+#'"01#"#%+"#'(?%(0")(*+#0,'
0,66(0,"+(.>1=#'"#&,./("#+,H6"#0,#"?%,''1.
"D1.# ,+# ">&(,+/,.# $1'(/(@"01.# "'# >101
")"0E>()1# +16/,">,6()"+1=# :# $16# 1/61# "
%+"# ,Z$"+.(*+# :# %+"# $1'(/(@")(*+# ,K,)/(C"
0,'# $,+.">(,+/1# 0,# I,',%@,# :# X%"//"6(# :
0,# g1%)"%'/G# ?72$35# :# ,'# .,H%+01# '(&61# 0,
,."#.,6(,=#=+&-$-+#5=#.,#8()(,61+#'(&61.#>%:
(+f%:,+/,.# $"6"# )(,6/1# .,)/16# 0,'# $h&'()1=
6,),$/(C1# 1# $610%)/16# 0,# '"# 0,>"+0"
$1'B/()"# $,61# /">&(E+# 8"./"# )(,6/1# $%+/1
)"+."01# 0,# '1.# (0,+/(/"6(.>1.# :# )"+.(+".
"$,'")(1+,.#"'#6,)1+1)(>(,+/1#8,H,>*+()1
?%,# )"6")/,6(@"&"# ,'# H6">.)("+(.>1# )"B01
0,# '1.# ,./%0(1.# )%'/%6"',.G# # ;16# .%$%,./1
K%,61+# /">&(E+# '1.# "D1.# 0,# "%H,# ,+# '"
")"0,>("#+16/,">,6()"+"#0,#`'"C1L#i(@,J#:
R'"(+# T"0(1%=# H,+/,# K%,6"# 0,# '"
)1+./,'")(*+# 0,# '1.# 7"$-35' "' 25.153
K6"+),.,.# ?%,# $"6,)B"+# 0,./(+"01.# "# .,6
.%.# 8,6,0,61.G# ;,61# ?72$35# $"6,)B"
8"&,6',.# H"+"01# '"# >"+1# ,+# )%"+/1# "
$1$%'"6(0"0=# ?%(@A.# $16?%,# $10B"# ,+'"@"6
0(6,)/">,+/,# )1+# ,'# >1C(>(,+/1
"'/,6H'1&"'(@")(*+# :# ,'# g161# 0,# ;16/1"',H6,
:# 1/61.# 0,."661''1.# 0,'# ")/(C(.>1# $1'B/()1
H,+,6")(1+"'#0,#"?%,''1.#>1>,+/1.G#-.#,+
,.,# ">&(,+/,# 01+0,# 9"60/# :# ],H6(
01>(+"+# :# ,./"&',),+# "'("+@"# )1+# ,'# "%H,
0,# '"# ''">"0"# 0,)1'1+("'(0"0=# ?%,# ',# (&"
&(,+# "# '"# +1)(*+# 0,# >%'/(/%0# ?%,
(>$%'."&"+#9"60/#:#],H6(G

;,60*+# $16# ,./"# 0,>".("01# "$6,.%6"0"# :


6,0%)(0"# 8(./16("G# j1# /,+B"# >(.# 6"@1+,.=
(+)'%.1# >(.# 0,>".("01# $,6.1+"',.
6"@1+,.=#$"6"#.,+/(6>,#(+)*>101#/"+/1#,+
,'# ">&(,+/,# 0,# ?72$35# )1>1# ,+# ,'# 0,# '"
0,)1'1+("'(0"0[+1# .1'1# 9"60/=# /">&(E+
7(H+1'1# ,6"# >(# )1',H"G# ;,61# :"# 8,# ,.)6(/1
>(.# )6B/()".# "'# /6"&"L1# 0,# ">&1.# :# 0,# .%.
)166(,+/,.=# :# +1# ?%(,61# +(# /,+H1# /(,>$1
$"6"# 6,$,/(6>,G# !1# ?%,# >,# (+/,6,."# ,.
0,)(6# ?%,# $"6"# >B# ,6"# >%)81# >A.
(>$16/"+/,# ,+)1+/6"6# "(6,# $"6"# 6,.$(6"6
K%,6"#0,'#?%,#,''1.#$61$16)(1+"&"+G

-+# '1.# >A6H,+,.# 0,# /101# "?%,''1# ,./"&"


