Prof: Luisa Armas

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 TALK ABOUT LIFESTYLES, CAPACITY,
Unit 2 PROBABILITY, POSSIBILITY, ABILITY

CONTENTS

HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY HABITS / MODALS / BE ABLETO

VOCABULARY

A-Look at the pictures and describe the activities in each one

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1. Alicia has a healthy lifestyle. She’s in good shape because she works out in the gym every day.

2. She eats healthy food, likes fruit and fresh vegetables.

3. Alan doesn’t have a good lifestyle.
4. He’s unfit because he never does any exercise. He eats much junk food so he’s overweight. He’s bad
shape.

B-Complete the sentences with the words in black in the previous sentences

1. Need to exercise more. I’m in _____________________

2. Helen doesn’t have a _________________ diet. She eats a lot junk food.

3. I have a good _____________________. I don’t smoke, I exercise regularly, and I don’t eat__________

4. I need to exercise more. I’m ______________and I’m overweight.

5. Jane is looking great! She _______________ and eats healthy foods like whole grain bread and lots

of fruit. Soon she’ll be in ____________

WORD BANK: HEALTHY AND UNHEALTHY HABITS

HEALTHY UNHEALTHY

Taking vitamins staying up late

Going for a walk every day getting angry often

Getting fresh air playing too many computer games

Relaxing drinking alcohol

Going to the doctor for a checkup eating a lot of salty/fatty food

playing tennis / basketball / soccer avoiding stress not wearing a seat belt in the car

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C. Write the activities in the correct column

Sunbathing - smoking - watching lots of TV – cycling - getting eight hours sleep every night – drinking
lots of water – eating a balanced diet – eating lots of sugar

HEALTHY UNHEALTHY

_______________________________ ______________________________________

_______________________________ ______________________________________

_______________________________ ______________________________________

_______________________________ ______________________________________

_______________________________ ______________________________________

_______________________________ ______________________________________

_______________________________ ______________________________________

THE BEST REMEDIES. HEALTH PROBLEMS.

ILLNESS SYMPTOM TREATMENT

The flu (influenza)

a cold
food poisoning
appendicitis
a migraine

D. Complete the second column of the table below with the symptoms from these boxes.

I have... I am…

a headache tired

Abdominal pain sneezing

a stomachache

aching muscles

a sore throat

a cough

diarrhea

a fever

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E. Choose the appropriate treatment from the box below and write it in the third column
of the table.

Take antibiotics

Eat fruit and vegetables

Eat very little food

Take a decongestant

Drink aspirin
Drink herbal tea

Rest in bed

Have surgery

F. Read this paragraph and write the illnesses.

If you have stomachache, nausea, and diarrhea, you may have ______________ _. Rest in bed, drink

herbal tea, and don’t eat very much. If the symptoms continue, see your doctor, you may need some

antibiotics.

The symptoms of _____________ are often nausea, fever, and abdominal pain, especially on the right

side. See a doctor immediately, because you may need surgery!

_______________is a virus, so antibiotics won’t help. The symptoms are aching muscles, headache,

fever, and sometimes sneezing. Rest in bed, drink fluids, and take aspirins.

______________ is similar to influenza, but usually less severe. The symptoms are usually

sneezing, coughing, headache, and sometimes fever. Take an aspirin, and if it is necessary, a

decongestant.

_______________ is a type of headache, but there is usually other symptom, you may have nausea and

vision problems, and you may be extremely sensitive to light and noise. If the problem is very severe or

frequent, you may need to see a doctor to get some medicine.

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 GRAMMAR BUILDER: MUST, MAY, MIGHT, CAN’T FOR DEDUCTIONS.
Read this conversation. Discuss the questions
A: I have a stomachache. I might have appendicitis.

B: You can’t have appendicitis because you don’t have a fever.

It may be something you ate.

A: If I’m not better tomorrow, then it must be appendicitis.

1.Which words have the same meaning, expressing a possibility?

2.Which words express a strong positive probability?

3.Which words express a strong negative probability

4. How do you express these ideas in your language?

A. Complete these two conversations using: may, might, must, or can`t.

A: I can’t sleep at night. It ____________ be the coffee I’m drinking, or possibly the stress at home.

B:It ____________ be the stress, no question about it. How much coffee do you drink?

A: Two or three cups a day.

B: Exactly, That’s nothing _____________ be that.

A: Who is she? She talks like a doctor. But she ____________ be a doctor. She’s too young.

B:She ___________be a medical student. Obviously.

A: No necessarily. She ____________ be a nurse, or the daughter of a doctor.

GRAMMAR TIPS

CAN and COULD

We use can to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability to do something.
Could is the past of can. We use them for polite requests.
We can use be able to instead of can, but can is more common.
Can and could are modal verbs.
We use can to talk about present ability.
I can do something means ¨I am able to do it ¨ or ¨I know how to do it¨
I can play the piano. Can I pay by credit card?
We use could to talk about past ability or polite requests
Elvis Presley could sing very well. Could you bring me a sweater?

