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PHYSICAL SCIENCE
QUARTER 2 – MODULE 1

A View of the Earth

and the Universe
 LESSON

The Spherical Earth

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What’s In

In the previous quarter, you have learned about the properties of matter. In the last
lesson, you have been able to identify active ingredients of cleaning products used at home.
These includes sodium bicarbonate, bleach, fluoride, sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen
peroxide and more.
In this new lesson, we will learn about the different characteristics and observations of
the Earth and of the universe.

What’s New

Activity 1.1. Check It!

Directions: Put a checkmark (/) if the following descriptions are observations that led the
Greeks to conclude that the Earth is spherical and X if does not.

1. North star
2. Angle of the Sun
3. Asteroid belt
4. The shape of the Sun and the Moon
5. Appearance of a comet
6. Casting of Earth’s shadow on the Moon
7. Disappearing ships
8. Rising and setting of the Sun
9. Solar and lunar eclipse
10. Phases of the Moon

What Is It

In the early times, Greeks already have the eagerness to study astronomy. Below is a
timeline that highlights the significant observations of the early Greeks.

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500 B.C. Pythagoras and his Most Greeks believed that the Earth is round.
pupils
500 to 430 B.C. Anaxagoras The observation of Pythagoras' of the shadows
that the Earth cast on the Moon during a lunar
eclipse was supported by Anaxagoras.
340 B.C. Aristotle Contributed on the arguments for a spherical Earth
which included the positions of the North star, the
shape of the Moon and the Sun, and the
disappearance of the ships when they sail over the
horizon.

Here are the following observations led the Greeks to conclude that the Earth is sphere:
During a lunar eclipse, he Earth casts a circular shadow on the Moon.
Pythagoras observed that during lunar eclipse the shadow of the Earth was spherical.
This is one of the evidences Greeks hold that the Earth is spherical.
Early Greeks believed that the North Star is stationary or at fixed position. But as they
travel near the equator, they have observed that the North star was closer to the horizon.
The Moon and the Sun are both spherical.
The Moon and the Sun were both spherical, this was an arguement brought about by
Aristotle that if both the Sun and the Moon are spherical then the Earth must also be in
spherical shape.
A sailing ship becomes smaller and then its hull disappears first before the sail as if it is being
enveloped by the water until it completely disappears.
The Greeks have observed that when a ship travels it does not become smaller and
smaller until it disappear rather the ship became smaller and then its hull disappeared first
before the sail as if it was being enveloped by the water until it completely disappeared.
Angle of the Sun
Greeks have observed that during summer solstice ( the point where the Sun is at the
nothernmost position), the angle of the Sun with the vertical direction varies from place to
place.

The Size of the Earth

Scholars tried to show their calculations that describe the Earth as spherical.
Erastosthenes was the first to give an accurate measurement duting his time. Erastosthenes
was working in Alexandria when he received a correspondence about the whether a vertical
object would cast a shadow or not on different places.
He then used this to calculate for the angle of the Sun made with vertical direction.
Erastosthenes found out that the Sun makes an angle of 7.2° from the vertical in Alexandria,
while 0° in Syene. To explain the difference, he hypothesized that the light rays coming from
the Sun are parallel, and the Earth is curved.
From his measurements, he computed the circumference of the Earth to be approximately
about 40 000 kilometers.

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 What’s More

Activity 1.2. Check Your Understanding

Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. What star did the Greeks looked in observing the sky?
A. North star B. Vega C Betelgeuse D. Sirius

2. In which of the following describes the position of the North Star if you go farther away from
the equator?
A. Closer to the horizon
B. It disappears completely
C. farther away from the horizon
D. The North Star is fixed wherever you are on the Earth

3. Which of the following can be observed of a cruising ship if the Earth is a flat disc?
A. It will shrink then only the sail will be visible until it completely disappears.
B. It will become smaller and smaller until it disappears.
C. It will become bigger and bigger.
D. It will not change its size.

