Journal of Human Kinetics volume 70/2019, 115-124 DOI: 10.

2478/hukin-2019-0051 115
Section II ‐ Exercise Physiology & Sports Medicine

Immunological Responses to a Brazilian Jiu‐Jitsu

High‐Intensity Interval Training Session

by
Bernardo N. Ide1, Tácito P. Souza-Junior3,4, Steven R. McAnulty4,
Mariana A. C. de Faria2, Karina A. Costa2, Lázaro A. S. Nunes2

The objective of the study was to characterize immunological responses to a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu high-intensity
interval training session. Neuromuscular function, blood, and salivary samples were obtained after a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu
high-intensity interval training session. Saliva and blood samples were collected at Pre- (before the warm-up) and
immediately Post-training. Neuromuscular function was evaluated by lower body muscle testing. The horizontal
countermovement jump was performed at Pre (after the warm-up) and immediately Post blood and saliva collection,
and approximately 5 minutes Post-training. The horizontal countermovement jump performance did not present any
significant changes Post-training, while blood leukocytes, urea, IgA and salivary alpha-amylase showed a significant
increase. Salivary alpha-amylase activity increased more than six times immediately Post compared to Pre-training.
Saliva volume, secretion rate, and uric acid were not significantly different between Pre and Post condition. A Brazilian
Jiu-Jitsu high-intensity interval training session elicited an increase in the blood cells responsible for antibody
production and muscle damage adaptation after exercise. On the other hand, neuromuscular performance was not
significantly affected Post-training, suggesting that immunological and performance responses were not necessarily
associated.
Key words: metabolism, neuromuscular function, martial arts.

Introduction rest intervals. An implicit advantage of the

Combining bouts of high-intensity cyclic
efforts, interspersed with passive and/or active
low-intensity periods, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) is an
intermittent combat sport. The sport is
characterized by strenuous contact, demanding
high levels of strength and power, combined with
a well-developed endurance capacity (da Silva et
al., 2014). Regarding the training methods
reported in the literature to improve endurance
capacity in athletes, high-intensity interval
training (HIIT) is receiving significant attention.
The method is characterized by alternating
periods of high-intensity efforts and incomplete
method is the execution of higher volumes of
training at higher intensities (Billat, 2001).
Performed in a specific manner for the fights, one
example of HIIT would be the execution of
rounds lasting about 2 minutes, with rest intervals
ranging from 1 to 4 minutes (Bounty et al., 2011).
Fight simulation with different lengths and rest
intervals, can be characterized as specific HIIT, so
that the athlete’s endurance capacity is enhanced
(Bounty et al., 2011).
Additionally, strenuous contact and high-
intensity efforts may induce tissue damage,
characterized by increases in plasma activity of

1 - Faculty of Physical Education, Metrocamp College, Campinas, SP, Brazil.

2 - Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Metrocamp College, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
3 - Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of

Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.

4 - Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA.

.
Authors submitted their contribution to the article to the editorial board.
Accepted for printing in the Journal of Human Kinetics vol. 70/2019 in December 2019.