$16# .%$%,./1# '"# 1&6"# 0,# -6+,./1# !")'"%# :
U8"+/"'#71%k,=#C(+)%'"0"#"#'1.#0,./(+1.#0,
'1.# ,./%0(1.# )%'/%6"',.# $,61# >A.# 0%6"# :
>A.# .(+/1+(@"0"# )1+# $61),0(>(,+/1.
0,)1+./6%)/(C1.# :# "+"'B/()1.G# -'# $61&',>"
0,# !")'"%=# $"6"# "'H%+1.# 0,# +1.1/61.=# ,6"
.%# )(,66,# $1'B/()1=# ?%,# +1.# $"6,)B"# 1/6"
K16>"# 0,# "&.16&,6# ,'# "(6,# :# 0,L"6+1.# .(+
6,.$(6")(*+G##U(/1#0,#'"#h'/(>"#$AH(+"#0,#.%
'(&61# ?7".%$2"-$*.@1Al# # NO8,# >,/"$8:.()"'
0(.)1%6.,#1K#/8,#S,./#(.#)1>(+H#/1#"+#,+0=
"+0# $8('1.1$8:# (+# (/.# /P('(H8/# 8".
$,6K16>,0=#/861%H8#/8,#H6,"/#+">,.#1K#/8,
),+/%6:=# "# '"./# .,6C(),# K16# %.l# /8,
0,)1+./6%)/(1+# 1K# (/.# 1P+# /,66"(+# "+0# /8,
)6,"/(1+# 1K# /8,# )1+0(/(1+.# K16# (/.# 1P+
(>$1..(&('(/:G# G# G# /8,# 6,"'># 1K# $8('1.1$8:
)1>,.# /1# "+# ,+0# "+0# /8,# 6,"'># 1K# $1'(/().
&,H(+.W# _3445=# $AH(+"# 3\YcG# U1+# /101.# >(.
6,.$,/1.# $"6"# >(# ">(H1# -6+,./1=# >,
$"6,),# (+C(C(&',# %+# >%+01# 01+0,# /101
$,+.">(,+/1# 0,&"# ?%,0"6# 6,0%)(01# "# .%
C"'16(@")(*+# $1'B/()"# 1# 0,&"# .,6
,>$6,+0(01#.1'1#,+#,."#6,K,6,+)("G

!"# 0,>"+0"# $1'B/()"# $"6,)B"# )1+.%>(6'1


/101# :# +1# 0,L"&"# ,.$")(1[1# 0,L"&"# .1'1# ,'
,.$")(1# 0,# '"# >"6H(+")(*+# :# 0,# '"
(66,',C"+)("G

-.".#,6"+#'".#)1+0()(1+,.#0,'#$,+.">(,+/1
,+# ,'# ">&(,+/,# ,+6"6,)(01# 0,# '"
%+(C,6.(0"0# +16/,">,6()"+"# "# d+"',.# 0,'
.(H'1#$"."01#:#)1>(,+@1.#0,'#$6,.,+/,G#]1
)6,1# ,Z"H,6"6G# O">$1)1# )6,1# ?%,# 8":"+
)">&("01# 0,>".("01# '".# )1.".=# "%+?%,
/"+/1# ,'# 8"60/m+,H6(.>1# )1>1# '"
0,)1'1+("'(0"0# ,>$(,),+# :"# "# .,6# )1."# 0,'
$"."01# (+>,>16("'G# ;,61# '"# ,/()(@")(*+
$1'B/()"# 0,# '"# C(0"# %+(C,6.(/"6("# ,./A# >A.
C(C"=# :# $610%),# >A.# >%,6/,=# ?%,# +%+)"G
-.1# ,.# 1&C(1# $"6"# )%"'?%(,6# 1&.,6C"016
?%,# ,+/(,+0"# ?%,# '"# 0,>"+0"# 0,
$,+.">(,+/1# +1# .,# "H1/"# ,+
$1.()(1+">(,+/1#$1'B/()1#&(,>$,+."+/,G

T"L1# ,.1.# $"6A>,/61.=# >(# $61$("# /"6,"


$"6,)B"# .,6# '"# 0,=# $16# %+"# $"6/,=# ,+/,+0,6
0,#'"#>,L16#>"+,6"#$1.(&',#'".#)1+0()(1+,.
$61K%+0".# 0,# ,."# 0,>"+0"# $1'B/()"
/1/"'(@"+/,#?%,=#$16#1/6"#$"6/,=#:#"'#>"6H,+
0,'#>%+01#0,'#")/(C(.>1#0,#(@?%(,60".=#+1
0,L"&"# 0,# .,6# "&6%>"016"# .1'1# ,+# ,'
/,66,+1# ")"0E>()1=# 01+0,# ")"&"&"# $16
)1+./(/%(6# %+# 5-)*1# 0(6,)/">,+/,# 1$6,.(C1G
;16# 1/6"=# $,61# 0(6,)/">,+/,# '(H"0"=# >,
6,.%'/"&"# +,),."6(1# 0"6# %+# $".1# "/6A.=
(+)'%.1# ,Z(./,+)("'>,+/,=# :# /6"/"6# 0,
,+)1+/6"6# 1/6".# $1.(&('(0"0,.# 0,
$,+.">(,+/1# ,+# '(&,6/"0G# -6"# (>$16/"+/,
$"6"#>B#8"),6'1#.(+#),0,6#/,66,+1=#,./1#,.=
.(+# )1+),0,6# ?%,# ,."# 0,>"+0"# $1'B/()"# 1
$1'B/()1mE/()"# /1/"'(@"+/,# 1)%$"6"# $16# .B
>(.>"# ,'# /,66,+1# $1'B/()1# H,+,6"'=# ?%,# ,6"
/">&(E+#,'#>B1#$16#'"#.(>$',#6"@*+#0,#?%,
,6"# :# ,.# ,'# 0,# /101.G# 7,# $"6,)B"
$1'B/()">,+/,# 0,)(.(C1# >"+/,+,6# ?%,# +(# '"
$1'B/()"# +(# '"# $1'(/(@")(*+# E/()"# 0,# '"
,Z(./,+)("# $10B"+# )1+./(/%(6# ,'# 816(@1+/,
h+()1#0,'#$,+.">(,+/1G

