UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL CENTRO DEL PERU

FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA METALÚRGICA Y DE MATERIALES

!HACIA LA ACREDITACIÓN!

MAYO 2021

BALANCE DE MATERIA Y
ENERGIA

SEMANA01
UNIDADES DE TEMPERATURA Y PRESION.
PROPIEDADES FISICAS Y QUIMICAS DE COMPUESTOS
Y MEZCLAS
ING. RUBEN MUEDAS CASTAÑEDA
Chapter 5: Temperature and Heat from Contemporary Physical Science by Innocent Aluka
9781524901165 | 3rd Edition | 2015 Copyright
Property of Kendall Hunt Publishing
SECTION 1 � Physics 191

1.

a
b
c

e
a.
b. 4
c.

d.
e.
2.

a
b
a. c
b.
d
c. e
5
d.
e.

3.

c
 Chapter 5: Temperature and Heat from Contemporary Physical Science by Innocent Aluka
9781524901165 | 3rd Edition | 2015 Copyright
Property of Kendall Hunt Publishing
K 7. The temperature of 20C equals
d. 0C and 212C a. 68C
e. 32C and 100C b. 68K
6. One of the following pairs is not a c. 6.8F
fundamental interval d. 68F
a. 0 and 100 e. 680F
b. 32 and 212F 8. The temperature of 100F equals
c. 273 K and 373 K
a. 37.9C
d. 273 K and 383 K
b. 37.0C
e. none of the above
c. 36.0C
d. 39.7C
e. 37.78C
9. The total energy of the molecules of a system is
a. internal energy
b. external energy
c. a form of energy
d. fundamental energy
e. none of the above
10. The law that implies that energy is
neither created nor destroyed during
transformation of energy, but may be
converted from one form to another is
a. the second law of thermodynamics
b. the first law of thermodynamics
c. the third law of thermodynamics
d. Newton’s first law of motion
e. Newton’s second law of motion
11. A teaspoon placed in a hot
teacup soon becomes hot
because of heat
a. radiation
b. convection
c. conduction
d. formation
e. all of the above
12. Which of the following is a heat conductor?
a. Styrofoam
b. rubber
c. wood
d. glass
e. iron
192 CHAPTER 5 � Temperature and Heat

13. In the equation Q 5 cmDT, DT equals 19. The change of a solid, liquid, or gas from one
a. Q 2 cm state of matter to another is called
b. Q 3 cm a. entropy
c. Q 1 cm b. adiabatic process
d. Q/cm c. phase change
e. Q 5 cm d. conduction
14. One kilocalorie is the amount of heat needed e. radiation
to raise the temperature of one kilogram of 20. In absolute temperature scale, the boiling point
water by of water is?
a. one degree Fahrenheit a. 32 K
b. one kelvin b. K
c. one degree Celsius c. 273 K
d. one degree Fahrenheit and one degree d. 373 K
Celsius
e. 373 °K
e. none of the above
21. If two substances of different mass have
15. One British thermal unit is the amount of
different specific heat, the same amount of
heat required to raise the temperature of
energy is needed to heat them to the same
one pound of water at normal
temperature, true or false?
atmosphere pressure
a. one degree Celsius False
b. one degree Fahrenheit 22. Heat transfer from molecule to molecule is
c. one kelvin called
d. one kelvin and one Fahrenheit a. convection
e. one degree Celsius and two degrees b. radiation
Fahrenheit c. conduction
16. The amount of heat absorbed by a substance d. equilibrium
is proportional to e. none of the above
a. the mass of the substance only 23. Radiation requires a material medium for heat
b. the mass and temperature change only transfer, true or false?
c. the temperature change only
False
d. the temperature and composition of the
substance 24. As a solid goes through a phase change to a
e. the mass, temperature change, and liquid, heat is absorbed and the temperature
composition of the substance a. increases
b. decreases
17. The amount of heat added to one gram of a
c. remains the same
solid at melting stage to change it to a liquid at
d. fluctuates
the same temperature and pressure is
e. none of the above
a. latent heat of vaporization
b. thermal heat 25. The movement of molecules is most restricted
c. specific heat in which phase of matter?
d. latent heat of fusion a. gas and liquid
e. sublimation b. liquid
c. plasma
18. Melting point is the temperature at which the
d. solid
solid
e. gas
a. changes to gas
b. sublimates
c. changes to liquid
d. vaporizes
e. boils
 Chapter 5: Temperature and Heat from Contemporary Physical Science by Innocent Aluka
9781524901165 | 3rd Edition | 2015 Copyright
Property of Kendall Hunt Publishing
SECTION 1 � Physics 193