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116 Immunological responses to a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu high-intensity interval training session
myofibrilar enzymes such as creatine kinase
(Warren et al., 1999), inflammatory responses
(Coutts et al., 2007a, 2007b) and decreases in
muscle function (Allen et al., 2008; Warren et al.,
2001). Muscles that are intensively stimulated,
usually present a progressive decline in
performance connoted as neuromuscular fatigue
(Allen et al., 2008). The phenomenon is
multifactorial, reversible and with magnitude
dependent on the specificity of the tasks
performed (Bishop et al., 2008; Chapman et al.,
2006; Ide et al., 2011). Nowadays, considering
that excessive training fatigue is a problem for
athletes (Meeusen et al., 2013), monitoring of
fatigue and recovery following both training and
competitions has received significant attention
(Bishop et al., 2008; Chapman et al., 2006;
Chapman et al., 2008; Ispirlidis et al., 2008).
Specifically the inflammatory response appears to
involve the production of cytokines,
immunoglobulins, enzymes, and acute phase
proteins as well as leukocytes in the bloodstream
(Walsh et al., 2011).
After a single bout of exercise, there is a
rapid and pronounced neutrophilia due to
demargination caused by shear stress and
catecholamines, followed by a second delayed
increase due to the cortisol-induced release of
neutrophils from the bone marrow (Gleeson, 2007;
McCarthy et al., 1992). The numbers of
lymphocytes can increase during and
immediately after an exercise bout. However, the
lymphocyte count falls below Pre exercise levels
during the early stages of recovery (Kakanis et al.,
2010). This temporary immunosuppression state
is related to increased incidence of upper
respiratory tract infection (URTI) in athletes
(Gleeson, 2007; Kakanis et al., 2010). Acute high-
intensity exercise may also change the saliva
constituents. Some proteins with immunological
properties (e.g., Immunoglobulin A and alpha-
amylase) and metabolites (urea and uric acid) can
indicate changes in oral cavity immune protection
and metabolic stress after exercise, respectively
(Nunes et al., 2011; Walsh et al., 1999). Low
concentrations of salivary IgA (IgA) have been
implicated with increased susceptibility of URTI
due to reduced defense against pathogens
transmitted mainly via the oral cavity (Mackinnon
et al., 1993).
Since neuromuscular, blood, and salivary
Journal of Human Kinetics - volume 70/2019
immunological responses to a BJJ HIIT session
have not been investigated, we designed an
experiment to study the phenomena. Our
hypothesis was that the high-intensity and
strenuous contact nature of the sport would
induce acute muscle function impairment and
immunological depression.
Methods
Participants
The inclusion criteria for the study were
as follows: practicing BJJ for at least 3 years
(technical level ranged from purple to black belt),
training frequency of at least 4 times per week, no
consumption of anabolic androgenic steroids,
drugs, medications, or dietary supplements with
potential effects on physical performance. Ten
male BJJ athletes (3 black belts, 6 purple belts and
1 brown belt) participated in the study (age: 28.1 ±
6.6 years; body mass: 85.7 ± 16.1 kg; body height:
1.8 ± 0.1 m; BJJ training experience: 9.7 ± 5.2
years). Forty-eight hours prior to the testing
session, participants were required to refrain from
strenuous exercise and consumption of alcohol,
tobacco, and caffeine. This study was approved
by the local Ethics Committee (CAAE:
16562213.8.0000.5453) and was performed in
accordance with international ethical standards.
All participants received and signed an informed
consent form.
Procedures
Neuromuscular function, blood, and
salivary samples were obtained after a BJJ high-
intensity interval (HIIT) training session. Saliva
and blood samples were collected at Pre (before
the warm-up) and immediately Post-training
session. Neuromuscular function was evaluated
by lower body muscle testing. The horizontal
countermovement jump (HCMJ) was performed
at Pre (Post warm-up) and immediately Post
blood and saliva collection, as well as
approximately 5 minutes Post-training.
Horizontal Countermovement Jump (HCMJ)
The Countermovement Jump was chosen
as it is inexpensive, easy to administer, reliable,
and a valid method of monitoring fatigue and
supercompensation of in individual and team
sports (Claudino et al., 2017; Maulder and Cronin,
2005). After completing a standardized warm up
(three non-maximal and practice trials of the
HCMJ, followed by lower limb stretching
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by Bernardo N. Ide et al.
exercises), participants performed three maximal
HCMJ. The protocol followed procedures
recommended by(Maulder and Cronin, 2005).
Athletes began by standing on the designated
testing leg with their toe in front of the starting
line. They were instructed to sink (approximately
a 120° knee angle) as quickly as possible and then
jump as far forward as possible and land on both
feet. Participants were instructed and verbally
encouraged to jump for maximal distance. Three
attempts were performed, and the longest jump
was recorded for analysis. The HCMJ was chosen
because there has been early evidence of
horizontal tests having greater stability within
trials (coefficient of variability = 1.1-2.0%) and
across testing occasions (test to test reliability =
0.80-0.97) compared to vertical tests (Maulder and
Cronin, 2005).
Saliva and Blood Sample Collection
Unstimulated whole saliva samples were
collected immediately before blood samples using
the passive drool method. Distillated water was
used for cleaning the volunteer’s oral cavity.
Afterwards, the athletes were instructed to keep
the saliva in the mouth for exactly two minutes,
and then the entire contents of the oral cavity
were spit into a plastic beaker. The saliva was
then transferred into graduated plastic tubes and
the volume was measured. Immediately after the
saliva collection, capillary blood was collected
from the middle finger pad after it was cleaned
with ethyl alcohol (70%). A lancet device (Accu-
chek Softclix Pro®) was used to guarantee proper
depth of penetration for blood collection. The first
blood drop was discarded. The puncture area was
gently pressured without repetitive movements to
allow free blood flow into the collecting tube.
First, 200 µL of blood were collected in
ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTAK3) by
Microvette® Sarstedt 200. The saliva and blood
samples were transported in a refrigerated box
(4°C) and analyzed within 30 minutes.
Blood and Saliva analyses
Hematological analyses were run in an
automatic analyzer (Sysmex®, Kobe, Japan) and
included white blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte,
and neutrophil counts. Biochemical
measurements were conducted with a semi-
automated spectrophotometric analyzer (BioPlus
2000) with commercial kits (Biotecnica®;
Varginha, Brazil). The IgA was quantified by the
© Editorial Committee of Journal of Human Kinetics
117
immunoturbidimetric assay, salivary alpha-
amylase (SAA) activity by the 2-chloro-p-
nitrophenyl-α-D-maltotrioside method at 405 nm
wavelength, and uric acid and urea were
analyzed by the enzymatic-colorimetric method.
The saliva samples were centrifuged at 2,200 x g
for 10 min under refrigeration (4°C) before saliva
quantification. Urea, uric acid, and IgA
concentration was assayed in undiluted saliva.
The SAA samples were diluted with distillated
water (basal samples x 100 times) and samples
collected immediately after exercise x 1000 times.
The saliva secretion rate (SR) was calculated by
dividing collected volume by time collection. The
salivary IgA results were corrected by the
secretion rate (µg/min). All analyses were run in
parallel with the commercial blood and control
serum (Control Lab®, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). The
means and standard deviation derived from the
control samples were used to calculate the
coefficient of analytical variation (CVA).
Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu high-intensity interval
training session
Before training each athlete performed a
10 min standardized BJJ warm-up consisting of 5
min of general stretching and 5 min of specific BJJ
exercises with a work/rest ratio of 30 s each. The
BJJ high-intensity interval training session
consisted of 6 rounds of 2 min each with a 1 min
rest interval. The exercise performed was the
guard-pass as it represents a very specific and
frequent BJJ fighting situation that is extensively
trained during BJJ training sessions. During
training sessions and competitions, athletes
usually defend against the opponent ground
attacks using both arms and legs. This situation is
connoted in fights as the guard. At the same time,
the opponent attacks the guard, attempting to
undo the legs and arms work, in order to submit
or immobilize the other athlete. In order to
complete the initial simulated training volume,
the match was continued into overtime when a
submission occurred. During the exercise, athletes
were verbally encouraged to perform their best
attacks and defenses against the opponents,
always trying to force submission. The opponents
were approximately of the same weight class and
technical level. A black belt BJJ teacher supervised
the training session.
Statistical Analyses
The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify
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118 Immunological responses to a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu high-intensity interval training session