g%,# ,+/1+),.# 1# (+)'%.1# $16# ,.1.# >1/(C1.


?%,# ,>$,)E# "# ',,6# "# $,+."016,.# (/"'("+1.
01+0,# :1# C(.'%>&6"&"# 1# 6,)1+1)B"# %+
,./('1# 0,# $,+.">(,+/1# ?%,=# .(+# "&"+01+"6
,'# (+/,6E.# $1'B/()1# H,+,6"'=# "&6B"# 1/6".
$,6.$,)/(C".# ,+# '".# ?%,# '"# 6,.$(6")(*+# .,
8")B"# $1.(&',G# # 9"&'1# 0,# U"6'1# X"''(# :
M1&,6/1# -.$1.(/1# :# X(")1>1# 7"66">"1# :
`(>1+"# g16/(# :# R06("+"# U"C"6,61# :# !"%6"
T"@@()"'%$1# :# <(+),+@1# <(/(,''1# :# # I"C(0,
O"6(@@1#:#->"+%,',#`,C,6(+1#:#0,.0,#'%,H1
/">&(E+# 0,# X(16H(1# RH">&,+# :# 0,
7"..(>1# U"))("6(=# (+)'%.1# 0,# 7"6(1# O61+/(G
-.#)'"61#?%,#,'#$,+.">(,+/1#0,#RH">&,+#"
'1# '"6H1# 0,# '1.# "D1.# ,./A# >%:# ',L1.# 0,
"H1/"6.,# ,+# '"# 0,>"+0"# $1'B/()"=# :# '1
>(.>1#$%,0,#0,)(6.,=#,+#6,"'(0"0=#:#)1+/6"
)(,6/".# /,+0,+)(".# 6,)(,+/,.# 0,# .%
$,+.">(,+/1=#0,'#>(.>1#-.$1.(/1G##;,61#+1
8"&'1# 0,# ],H6(# +(# 0,# '1.# +,H6("+1.# :# .%
',H(*+# 0,# >"6Z(./".# 1# $1./>"6Z(./".# .%(
H,+,6(.=# ?%,# >,# (+/,6,."&"+# >%)81
>,+1.=# +1# $16# .,6# >"6Z(./".# +(
$1./>"6Z(./".=# .(+1# $16?%,# .%# ,./('1# :# .%
$61:,))(*+# C(/"'# ")"&"&"+# $16# 0,L"6>,
(+0(K,6,+/,#1#,+#)'"6"#$1.()(*+#0,#"+/($"/B"G
;16#,.1#"#>B#>,#6,.%'/"#(>$1.(&',#"),$/"6
'".#$6,>(.".#>(.>".#0,'#'(&61#0,#;16/(+"61=
?%,# ,>$(,@"# $16# "&6(6# %+# )"L*+# 0,# ."./6,
01+0,=#.(+#0(./(+)(*+#"'H%+"=#)"&,+#],H6(#:
/101.# '1.# 0,>A.=# :# /101.# ")"&"+
.1>,/(01.#"#'"#>(.>"#)6B/()"#?%,#,'#"%/16#',
0,0()"# K%+0">,+/"'>,+/,# "# ],H6(G# U1>1
.(#/101.#,''1.#0(L,6"+#'1#>(.>1#1#$,+."6"+
,+# ,'# /,66,+1# 0,# '1# >(.>1G# ;,61# +1# ,.# ,'
)".1G#nI,#0*+0,#,."#6,0%))(*+o