26. Fifteen degree Celsius water is mixed with 32. The boiling point of water is 100°Fahrenheit,
water at other temperatures to make water true or false?
at different temperatures; which other water
temperature will give the greatest motion to False
the molecules after they are poured together? 33. If you say that it was so cold yesterday that
a. 40° C water the temperature only reached 277. Which
b. 60° C water temperature scale is appropriate?
c. 45° C water a. Kelvin
d. 70° C water b. Celsius
e. 80° C water c. Centigrade
27. Which phase change occurs at the lowest d. Fahrenheit
temperature? e. none of the above
a. sublimation 34. Water at 23°Fahrenheit is a
b. evaporation a. gas
c. ionization b. liquid
d. melting c. plasma
e. vaporization d. solid
28. Which one of the following is not a conductor? e. none of the above
a. air 35. If a weatherman says that the highest
b. iron temperature for today will be 75 degrees, the
c. aluminum temperature scale the weatherman is using is
d. copper Kelvin, true or false?
e. silver False
29. A water bottle is placed in a refrigerator, and 36. Through which of the following will convection
heat is removed from the water. The number most likely occur?
of collisions that occur between the water a. liquids and gases
molecules will increase, true or false? b. liquids and solids
false c. solids and gases
30. If heat is added to a substance, the movement d. solids and plasmas
of the molecules and atoms of the substance e. none of the above
will 37. Heat and temperature are exactly the same,
a. stay the same and they cannot be different, true or false?
b. decrease False
c. counteract
38. During a phase change, heat is used to alter
d. decrease and increase
the bonding between the molecules of the
e. increase
substance, true or false?
31. The freezing point of a substance is the same
True
as its
a. melting point 39. Heat change during phase change occurs
b. boiling point without change in temperature, true or false?
c. condensation point True
d. evaporation point 40. Sun’s Radiation reaches the Earth through
e. none of the above what?
A traves del vacio mediante ondas
electromagneticas
Chapter 5: Temperature and Heat from Contemporary Physical Science by Innocent Aluka
9781524901165 | 3rd Edition | 2015 Copyright
Property of Kendall Hunt Publishing
SECTION 1 � Physics 195

A
n
s
w
e
r
s

a
n
d

s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s

t
o

o
d
d
-
n
u
m
b
e
r
e
d

e
x
e
r
c
i
s
e
s

a
r
e

i
n
 Chapter 5: Temperature and Heat from Contemporary Physical Science by Innocent Aluka
9781524901165 | 3rd Edition | 2015 Copyright
Property of Kendall Hunt Publishing
appendix 7.

1. Why is mercury described as a thermometric substance?

Porque es un material que se mantiene liquido a temperatura ambiente lo que hace que
cuando la temperatura aumenta el mercurio se dilata

2. State the upper and lower fixed points on the temperature scales Celsius, Fahrenheit, and kelvin.

Celsius (0-100) Fahrenheit (273-373) kelvin (32-212)

3. If the outside air temperature is 70C, what is the temperature in Fahrenheit?

(70 °C × 9/5) + 32 = 158 °F

4. You are driving to work in the morning and the anchorman announces a temperature of
92F. What are the Celsius and kelvin equivalents of this temperature?

(92 °F − 32) × 5/9 = 33.333 °C

(92 °F − 32) × 5/9 + 273.15 = 306.483 K

5. Explain how a microwave functions in terms of heat transfer.

El calor es transferido a través de ondas electromagnéticas que rebotan en la caja y hacen

que la comida se caliente

6. Explain the mechanical equivalent of heat.

7. How does a scientific calorie differ from a nutritionist’s calorie?

No existe mucha diferencia ya que las dos generan energía o son la energía necesaria para
producir algo de forma científica las calorías se usan en los cambios de fase y
nutricionalmente son usadas para producir energía corporal

8. a. What is the British thermal unit (BTU)?

Son unidades usadas en la industria de energías , calefactores etc,

b. How many calories and joules are in one BTU?

1 BTU = 1055.06 J
1 BTU = 252.165 cal
 9. What is specific heat?

Es la cantidad necesaria de calor que se le tiene que suministrar a un cuerpo para elevar su temperatura en
una unidad

10. Determine the heat needed to raise the temperature of 40 grams of copper from 30C to 100C. The
specific heat of copper is 0.093 cal/gC.

Q=40gx0,092g/g°Cx70°C = 260,4

11. Define a. latent heat of fusion and b. latent heat of vaporization.

A) Es el calor necesario para pasar de solido a liquido

B) Es el calor necesario para pasar de liquido a gaseoso

12. Determine the amount of heat needed to change 300 g of ice at 0C to water at 2.0C.

Q= 300g x1 cal/gº Cx2°C = 600 cal

13. Calculate the amount of energy an icemaker absorbs from 2,000 g of water at 30C to produce ice at
0C. Specific heat of water is 1 cal/gC.