4. During which time did Eratosthenes observe the shadows cast by a vertical stick?
A. Noon time during spring C. Noon time during winter solstice
B. Noon time during solar eclipse D. Noon time during summer solstice

5. According to Eratosthenes, which of the following explain why a vertical stick casts a
shadow in Alexandria but not in Syene?
I. The Sun is directly overhead in Syene while in Alexandria, it is only almost directly
overhead.
II. The light rays coming from the Sun are parallel, and the Earth is curved.
III. The light rays coming from the Sun are curved, and the Earth is flat.
IV. The Sun is directly overhead in Alexandria while in Syene, it is only almost directly
overhead.
A. I only B. I and II C. III and IV D. II and IV

What I Have Learned

Activity 1.3 Sharing My Insights

Directions: Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false.
1. During a lunar eclipse, the Earth’s shadow reflected on the Moon’s surface.
2. Galileo argued that the Earth is round just like the Sun and Moon.
3. It was Pythagoras and his pupils who were first to propose a spherical Earth.
4. Greek’s observation on the position of the North star is closer to the horizon.
5. According to Eratosthenes, Earth is as big as the Moon.

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 What I Can Do

Activty 1.4 .Concept Mapping

Directions: Create a concept map on the observations that led the Greeks to conclude that the
Earth is sphere.

Rubrics for Concept Mapping

5 3 1
Accuracy All concepts and Most concepts and Many factual errors exis
connections present are connections shown are such as concepts
correct and accurately accurate. A few connected
described. concepts or connections inappropriately or with
may be off-base labels that are do not
properly wxplain the
relationship between the
two concepts.
Completeness Captures the entire scipe Essential elements of Omits one or more
of the topic presented, the topic is present, but major concepts or
including all required smaller details are connections.
concepts. All connections missing.
include insightful linking
phrases.
Organization Overall organization Branches are well Connections are
demonstrates synthesis organized. incomplete.
and sorting of ideas.

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 LESSON Astronomical Phenomena
Before the Advent of
2 Telescopes

What’s In

You have learned previously about the observations of the Ancient Greeks on Earth.
They have observed that the Earth is spherical. Some of the evidences that they have held
was, the shape of the Moon and the Sun, the shadow of the Earth during eclipses, how
sailing ships disappears, the position of the North Star and the oservation of the angle of the
Sun
In this new lesson, you will learn about the different astronomical phenomena they have
observed before the advent of Telescopes.

What’s New

Activity 1. 5. What’s the Word?

Directions: Match the descriptions in the column A with the terms in column B. Decode the
word that corresponds to the letter of your answer.
A B
1. occurs when the Moon is in between the Sun and the Earth and the C. Moon
Moon partially or completely blocks out the Sun.
2. occurs when the Earth casts its shadow on the Moon when the E1. Mercury
Earth is between the Sun and the Moon.
3. The northern star E2. Lunar eclipse
4. Planet closest to the Sun. E3. Galileo Galile
5. the dark center of the eclipse shadow.
6. Earth's sole natural satellite L.. Polaris
7. half-shadow that occurs when a light source is only partly covered
by an object O. Penumbra
8. The third planet in the solar system
P. Earth
9. Scientist who made an observation on astronomical even
S. Umbra
T. Solar Eclipse
U. Isaac Newton
ANSWER:

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 What Is It

Early scientists were able to observe various astronomical phenomena even without the aid
of telescope.Planets, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn are easily seen in the sky even
without telescopes. Though, these planets may be easily confused as stars.
Even without the aid of telescope, early scientist observed the Sun and the Moon’s
movements. Below is a list of some astronomical events observed by the ancient scientists.
Phases of the Moon Moon changes its path and its appearance within a period of
29.5 days.

It was used as the basis of ancient calendars.

Lunar eclipse A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth casts its shadow on
the Moon when the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon.
Solar eclipse Astronomers have observed this phenomenon when the
moon is between the Sun and the Earth. The Sun is either
partially or completely blocked by the Moon.
Motion of the stars It was also observed that the stars appear to be attached to a
celestial sphere that rotates around an axis in one day.
Depending on the time of the year, the constellations’
positions in the night sky changes.
Visibility of planets Early astronomers have discovered that Mercury, Venus,
Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn are planets. The position of the
planets were fixed.

What’s More

Activity 1.6. List and Explain

List and explain the different astronomical phenomena known by the astronomers before the
invention of telescopes.

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 What I Have Learned

Activity 1.7 Sharing My Insights

Why do you think astronomers are capable of observing various astronomical phenomena
even without the use of telescopes?

What I Can Do

Activity 1.8. Recording Data

Record some astronomical phenomena that has been observed this year(2020) and will be
seen next year (2021).
DATE AND TIME ASTRONOMICAL EVENT

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 LESSON

Tycho Brahe’s Innovations

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What’s In

Let’s review what you have learned in the previous lesson. You have learned about the
different astronomical phenomena that were observed prior to the invention of the telescope.
This includes their observation of
Now that you know about the different insights of the Greek astronomers, you are now
ready to learn more of the innovations brought about by their observations before the advent
of telescopes. They have observed the phases of the Moon, eclipses, motion of stars and
visibility of planets.
In this new lesson, you will learn further on the observations brought by Tycho Brahe and
Johannes Kepler.