-+#.%#'"01#$1.(/(C1#,'#'(&61#0,#;16/(+"61=#:5
7".$' 1+' ="%)$"B5&&$=# /(,+,# :1# 0(6B"# /6,.
C(6/%0,.l#$6(>,61=#0"#"#)1+1),6#%+"#">$'("
'(/,6"/%6"# ")"0E>()"# (/"'("+"# $1)1
)1+1)(0"# (+/,6+")(1+"'>,+/,p# .,H%+01=
"&1H"# $16# %+# /($1# 0,# 6,f,Z(*+# $1'B/()"
)1>$61>,/(0"# )1+# '"# 6,K16>"# 0,# '"
0,>1)6")("# '(&,6"'# :# .%.# 6,HB>,+,.=# ?%,
.1+# /101# '1# ?%,# /,+,>1.# 0,.0,# '%,H1p# :=
/,6),61=# $610%),# 6,f,Z(1+,.=# "%+?%,# "# >(
L%()(1# ,Z),.(C">,+/,# K16>%'"()".# :
.%>"6(".=#.1&6,#"'H%+1.#0,#'1.#$,+."016,.
?%,# 8"+# ,K,)/(C">,+/,# (+.$(6"01# $"6)("'
$,61# .(H+(d)"/(C">,+/,# "# '1.# (/"'("+1.
)1+/,>$16A+,1.# ?%,# ,'# >(.>1# ;16/(+"61
(+)'%:,# ,+# '"# ''">"0"# /-"&$".' ()5*30l
7"?%("C,'1# ,+# $6(>,6# '%H"6=# X6">.)(# ,+
.,H%+01# '%H"6=# :# '%,H1# U"6'# `)8>(//=
9"++"8#R6,+0/=#7()8,'#g1%)"%'/G#O101#,.1
,.# h/('# :# &(,+C,+(01=# $,61# +1# "')"+@"# "
)1+dH%6"6=# $6,)(.">,+/,# $16# .%# )"6A)/,6
K16>%'"()1#:#0,>".("01#.(+/E/()1=#'1#?%,#:1
)1+.(0,6"6B"#%+#H6"+#'(&61G

j#,+#$"6/,#,.#$16?%,#,'#'(&61#(+)16$16"#%+"
>"+(1&6"# $1'B/()"# ?%,# :1# /,+0,6B"# "
0,.)"'(d)"6# )1>1# (+"),$/"&',l# %/('(@"# ,'
$6,./(H(1#(+/,6+")(1+"'#0,#'"#''">"0"#b-"&$".
()5*30'$"6"#$61$%'."6#.%#$61$(1#'(&61=#,+#,'
?%,=# ,+# 6,"'(0"0=# K%,6"# 0,# '".# )6B/()".# "
R+/1+(1#],H6(#:#"#.%#")*'(/1#7()8",'#9"60/=
?%,# :1# )1+.(0,61# >,6,)(0".=# 8":# %+
,+/,+0(>(,+/1# >B+(>1# 0,# '"
''">"0"# /-"&$".' ()5*30# 1# 0,# '".# 6"@1+,.# 0,
.%# 6,'"/(C"# $1$%'"6(0"0# 1# $6,./(H(1G# -+
+(+Hh+# >1>,+/1# ,'# "%/16# ,+/6"# )1+
6,.1'%)(*+#>B+(>"#,+#'"#1&6"#0,#-.$1.(/1#1
RH">&,+=#$16#,L,>$'1=#"%+?%,#'1.#)(/,#0,
K16>"# "# C,),.# %+# /"+/1# "C(,."=
K%+0">,+/"'>,+/,# ,+# '".# +1/".=# :# '1
>(.>1# 1)%66,# )1+# O61+/(G# # M,.%'/"
0,>".("01# KA)('# )6(/()"6# '"# +1)(*+# 0,# '1
(>$1'B/()1#.(+#,+/6"6#0,#+(+H%+"#>"+,6"#,+
,''"# :# 6,.%'/"# /">&(E+# 0,>".("01# KA)('
1'C(0"6.,# 0,# '".# )1+/6(&%)(1+,.# H,+%(+".
0,'# $,+.">(,+/1# 0,# '".# K16>".m0,mC(0"# ,+
'"# /6"0()(*+# 1))(0,+/"'G# M,.%'/"# 0,>".("01
KA)('# +(+H%+,"6# '".# >,0(/")(1+,.# .1&6,# ,'
+(8('(.>1# 1# '"# "+"'B/()"# 0,'# $10,6# 0,
7"66">"1# ?%,# ,Z),0,# '1# ?%,# 0,# ,''"# 0(L1
g1%)"%'/G#M,.%'/"#0,>".("01#KA)('#1&C("6#,'
$,+.">(,+/1#0,#U"6'1#X"''(#.1&6,#'"#H%,66"
H'1&"'# :# ,'# )1'"$.1# 0,# '"# "6?%(/,)/%6"
$1'B/()"# 0,# '"# >10,6+(0"0G# j# 6,.%'/"
0,>".("01# KA)('# 0,)(6# ?%,# -.$1.(/1# .,
'(>(/"# "# 6,$,+."6# '"# +1)(*+# 0,
)1>%+(0"0q)1+/6")1>%+(0"0# 0,.$%E.# 0,
7"6Z#.(+#8"),6.,#)"6H1#0,#/101#'1#?%,#8":
,+#,.1.#"+A'(.(.=#?%,#',#0,&,+#>%:#$1)1#1
+"0"# "'# $,+.">(,+/1# 0,# ],H6(# 1# "# '"
/6"0()(*+#>"6Z(./"G#-+/6,#1/61.#,L,>$'1.G

]1# /,+H1# >%)81# /(,>$1# $"6"# ,./".