Q= 2000g x1 cal/gº Cx30°C = 60000 cal

14. How much heat is needed to vaporize 150 g of water at 100C.

Q= 150g x1 cal/gº Cx100°C = 15000 cal

Q2= 150g x540 cal/gº = 81000 cal
Qt=96000cal

15. If an engine operates between 600C and 90C, calculate

a. the maximum efficiency and

b. the maximum percent efficiency of the engine.

(600-90/600)100=85%

16. Determine the maximum efficiency of an efficient heat engine operating between 500C (T1 ) and 95C (T 2).

((500-95)/500)100= 81%
17. Explain how a car engine functions in terms of thermodynamic principles.

 transformando la energía calórica producto de la quema del combustible en energía mecánica al empujar un
pistón que hace girar el cigüeñal, pieza conectada a la transmisión y a las ruedas del vehículo permitiendo su
movimiento

18. How does a refrigerator function?

haciendo que el refrigerante que circula por su interior pase de estado líquido a gaseoso. Este proceso,
conocido como evaporación, enfría el área circundante y produce el efecto deseado.

19. One degree interval in a Celsius scale equals how many Fahrenheit degree intervals?

1 intervalo equivale a 33.8 en Fahrenheit

20. Three degree intervals in a Fahrenheit scale equals how many Celsius degree intervals?

3 intervalos equivalen a -16.11

21. Calculate the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 450 g of water from 15°C to 85°C?
The specific heat capacity of water is 4.18 J/g·°C.

Q= 450g x 4.18J/gº Cx70°C = 131670 J

22. If you put 60 grams of ice in your beverage, what quantity of energy would be absorbed by the ice (and released
by the beverage) during the melting process? The heat of fusion of water is 333 J/g. Use the
formula for latent heat of fusion
Q= 60x 333J/g =19980J

23. Convert 98 degrees Fahrenheit to Kelvin.

. (98 °F − 32) × 5/9 + 273.15 = 309.817 K

24. Calculate the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of 250 grams of ice from 0°C to 2°C?

Q=250gx1cal/g°Cx2°C=500cal

25. If you like taking bath in warm water and decide to warm 100 kg of water by 20°C, how much heat is
required. Give your answer in calories and joules.

Q=100gx1cal/g°Cx20°C=2000cal
 Q=100gx4.18J/g°Cx20°C=8360J

26. If an electric current warms up 0.5 kilograms aluminum long to 15°C, calculate the amount of heat
produced by the current.

Q=500gx0.214cal/g°Cx15°C=1605cal

27. What does the temperature scale on the thermometer measure?

La temperatura de un cuerpo
198 CHAPTER 5 � Temperature and Heat

28. What happens in the thermometer if the Kelvin temperature of the substance is doubled?
Si la temperature kelvin se duplica en grados Celsius aumento lo duplicado

29. Describe what happens if you put a thermometer in your mouth. How does the heat flowing from your
mouth affect the atoms in the thermometer?
Si se trata de un termómetro de mercurio sucede que el mercurio al ser un material que esta en forma liquida
a temperatura ambiente se dilata con el calor que expulsa mi boca y así el medidor del termómetro aumente

30. If the air temperature outside changes from morning to noon by about 30°F, what is the corresponding
change in temperature in Celsius degrees?
(30 °F − 32) × 5/9 = -1.111 °C

31. If you have a body temperature of 102.5°F, what is your body temperature in degrees Celsius?

(102.5 °F − 32) × 5/9 = 39.167 °C

32. How much heat must be absorbed by 375 grams of water to raise its temperature by 25°C?

Q=375gx1cal/g°Cx25°C=9375cal

33. What mass of water can be heated from 25°C to 50°C by the addition of 2,825 J?

2.825J=mx 4.184J/g°C x 25°C= 27.0076g

34. What is the final temperature when 625 grams of water at 75°C loses 7.96 × 104 J?

Q=625gx 4.184J/g°C x75°C=196125J- (7.96x104J) =195297.16J

35. A copper cylinder has a mass of 76.8 g and a specific heat capacity of 0.092 cal/g·°C. It is heated to
86.5°C and then put in 68.7 g of turpentine whose temperature is 19.5°C. The final temperature of the
mixture is 31.9°C. What is the specific heat capacity of turpentine?
(76,8gx0.092cal/g°Cx86,5°C-31.9°C) +(68,7gx 19,5°C-31.9°C xCe)=0
385.78176-851.88xCe=0
Ce=0.452859

36. A 65.0 g piece of iron at 525°C is put into 635 grams of water at 15.0°C. What is the final temperature
of the water and the iron?
(65gx0.107cal/g°Cx(Tf -525°C)) +(635gx 1cal/g°Cx(Tf-15°C) )=0
641.955Tf=13176.375
Tf=20.5253
 SECTION 1 � Physics 199

37. If 1 kg ice block at 0°C was placed in a travelling ice box, calculate the amount of heat released by the
ice as it melts to water.