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 MODALS

Modals are auxiliary verbs; they are used with other verbs
They are followed by the infinitive without to: We can do the work very well. They
are not used with the auxiliaries do / did. You can understand it.
To form the negative of modal verbs, we add not. We can not (can’t) believe it!
To form questions, we invert the modal and the subject. Can you do it again?
Modals do not have an ing form.

I / You / she / he /it / we / they

Affirmative I can / could remember his name.

Negative He can’t / couldn't remember her address

Question forms How much can / could you remember?

Can / could you speak any foreign languages?

Conversations Listen and read

Conversation 3

Kevin: Laura! Help, please! call my dentist and cancel my appointment at 3:30.
Laura:OK. Don’t forget your meeting with the auditor at 4:30
Kevin:Cancel that, too please tell him I can’t see him this week.
Laura: OK.
Kevin: And can you cancel all my appointments for tomorrow, wednesday and thursday, too?
Laura: Sure I can. Kevin, go to Japan and don’t worry.
Kevin: Thanks, Laura. You are a real pal.

Conversation 4

Gary: I can’t wear flip. flops, right?

Janice: My office is very formal. We can’t wear jeans ot sneakers.
Gary: Well, at my company we can wear casual clothes on Fridays.
Janice: Really? Casual Fridays are cool. So can you wear jeans on Fridays?
Gary: I can wear jeans and a T-shirt. But I can’t wear sneakers.

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EXERCISES.
Write a similar conversation about the dress code at your job. Or talk about your school.

Ask and answer these questions in pairs.

1.Which clothes are appropriate to wear to work?________________________________________________

2.Which clothes can people wear to go to the college?____________________________________________

3.Can teachers wear casual clothes to work?____________________________________________________

Complete the email with can, can´t, or can you?

Dear Pen Friend.

Hi! It’s nice to meet you. My name is Laura Rios. I’m from Miami, Florida, in the United States.

I ________________ speak English and Spanish. We __________ write emails in Spanish if you like.

I love sports. I_______________ play tennis, golf, and soccer _______________ play any sports?

I also like music. I______________ play the guitar, but I _______________ sing because it’s too difficult.

I like food, but I ________________ cook very well. I can only make sandwiches _____________ cook?

Please write me an email!

Your friend. Laurie

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Can / Could (polite requests)

Can I try it on please? / Could you bring me another pair, please?

Write polite requests.

1. You want to try on a blue dress._______________________________________________

2. You want to see some red shoes.______________________________________________
3. You want to pay by credit card. _______________________________________________
4. You want to try on a green sweater.____________________________________________
5. You want the sales assistant to bring a size 7.__________________________________

Conversation 5.

Julie and Carol are in front of the theater. Listen to the conversation and check the reasons that they
mention for Alexis being late.

1. Must have had a car accident._______

2.May have lost her purse.________
3.May have dropped off her dry cleaning._______
4.Might have gone to the wrong theater._______

Work in pairs to Role Play a similar conversation using the expressions in the box. Use the cues and
follow the model.

CALM DOWN RELAX TAKE IT EASY WAIT A MINUTE

Must have / faint A - She must have faint A She must have fainted.

Might have/ B - get struck in a meeting B Calm down. She might have gotten struck in a minute.

1 must have / get mugged A_______________________________________________

may have / forget her wallet
2 must have / lose her ticket
might have / leave it in a different purse
3 must have / get locked out of her house
May have / lose track of the time
B_______________________________________________
A_______________________________________________
B_______________________________________________
A_______________________________________________
B_______________________________________________

LANGUAGE
Could have is used to talk about possibilities in the same way as may have and might have.
A Where’s Ron?
B I´m not sure. He could have gone to the store or maybe he went to the bank .

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 Possibility with could have and couldn’t have.

The past form of could is formed in the same way as other past modals It can be used in three ways

a. It can be used to talk about impossible things.

Maria couldn’t have been at the mall. She was with me all morning.
b. It can be used to say something was possible, but didn’t happen.
c. You could have set your alarm clock and saved us all a lot of trouble.
d. It can also be used for past possibilities.
Claire isn’t at her desk, She could have gone to lunch or she might be in a meeting.

Match the sentences to their uses described above. Write a, b, or c.

1 Jordan couldn’t have called. The phone is broken.________

2 Sarah could have called. I’ll see if she left a voice message.________
3 I totally agree. You couldn’t have chosen a better present for Dan.______
4 You have no consideration for your parents. You could have called to say where you were.______
5 He could have talked to you. He wasn’t doing anything else at the time._________
6 I´m not sure where Melanie is. She could have gone the restroom._________

COULD AND BE ABLE TO

We often use could with these verbs:

Feel hear remember see smell taste understand

For general ability, we usually use could : When I was young, I could run really fast.

Could you play any instruments when you were little?

To talk about one particular situation in the past, we use be able to not could, Annie didn’t want to go
but we were able to persuade her. (we could persuade her )

TO BE ABLE TO

To be able to means the same as can to talk about abilities. However: while can is only used to talk about the
present, or future.To be able to can be used in other verb tenses.