$"'"&6".=# ".B# ?%,# >,# C,1# 1&'(H"01# "# .,6
>%:# )1+)(.1l# # :1# +1# C,1# ,+# ,./1# >%)81
>A.# ?%,# '"# ,Z$6,.(*+# 0,# %+# ")"0E>()1
&(,+# (+K16>"01# ,+# '"# /6"0()(*+# '(&,6"'# :
&%,+# )1+1),016# 0,'# $,+.">(,+/1# $1'B/()1
(/"'("+1# /6"0()(1+"'# ?%,# '',C"# "D1.# (66(/"01
$16# '"# (@?%(,60"# (+/,',)/%"'# (/"'("+"=# :
,K,)/(C">,+/,#.1&6,#/101#$16#],H6(=#"'#?%,
+1# .1$16/"G# ;,61# "# ],H6(# /10"CB"# '1
,+/(,+0,r"'#d+#:#"'#)"&1=#],H6(#,.#.1'1#%+
$,+."016#$1'B/()1G#`(+#,>&"6H1=#'1.#0,>A.
0,# '"# ''">"0"# /-"&$".' ()5*30# ',# ,Z),0,+
"&.1'%/">,+/,=#:#+1#"')"+@"#"#,+/,+0,6#'1
?%,# ',,# 1# +1# ',# (+/,6,."r',# ,Z),0,+
RH">&,+# :# -.$1.(/1=# "# '1.# ?%,# )(/"=# :# ',
,Z),0,+# 1/61.# )1>1# U"))("6(=# <(/(,''1=
`,C,6(+1=# "# '1.# ?%,# +1# )(/"# 1# "$,+".# )(/"G
;,61# )6,,# ?%,# /101# '1# ?%,# )%,+/"# ,+# ,'
$,+.">(,+/1# ,.# .%# ,K,)/(C(0"0# $1'B/()"=# 0,
'"#?%,#E'#$6,d,6,#?%,#.,"#0(6(H(0"#8")("#%+
6,"'(.>1# 6,K16>(./"# $6%0,+/,# :
)1+./6%)/(C1G# j1# +1# /,+H1# $61&',>".# )1+
,./1# h'/(>1=# $,61# .B# )1+# '1# $6(>,61G# 7(.
$61&',>".# ,./A+# >A.# &(,+# 16(,+/"01.# "# '"
'1&1/1>B"#01H>A/()"#0,#$6,/,+0,6#?%,#+1
8":#>A.#$,+.">(,+/1#?%,#,'#$,+.">(,+/1
0,#'"#,K,)/(C(0"0#$1'B/()"=#:#?%,#$16#'1#/"+/1
)%"'?%(,6# 1/6"# >10%'")(*+# ,.# K".)(./"# 1
)6($/1K".)(./"#1#',#8"),#,'#L%,H1#"'#K".)(.>1
_1#"'#$1$%'(.>1#6,"))(1+"6(1=#?%,#,.#'1#?%,
,'#'(&61#$6,.,+/"#)1>1#,+,>(H1#0(6,)/1cG

`%# 6,'")(*+# )1+# X6">.)(# ,.# ,Z/6"D"# :# :1


)6,1# ?%,# '"# $6,.,+/"# K"'.">,+/,G# ;"6,),
/,+,6',# %+# $61K%+01# 6,.$,/1=# '1# )%"'# ?%(@A
.,"# )1+0()(*+# 0,# ',H(/(>(0"0# 0,# 8"&'"# ,+
b/"'("=# $,61# +1# ,.# $1.(&',# ?%,# .,# '1# /,+H"
6,"'>,+/,# ,+# '"# >,0(0"# ,+# ?%,# ;16/(+"61
,./A# ',L1.# 0,# .,6# >"6Z(./"# 1# ,.# >A.# &(,+
)'"6">,+/,# "+/(>"6Z(./"G# j# "0,>A.# (+.(./,
,+# ?%,# X6">.)(# ,./A# ,+# ,'# )16"@*+# 0,# '"
/-"&$".'()5*30=#'1#)%"'#,.#>A.#?%,#0(.)%/(&',
r+1# $"6"# ,'# H6%$1# +,H6("+1=# ,.# $1.(&',
?%,# $"6"# ,''1.# .B# 8":"# X6">.)(# ,+# "'Hh+
'%H"6#0,#.%#H,+,"'1HB"=#"%+?%,#,+#H,+,6"'
&%.?%,+# 0(./"+)("6.,# 0,# E'=# $,61# $"6"
nRH">&,+=# <(/(,''1=# U"))("6(o# # U1>1# 0(),+
%./,0,.#,+#7EZ()1=#+(#>101G

-+# 0,d+(/(C"=# 8%&1# :# 8":# /-"&$".