What’s New

Activity 1.9. List the Characteristics

List what you remember about the following astronomers.
Tycho Brahe Johannes Kepler

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 What Is It

Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler

Tycho Brahe was a Danish astronomer. In 1576, King Frederick II built an observatory
for Brahe, he was able to observe the movement of celestial bodies. Brahe was able to invent
various instruments. Through the help of his inventions and his assistants, he was able to
study the solar system extensively and was able to accurately determine the position of 777
stars.
The successor of King Frederick II and Emperor Rudolf II did not support Brahe’s
work. Emperor Rudolf II recommended Johannes Kepler, a German scholar, as the assistant
of Brahe.
Brahe did not trust Kepler in his data. Brahe assigned Kepler the interpretation of his
observation of Mars which does not match the calculations of Brahe. Some scientists
believed that Brahe intentionally gave this task to Kepler to keep him busy and left Brahe
work on his laws of planetary motion.
Kepler's Discoveries from Brahe's Data
In the observations of Kepler, he proposed that there is a force between the Sun and
the other planets. He was able to conclude that this force would explain the orbit of Mars and
the Earth, including all the other planets, moved fastest when it is nearest from the Sun and
moved slowest when it is farthest from the Sun. Brahe then gave all his data to Kepler. Brahe
was hoping that Kepler will be able to prove his Tychonic system and put together the
Rudolphine Tables. Rudolphine Tables was named after the Roman emperor and was used
in determining the positions of the planets for the 1000 years and the future 1000 years.
When Brahe died in 1601, all the writings and observations of Brahe was passed on
to Kepler. Emperor Rudolf II assigned Kepler as the new imperial mathematician. From
Brahe’s work, Kepler was able to formulate his laws of planetary motion: law of ellipses, law
of equal areas and the law of harmonies.

Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

Kepler’s Law Description
Law of Ellipses It states that planets follow an oval or an ellipse orbit.

Law of equal It states that when an imaginary line is drawn from the center of
areas the Sun to the center of a planet, the line will sweep out an equal
area of space in equal time intervals.
Law of It states that that the ratio of the squares of the periods of two
harmonies planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of the average distances
T1 2 R1 3
of these two planets from the Sun or: 
T22 R23

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 What’s More

Activity 1.10. Let’s Go Hunt!

Directions: Find the term that will answer the statement below by encircling
them. Write your found word/s on the space after the number.

A E L L I P S E I J H T S F
C G R G D T J H X C E F U C
K D U S O U U S U S L S N X
E G P E R I O D F S I D D D
P U I J B K G C S Y O V X E
L G J D I F D H R H C H S H
E D S H T R V B F K E U S Y
R W W F D G O U V G N B F J
A H R P G P L A N E T A R Y
U B B H H S V K J B R V D H
R J R E E A R T H D I D T I
G K P A W F S D G F C D H F
P X H C H J E E D G G D O K
L S G G D E S F M O T I O N
E Q U A L A R E A J H C V P

1. The model of the universe in which the Earth and planets

revolve around the Sun at the center of the Universe.
2. Danish nobleman, astronomer, and writer known for his
accurate and comprehensive astronomical observations.
3. Law of states that the planets move in elliptical orbits
with the Sun at a focus
4. The orbit of each planet is an with the Sun at one
focus.
5. A German mathematician who used Tycho Brahe’s data to
come up with his own heliocentric model of the universe.

What I Have Learned

Activity 1.11. Explanation Time

Explain the following using Kepler’s Law
1. It is warm during summer and cold during winter.
2. Some days have longer nights.

What I Can Do

Activity 1.12. Explain Deeper

Write an essay about how Brahe’s work help Kepler.