Present am / is / are able to

Past was / were able to

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 SMART TRAVELLER

In his book Easy Travel, Mike Connelly, shares some points on making travel
easy to understand to help you to have a good journey
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DOCUMENTS sport, visas, tickets,
Make sure you have all your documents: passports, visaon date of your
traveler’s checks, etc. You should always check the
expiration passport’s date. Many countries won’t let you
enter with less than six months left on your passport.
You shouldn’t forget to buy medical insurance. Medical bills can be very
bag expensive, especially in the United States and Europe. Finally, you should make
copies of all your important documents and credit cards and keep them in another
bag.
PACKING:
My advice- You should always travel light! I hate to carry heavy bags. Just take the
minimum. There is an old saying: Breakfast in Berlin. Dinner in Delhi. Bags in
Bangkok! So, don’t pack anything important in your check-in bag; put important
things in your carry-on bag. You wouldn´t like to arrive home without your house
keys. Another tip-You shouldn´t use expensive suitcases. People don´t steal dirty old
bags. Finally, here’s a good little tip- tie a sock or brightly colored string to your
bags, why? So you can quickly see your bag on the airport carousel.

THE AIRPORTT: My first piece of advice is that you should always carry a good book,
it helps to pass the time as you wait for your delayed flight. Don´t forget to take a
sweater or a jacket on the plane. It can get very cold on a long night flight. And then
there is airline food. Take a snack (cookies or fruit) with you. Sometimes the food is
late, sometimes it doesn´t arrive at all, and it`s never very good.

Taken from: World English 1A

Select T for true or F for false.

1. You need a lot of documents to travel. T F

2. You need to take a lot of clothes in your bag. T F
3. Bags can be hard to identify at the airport. T F
4. Flights are never late. T F
5 Airplane food is always good. T F

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Write some travel tips for your country. Think about the following topics:

*Transportation * How to carry money * Can you drink the water?

LANGUAGE EXPANSION: Travel documents and money

Travel insurance - international driver’s license - visa - passport - airline ticket

Complete the sentences. Use the names of the travel documents.

1.You need an _______________________ to drive a car in a foreign country.

2. a good idea to buy _________________ _. Medical bills are expensive.
3. Your ___________________ is your photo ID in any foreign country.
4. You can buy an ____________ on internet. But you need to write down or print the
confirmation number.
Ask for advice, write the questions
Q:___________________________________________________________________________________

A: Yes, you should. The shuttle bus is quick and cheap

Q:___________________________________________________________________________________
A: No, you shouldn’t. It is hot at the beach. You don´t need a sweater.
Q:___________________________________________________________________________________
A: Yes, you should. Credit cards are accepted in a lot of shops.
Q:____________________________________________________________________
A: No, You shouldn’t. It’s dangerous to carry cash.

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 MUST , MUSTN`T , DON`T NEED TO.

We use must when there is an obligation to do something or it is necessary to do something;

Employee must arrive at work on time.

The company needs to cut costs. We must work on the budget.

We use mustn’t for prohibition or when it is necessary not to do something;. You have a choice :

You have plenty of time. You don’t need to hurry / you needn’t hurry.

GIVING ADVICE with SHOULD – SHOULDN`T

We use should / shouldn’t to say that something is or isn’t a good idea:

You should work hard.

We shouldn’t get to work late.

We use should and infinitive without to

To form the negative of should we add not: We shouldn’t miss the meeting.

To form questions, we invert the modal and the subject. What should I do?

CAN / CAN`T / HAVE TO / DON`T HAVE TO / SHOULD /SHOULDN`T

Modal verb Meaning Example Question

s In the s In the
UK US
Can It is permitted /allowed. You can buy alcohol if Can you buy any
You are over 18 alcohol if you are 17?

Can’t It is prohibited / Not You can’t leave alcohol

allowed. Until you are 16.
Have to It is necessary. You have to wear a Do you have to wear a
seatbelt in front of a car Seatbelt in front of a
car?
Don’t / doesn’t It is not necessary you You don’t have to have
Have to can choose. an ID card.

Should It is a good idea to do You should tip taxi Should you tip taxi
Something/recommended drivers and waiters. drivers?

Shouldn’t It is not a good idea to You shouldn’t leave your

Do something / not umbrella at home!
Recommended.

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may have- might have and must have to express possibility and probability
We use may have/ might have and past participle to discuss possibility. There may be several
alternatives or explanations.

When we are almost sure what happened, we use must have and past participle to express probability.

MODAL VERBS WITH OBLIGATION

LOOK AT THE PICTURES AND COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH HAVE TO - DON'T HAVE TO, OR
MUSTN'T.

You _________ smoke in here.

You ____________ stop to let the other cars pass.

You ____________ pay to visit the museum

You __________ use your mobile phone in the concert hall.

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 You ____________ give way at the roundabout.

You ____________ drive faster than 90km/hour

You ____________ walk to the beach. You cancycle.

You __________ stop when the traffic lights are red.

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