()5*30# )1>1# K,+*>,+1# (+/,6+")(1+"'=
$'%6"'=# )1+# >%:# 0(C,6.".# >10%'")(1+,.
$1'B/()".=# +1# /10".# ,''".# +(# 0,# ',L1.
)1+.(./,+/,.# )1+# ,'# 6"0()"'(.>1
6,C1'%)(1+"6(1# 0,# R+/1+(1# ],H6(=# 0,
)"6")/,6B./()".# >h'/($',.# :# 0(K,6,+)("0".=
0,.0,# '%,H1# >%)81# >A.# +B/(0">,+/,
6,)1+1)(&',# ,+# )%"+/1# /"'# ?%,# ,+/,',?%(".
)1>1# '"# 0,# ;,+.">(,+/1# ]16/,">,6()"+1
1# U6B/()"# U8(+"=# :# ,K,)/(C">,+/,=# >"'# ?%,
+1.# $,.,=# ,+# .%# $610%))(*+# :# ,Z$"+.(*+
,./A+#7()8",'#9"60/#:#R+/1+(1#],H6(G##;,61
'"# /-"&$".' ()5*30=# ,+# .%# $61:,))(*+
(+/,6+")(1+"'=# +(# ,.# >,61# +,H1)(1
")"0E>()1#+(#,.#%+"#(+C,+)(*+#+")(1+"'(./"
0,# M1&,6/1# -.$1.(/1# :# .%# 25.1$53*' B$B5.-5G#
;16# >(# $"6/,# +1# $%,01# .(+1# ,Z$6,."6
"H6"0,)(>(,+/1# "# ,."# K16>")(*+# $'%6"'# 0,
$,+.">(,+/1=# 0,# '"# ?%,# 8,# "$6,+0(01
>%)81=# :# >,# "',H61# 0,# 8"&,6# )1+/6(&%(01
>10,./">,+/,# "# .%# K16>")(*+# $16
,L,>$'1# )1+# '"# )1+K,6,+)("# ?%,# 16H"+()E
,+# '"# 2+(C,6.(0"0# 0,# T%k"'1# ,+# \VVs=# )1+
'"# ".(./,+)("# 0,# U"6'1# X"''(=# M1&,6/1
-.$1.(/1# :# X(%.,$$,# I%.1=# "# '"# ?%,
/">&(E+# ".(./(*# e1.E# !%(.# <(''")"D".=# :# 0,
"'H%+".#$%&'()")(1+,.#.%&.(H%(,+/,.G

!"# /-"&$".' ()5*30' ,./A# >%:# ',L1.# 0,# $10,6


6,0%)(6.,# "# '"# /,16B"# 0,# '"# >%'/(/%0# 1# 0,'
$10,6#)1+./(/%:,+/,#0,#],H6(=#1#0,#9"60/#:
],H6(G# I,# 8,)81# ,'# '(&61# 0,# ;16/(+"61
8%&(,6"#H"+"01#,+#)"'(0"0#:#.,6(,0"0#.(#.,
8%&(,6"# )1+K16>"01# )1>1# "+A'(.(.# )6B/()1
0,# '"# 01)/6(+"# 0,# $10,6# )1+./(/%:,+/,=# 0,
'"#?%,#0(),=#$(,+.1#?%,#)166,)/">,+/,=#?%,
K16>"# ,'# +h)',1# >A.# (>$16/"+/,# 0,# '"
)1+/6(&%)(*+# 0,# $,+.">(,+/1# 0,# R+/1+(1
],H6(G#-."#01)/6(+"#C(,+,#0,#`)8>(//=#/,+H"
1#+1#6"B),.#,+#`$(+1@"=#:#"#,''"#.,#6,d,6,+
0,# K16>".# 0(C,6.".# $16# ,L,>$'1# RH">&,+
1# -.$1.(/1# 1# 7"66">"1# ,+# .%.# 1&6".=# :
$%,0,# .,6# "&(.>"'>,+/,# $61&',>A/()"# ,+
)%"+/1# 6,),/"# 0,# $6A)/()"# $1'B/()"=# $,61# +1
,.# ,+# "&.1'%/1# "'H1# (0,+/(d)"&',# .(+# >A.
)1+# '"# /-"&$".' ()5*30p# 1# "'# 6,CE.=# '"# /-"&$".
()5*30# +1# $%,0,# (0,+(d)"6.,# )1+# ,''"G# ;16
,.1#,'#'(&61#0,#;16/(+"61#K"''"=#:#K"''"#0,.0,
,'# (+()(1=# 0,.0,# .%# >(.>"# )1+./(/%)(*+=
0,.0,# %+# "+/"H1+(.>1# ?%(@A# .,+/(01# $,61
,+# ,."# >(.>"# >,0(0"# /">&(E+# (+C,+/"01=
)1>1# >A?%(+"# $%&'()(/"6("# 0,# %+"
/6"0()(*+# 0,# $,+.">(,+/1=# /101# '1
6,.$,/"&',#?%,#.,#?%(,6"=#$,61#?%,#8"#.(01
8(./*6()">,+/,# (+)"$"@# 0,# /6".),+0,6
&"66,6".# +")(1+"',.# 1# '(+HtB./()".# :# ?%,
$,6>"+,),# ,+),66"0"# ,+# '1.# )(6)%(/1.# 0,
'1.# 0,$"6/">,+/1.# %+(C,6.(/"6(1.# (/"'("+1.
0,# /,16B"# $1'B/()"G# j# ?%,# ,.# $16# .B# >(.>"
(+)"$"@# /"+/1# 0,# 1$,6"6# '"# 0,+%+)("
0,.)"'(d)"016"# 0,'# /6"&"L1# /,*6()1# 0,
/"+/1.# 1/61.# $,+."016,.# (+f%:,+/,.# )1>1
$16# .%$%,./1# 0,# ,./"&',),6# ?%,# ,.,
/6"&"L1# /,*6()1# 0,# '1.# $,+."016,.
6,)1+1)(&',.# )1>1# $"6/,# 0,# '"# /-"&$".
()5*30# 8":"# )1+/6(&%(01# 0(6,)/"# 1
(+0(6,)/">,+/,# "'# K6")".1# 0,# '"# $1'B/()"
0,>1)6A/()"# (/"'("+"# 1# >%+0("'=# 1# 0,# .%
6,K16>"=#,+#'1.#h'/(>1.#/(,>$1.G