the normality of data. For normal data, the paired
t-test was used to compare the Pre to Post
condition. For non-normal data, the Wilcoxon
matched-pairs signed rank test was employed.
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.
Statistical comparisons were performed using the
software GraphPad Prism version 5.00 for
Windows (GraphPad Software, San Diego
California USA).
Results
All athletes completed the training session
without any restrictions or interruptions. None of
them reported muscle pain, injuries, or any
discomfort associated with the exercise. Results
are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
Horizontal Countermovement Jump (HCMJ)
performance
Figure 1 shows horizontal
countermovement jump (HCMJ) performance at
Pre and Post BJJ interval training session. There
were no significant (p = 0.67) changes from Pre
(2.20 ± 0.11 m) to Post training (2.20 ± .013 m)
values.
Blood and saliva analysis
The training session influenced all blood
variables and some of the saliva variables. Table 2
presents the saliva biochemical analysis at Pre and
Post BJJ HIIT condition. Compared to Pre, the
mean salivary alpha-amylase activity increased
576% immediately Post (p ≤ 0.001). In addition,
there was a higher range in SAA values Post
(minimum value = 83 U/mL and maximum value
= 2523 U/mL) compared to Pre (minimum value =
39 U/mL and maximum value = 176 U/mL)
condition. Urea and salivary IgA increased more
than 100% Post training (Table 2). Saliva volume,
secretion rate and uric acid were not significantly
different considering Pre and Post BJJ HIIT .
Figures 2, 3 and 4 show the absolute leucocyte
(WBC), lymphocyte and neutrophil count at Pre
and Post-BJJ HIIT, respectively. The total WBC,
lymphocyte and neutrophil count showed
significant (p ≤ 0.05) changes Post compared to
Precondition.