38. What is the difference between latent heat of vaporization and latent heat of fusion?

Que el calor latente de vaporización es el calor que se requiere para cambiar de fase de liquido a gaseoso
mientras que el calor de fusión de para llevar de un solido a liquido

39. List all phase changes.

Fusión(S-L)
Vaporización (L-G)
Condensación (G-L)
Solidificación (L-S)
Sublimación(S-G)
Sublimación inversa (G-S)

40. Describe how heat behaves during sublimation (solid to gas).

La cantidad de calor absorbido por una unidad de masa al

cambiar de sólido a vapor se llama calor de sublimación.
este calor es fuerte ya que es una transformación de solido
a gas directa
Chemistry P Worksheet 8-1: Pressure

Workshe
et Pressur
8-1 e
Pressure is defined as the force applied divided by the area over which it is applied. A gas
pressure results from the many collisions between gas particles and a surface. The SI unit of
pressure is the newton per square meter (N/m2) called the pascal (Pa). A pascal is very small so it
is often reported in thousands of pascals or kilopascals (kPa). The atmosphere surrounding the
earth exert a pressure of approximately 1 atmosphere (atm) at sea level. There are other units
used to measure pressure shown in the table below.

Pressure = Force Useful Conversions

Area 1 atm  760 mmHg
𝐹 1 torr  1 mmHg
𝑃= 1.000 00 atm = 14.695 9 psi = 101 325 Pa
𝐴 1 in  25.4 mm

Example 1: A container of gas has a pressure of 104.9 kPa. Convert this pressure to psi.

104.9 kPa 1×103 Pa 14.696 psi

× × = 15.21 psi
1 1 kPa 101 325 Pa

Example 2: Barometric pressure is reported as 30.1 inHg. Convert this to torr.

30.1 inHg 25.4 mmHg 1 torr

× × =764.5 torr
1 1 inHg 1 mmHg

Use the conversion factors in the table to solve the following problems.

1. The pressure is recorded as 738 mmHg. Convert this measurement to atmospheres (atm).
(738mmHg/760mmHg)1atm =0.971053atm
2. A ball is inflated to a pressure of 32.0 pounds per square inch (psi). Convert this pressure to
atmospheres (atm).
(32psi/14.6959psi)1atm=2.17747atm
3. What is the pressure in pascals if the pressure is equal to 380 torr?
(380torr/1torr)133.32Pa=50662.5Pa
4. The air pressure in a tire is 2.38 atm. What is this pressure in kilopascals?
(2.38atm/1atm)101,325kPa=241.1535KPa
5. The atmosphere supports a column of mercury that is 748 mm in height. What is
atmospheric pressure in torr? Convert this pressure to atmospheres (atm).
(748mmHg/1mmHg)1torr=748torr
(748torr/760torr)1atm=0.984211atm
6. Many pneumatic tools operate at an air pressure of 90 psi. What is the equivalent pressure
in kilopascals (kPa)?
(90psi/14.6959psi)101.325KPa=620.528KPa
7. The safety disk in a scuba tank will blow at a pressure of approximately 25 000 kPa.
Convert this pressure to mmHg.
(25000Kpa/101.325Kpa)760mmHg=187515.42mmHg
8. When a brake pedal is pressed with a pressure of 100 psi the pressure is converted about
1200 psi in the master cylinder. What is the pressure of the master cylinder in torr?
(1200psi/14.6959psi)760torr=62057.92torr
9. Normal atmospheric pressure in Mexico City is about 565 mmHg. Convert this to
atmospheres.
(565mmHg/760mmHg)1atm=0.743421atm
10. If the gas in a container can support 74 inHg, what is the gas pressure in pascals?
(74inHgx3386.39Pa/inHg)= 250593Pa

TAREA ACADEMICA 01
1. RESOLVER LOS EJERCICIOS DE LA PAGINA 191(28) DEL 1-40.
2. RESOLVER LOS EJERCICIOS DE LA PAGINA 195(31) DEL 1-40
3. RESOLVER EJERCICIOS DE LA PAGINA 36 DEL 1-10
4. LUEGO ENVIAR A LA RESPECTIVA PLATAFORMA.