;"6"# )1+)'%(6# )1+# >A.# 6,K,6,+)(".# "'# '(&61


0,# ;16/(+"61=# ?%,# ,.# '1# ?%,# +1.# )1+C1)"l
# ,.# .1'1# ,+# '".# h'/(>".# $AH(+".# 0,'# '(&61
01+0,# ;16/(+"61# ,+/6"# d+"'>,+/,# ,+
>"/,6("#:#$6,.,+/"=#.(,>$6,#.1>,6">,+/,=
'".# )1+),$)(1+,.# 0,# '"# &(1$1'B/()"# ?%,# "# E'
',# $"6,),+# 6,.1+"+/,.l# '"# C,6.(*+
N+1)/%6+"# :# C">$(6,.)"W# 0,# RH">&,+# :# '"
C,6.(*+# .%$1+H1# ?%,# 6(.%,D"# :# "d6>"/(C"=
N0(%6+"# :# C(/"'(./"=W# 0(),=# 0,# 9"60/# :# ],H6(G
`(# ,+# RH">&,+# .%# )1+),$)(*+# $"6/,# 0,# N'"
1&.,.(C"# /,>"/(@")(*+# 0,'# $"."01
/1/"'(/"6(1=# "# $"6/(6# 0,'# ?%,# .,# $61:,)/"=
6,/61.$,)/(C">,+/,=#%+"#'%@#.(+(,./6"#.1&6,
'"#/1/"'(0"0#0,'#$61),.1#0,#)1+./(/%)(*+#0,'
-./"01# >10,6+1W# _3uYc=# ,+# ],H6(# N'"# K".,
&(1$1'B/()"# .,# $6,.,+/"# )1>1# '"# K".,# 0,'
1$,6"(.>1# 0,661/"01# :# 6,$',H"01# .1&6,# .B
>(.>1=# ,+# '"# ?%,# '"# (@?%(,60"# "+/"H1+(./"
"0C(,6/,# '"# +,),.(0"0# 0,# /1>"6# $"6/(01
6,(+C,+/A+01.,W# _3u^cG# 9"),# ,Z$'()")(1+,.
.%>"6(".#0,'#)1+),$/1#,+#-.$1.(/1#:#O61+/(
$"6"# 0,)(6=# .16$6,+0,+/,>,+/,=# ?%,# '"
&(1$1'B/()"# ")"&"# 6,C,'A+01.,# N)1>1# ,'
/,66,+1# (0,"'# $"6"# %+# "L%./,# 0,# )%,+/".
,+/6,# 1$,6"(./".W# _3uucG# -./1# +1# ,.# :"
6,0%)/(C1=# .(+1# >,6"# 35#+%-$*' "#
";1+3#+7G##j#)1+)'%:,#0,#K16>"#H,+,6"'=#,.
0,)(6=# 0,# C%,'/"# "'# )"L*+# 0,# ."./6,=# ,
(>$'()"+01# ?%,# ,./"# ,.# '"# $1.()(*+# )1>h+
"# /10"# '"# $"/%',"# 0,# '1.# )1>$61>,/(01.
)1+# '"# /-"&$".' ()5*30=# ?%,# N'"# $1'B/()"# 1# ,.
6,C1'%)(1+"6("#1#+1#,.=#$16?%,#"?%,''1#?%,
+1#,.#6,C1'%)(1+"6(1#h+()">,+/,#$%,0,#.,6
1#"$1'B/()1#1#(>$1'B/()1#1#"+/($1'B/()1W#_3uucG