Table 1
Saliva variables at Pre and Post BJJ HIIT session

Analyses CVA (%) Pre Post ∆% p

SAA (U/mL) 0.4 110 ± 49 744 ± 785 576% < 0.001

Salivary IgA (µg/min) 0.7 62.50 ± 29.60 134.20 ± 53.70 115% < 0.001

Salivary IgA (µg/mL) 0.7 85.5 ± 38.7 172.6 ± 53.1 102% < 0.001

Uric Acid (mg/dL) 2.8 0.21 ± 0.06 0.30 ± 0.21 43% 0.130

Urea (mg/dL) 1.7 9.74 ± 3.60 21.0 ± 9.70 116% < 0.001

Secretion Rate (mL/min) - 0.80 ± 0.20 0.80 ± 0.30 0% 0.716

Saliva Volume (mL) - 1.50 ± 0.50 1.60 ± 0.70 7% 0.716

Data presented as mean ± standard deviation; Values of p ≤ 0.05 were considered

significant. CVA = analytical coefficient of variation. SAA = Salivary alpha-amylase
activity. ∆% = Post/Pre.

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by Bernardo N. Ide et al. 119

Figure 1
Horizontal countermovement jump (HCMJ) performance at Pre and Post the BJJ
interval training session.
No significant changes were observed. Data presented as mean ± standard deviation.
103cel/ L

Figure 2
Leucocytes count at Pre and Post the BJJ interval training session.
WBC = Leucocytes count (CVA = 1.5%); *CVA = analytical coefficient of variation.
*Significant change (p ≤ 0.05) to Pre. Data presented as mean ± standard deviation.

© Editorial Committee of Journal of Human Kinetics

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120 Immunological responses to a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu high-intensity interval training session

Figure 3
Lymphocytes count at Pre and Post the BJJ interval training session.
LINF = Lymphocytes count (CVA = 3.0%); *CVA = analytical coefficient of variation.
*Significant change (p ≤ 0.05) to Pre. Data presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Figure 4
Neutrophils count at Pre and Post BJJ interval training session.
NEUTR= Neutrophils count (CVA = 2.2%). *CVA = analytical coefficient of variation.
*Significant change (p ≤ 0.05) to Pre. Data presented as mean ± standard deviation.