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 RUBRICS FOR ESSAY WRITING
CRITERIA
ORGANIZATION (5 POINTS)
5 4 3 2 1
Information is Information is Information is The Information is
very organized organized with organized but information disorganized
with well-constructe paragraphs appears to and
well-constructe d paragraphs are not well be inaccurate.
d paragraphs and information constructed disorganized
and information is factual and and and
is factual and correct information is suspected to
correct factual be correct
and factual.
CONTENT AND DEVELOPMENT (5 POINTS)
Content is Content is Content is Content is - Content is
comprehensive, accurate and quite not incomplete.
accurate, and persuasive. comprehensiv comprehensi - Major points
persuasive. Major points e and /or ve and /or are not clear.
Major points are are stated. persuasive. persuasive. -Specific
stated clearly Responses are Major points Major points examples are
and are well adequate and are somewhat are not used.
supported. address topic. addressed, addressed,
Responses are Content is but not well but not well
excellent, timely clear. Specific supported. supported.
and address examples are Responses Responses
topic. Content is used. are are
clear. Specific inadequate or inadequate
examples are do not or do not
used. address topic. address
Specific topic.
examples do Specific
not support examples do
topic. not support
topic.
MECHANICS (5 POINTS)
No Almost no A few Many Way too many
grammatical, grammatical, grammatical, grammatical, grammatical,
spelling, and spelling, and spelling, and spelling, and spelling, and
punctuation punctuation punctuation punctuation punctuation
errors. errors. errors. errors. errors.

Additional Activities

Make a timeline of the observations conducted by the Greeks until the time of Johannes
Kepler.

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 Assessment: (Post-Test)

Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.
1. Who was the German mathematician who used Tycho Brahe’s data to come up with his
own heliocentric model of the universe?
A. Erastosthenes B. Galileo C.Kepler D. Newton
2. According to the Greeks, the Earth’s shape is .
A. cylindrical B. flat and square C.elliptical D. spherical
3. What is the term used to indicate the point where the Sun is at the nothernmost position?
A. Eclipse B. Summer solstice C.Parallax D. Winter solstice
4. How did the Greeks especially Aristotle use the lunar eclipse phenomenon to explain that
the Earth is not flat?
A. He noticed that the shadow casts by Earth on the Moon is round.
B. He noticed that all things seems to be moving around the Earth except for Earth
itself.
C. He argued that since the shape of the Moon appears to be round then the Earth
must also be round.
D. He argued that lunar eclipse only happens when a round opaque object blocks the
passage of Sunlight.
5. Which of the following is not an example of astronomical phenomena known to
astronomers before the invention of telescope?
A. Black holes B. Motion of stars C. Phases of the Moon D. Visibility of planets
6. Which of the following is not true about the how ancient people were able to make use of
their knowledge about heavens?
A. They used their knowledge to study more closely the origin of the universe.
B. They used their knowledge to invent the calendar.
C. They used their knowledge to navigate the ocean.
D. They their knowledge in their architecture.
7. Which of the following astronomical phenomenon were already observed by the ancient
people even before the telescope was invented?
A. Sunspot B. Craters of the Moon C. Solar eclipse D. Atmosphere of Mars
8. Which of the following objects would most likely casts a shadow on the Moon during lunar
eclipse when it is observe here on Earth without the aid of a telescope?
A. Sun B. Moon C. North star D. Earth

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9. Who was the scientist that observed the spherical shadow of the Moon during eclipse?
A. Anaxagoras B. Aristotle C. Erastotosthenes D. Pythagoras
10. Which phase of the Moon is shown in the figure below?

A. Full Moon B. New Moon C. First quarter Moon D. Last quarter Moon
11. What is the major contribution of Tycho Brahe to the field of astronomy?
A. The invention of telescope C. Measurement of Earth’ circumference
B. The Earth’s axis of rotation D. Measurement of stars’ and planets’ position
12. Based on Kepler’s First Law, which of the figures below describes the path of a
planet as it moves around the Sun ?

A. B. C. D.
13. What was the angle calculated by the first Greek to measure the angle of the Sun?
A. 5.5 ° B. 7.2 ° C. 10 ° D. 12 °
14. Which of the following statement is not an observation that was used by the Greeks that
the Earth is spherical?
A. The Sun is spherical.
B. The Moon is spherical.
C. The observation of a passing star proved the shape of the Earth.
D. A sailing ship becomes smaller and then its hull disppears first before it completely
disappears.
15. What relationship between the times of revolutions of the planets and their distance
from the Sun did Kepler discover?
A. The square of the times of revolution of the planets are proportional to the
cube of their average distance from the Sun.
B. The square of the times of revolution of the planets are not proportional to the
cube of their average distance from the Sun.
C. The cube of the times of revolution of the planets are proportional to the
square of their average distance from the Sun.
D. The cube of the times of revolution of the planets are not proportional to the
square of their average distance from the Sun

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