-."# ,.# '"# C,60"0,6"# )1+)'%.(*+# 0,'# '(&61=


)1+# 6,.$,)/1# 0,# '"# )%"'# ,'# h'/(>1# )"$B/%'1=
?%,# 0(.)%/,# $1.()(1+,.# "+/,# '"# 2+(*+
-%61$,"=# ,.# >,61# "$E+0(),G# j1# >,
"/6,C,6B"# "# ''">"6'"# )1+)'%.(*+# 0,# &61)8"
H160"# ,+# 6,'")(*+# )1+# '"# /-"&$".' ()5*30[
"0,>A.#0,#0,)(6#?%,=#)1+#,''"=#;16/(+"61#.,
0,.)"'(d)"# )1>1# (+/E6$6,/,l# )1'1)"6# '1
(>$1'B/()1#,+/6,#'1#"$1'B/()1#:#'1#"+/($1'B/()1
,.# ,+# C,60"0# +1# 8"&,6# ,+/,+0(01# >%)81
0,# '1# ?%,=# ,+# h'/(>"# (+./"+)("=# 6,.%'/"# +1
.1'1# K%+0")(1+"'# .(+1# '"# )1+/6(&%)(*+# >A.
0,)(.(C"=# ,+# >(# 1$(+(*+=# 0,# '"# /-"&$".
()5*30l# # '"# +1)(*+# 0,# ?%,# '"# $1'B/()"# +1
"H1/"# ,'# 816(@1+/,# 0,# '"# ,Z(./,+)("
8%>"+"=#0,#?%,#'"#,.,+)("#0,#'"#$1'B/()"#+1
,.#,+#.B#$1'B/()"=#:#0,#?%,#$16#'1#/"+/1#%+"
)6B/()"# :# %+# $".1# "/6A.# )1+# 6,.$,)/1# 0,# '1
?%,#.,#''">"#$1'B/()"#,+#'1.#0,$"6/">,+/1.
0,# d'1.1KB"# $1'B/()"# ,.# 81:# )1+0()(*+
(+,'%0(&',# 0,# $,+.">(,+/1G# ;,+."6# ?%,# '"
(>$1'B/()"=#,+#.%#K16>%'")(*+#,+#U"))("6(#1
-.$1.(/1=# /(,+,# "'H1# ?%,# C,6# )1+
"$1'(/()(0"0# &%.)"0"# 1# "+/($1'(/()(0"0# ,.
)"&"'>,+/,# +1# .1'1# +1# 8"&,6# ,+/,+0(01
+"0"# _)1+C(,+,# ',,6=# )'"61c=# .(+1# $%6"# :
.(>$',>,+/,# 0,+,H")(*+# 0,# '1# 1&C(1[,.
%+"# $1.()(*+# "&(,6/">,+/,# $1'B/()"# )%:1
"')"+),# )6B/()1# $"6"# '".# )1+),$)(1+,.
8"&(/%"',.#0,#'"#$1'B/()"=#,."#?%,#;16/(+"61
C(+)%'"6B"# )1+# '"# H6"+# /6"0()(*+# ")"0E>()"
0,#F))(0,+/,=#$"6,),#?%,#>%,60,#)1+#>A.
K%,6@"# 0,# '1# ?%,# ,.# /1',6"&',G# ;16# ,.1
)1+C(,+,#>A.#&(,+#+(+H%+,"6'"#%#1'C(0"6'"=
,+#+(+Hh+#)".1#8"),6.,#)"6H1#0,#,''"G

#
#

;%&'()")(*+# 16(H(+"'# ,+# ,'# &'1H


b+K6"$8('1.1$8:G# R# +,P# "C"/"6# 1K# /81%H8/
1+# (+K6"$1'(/().=# +1P# K1)%.,0# 1+
(+K6"$8('1.1$8:
_8//$.lqq(+K6"$8('1.1$8:G)1>q\V\3q3Vq3^q)
1>,+/"6(1m"m"$61$(")(1+m0,m>"?%("C,'1m
%+"m)6(/()"m0,m'"m(/"'("+m/8,16:m0,m$(,6m
$"1'1m$16/(+"61mL1.,m>(H%,'m&%6H1.m
>"@".m:m)"6'1.m1/,61m/6"0.m>"06(0m
H%('',6>1m,.)1'"6m\V\3qc

b>"H,+# 0,# ,./"# $%&'()")(*+l# 1&6"# 0,# ;,6'"


M">1.

.)(/"0,-&$0(1-(234(5)*$%$+$0(1-(6*$+1%0*(!"#$%&0*(78$$/*9::23-1+;0"<=
-1%$0"%'>?23-1+;0"<

You might also like