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by Bernardo N. Ide et al.
Discussion
The objective of the study was to observe
the neuromuscular, blood and salivary
immunological responses to a BJJ high-intensity
interval training session. Our main findings were:
1) the horizontal countermovement jump (HCMJ)
performance did not change significantly Post-
training; 2) blood leukocytes, urea, IgA and
salivary alpha-amylase (SAA) increased
significantly at Post; SAA activity increased more
than six times immediately Post compared to Pre-
training. Saliva volume, secretion rate and uric
acid were not significantly different between Pre
and Post-training evaluations.
The literature reports that high-intensity
exercises may induce acute decreases in
neuromuscular performance (Allen et al., 2008;
Byrne et al., 2004; Warren et al., 1999). Since
horizontal countermovement jump performance
did not result in any significant changes at Post-
training, our initial hypothesis that the high-
intensity nature of the sport would induce acute
muscle function decrements was not confirmed.
Meanwhile, the results corroborate with other
previously reported research (Bonitch-Dominguez
et al., 2010; da Silva et al., 2014).
Bonitch-Dominguez et al. (2010)
investigated changes in peak leg power as a result
of four judo bouts (5-min judo bouts each
separated by 15 min of passive rest). The results
showed no effect of successive bouts on peak leg
power and no differences when comparing the
power measured at Pre and Post each bout. The
authors concluded that successive judo bouts had
no effect on the peak power developed.
Additionally, Barbas et al. (2011) investigated
physiological and performance responses of well-
trained adult wrestlers to a simulated one-day
tournament following a typical weight loss
regimen. Vertical jump performance presented a
significant decrease from baseline values only
before match 4, but increased prior to the final
match of the tournament. Post-match vertical
jump performance did not differ from their
respective Pre-values. Recently, we have reported
neuromuscular performance and blood lactate
responses after simulated BJJ combats (da Silva et
al., 2014). In the study, twenty-three BJJ athletes
undertook three simulated BJJ fights (10 min
duration each separated by 15 min of rest).
Neuromuscular performance was assessed by the
© Editorial Committee of Journal of Human Kinetics
121
bench press throw and vertical countermovement
jump tests, before the first (Pre) and after the last
fight (Post). Blood lactate was measured at Pre, 1
min Post, and 15 min Post fights. The successive
simulated BJJ fights demanded considerable
anaerobic contribution of ATP supply, reinforcing
the high-intensity intermittent nature of the sport.
Nevertheless, no negative impact on acute
neuromuscular performance was observed. One
of the main differences between the present and
our previous study (da Silva et al., 2014) was the
training intervention. The present study was
characterized by six rounds of two minutes, with
one minute of rest in-between. The total training
volume was of 17 minutes, and the exercise
required was the guard-pass only. Additionally,
the athletes were verbally encouraged to perform
their best attacks and defenses, always trying to
force submission on the opponents. This was a
situation that may have contributed to the high-
intensity efforts performed by the athletes. The
training intervention of our previous study
consisted of three fights of 10 min, with 15 min
rest intervals between them. The total training
volume was of 60 minutes and the exercise was
performed without verbal encouragement to
perform attacks and defenses. This represented a
situation where athletes would feel more
comfortable in following a “self-paced” fighting
rhythm, involving lowering exercise intensity to
support a higher exercise volume.
On the other hand, Kraemer et al. (2001)
investigated performance responses to a
simulated freestyle wrestling tournament.
Throughout the study, a battery of tests was
performed at Pre and immediately Post each
individual match. Lower body power and upper
body isometric strength were significantly
reduced as the tournament progressed. The
authors concluded that a wrestling tournament
potentialized physiological and performance
decrements. However, a careful interpretation of
these results must be done since wrestlers
investigated adopted typical weight loss
techniques ( 6% of total body weight).
Nowadays, muscle function measurements are
considered the most recommended methods for
quantifying damage because the event results in
an immediate and prolonged reduction in these
variables, persisting over the entire span of the
progression of the degenerative and regenerative
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122 Immunological responses to a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu high-intensity interval training session
processes (Byrne et al., 2004; Warren et al., 1999).
The literature is well consolidated to associate
muscle damage and neuromuscular function
impairment to eccentric muscle actions (Lieber
and Friden, 1999; Lieber et al., 2002). Due to the
grappling nature of BJJ, we can speculate that
during matches the athlete’s performance was not
impaired because the eccentric component may be
attenuated compared to other sports where
muscle function is acutely decreased.
Regarding blood and salivary
immunological responses, previous studies have
showed that an acute BJJ session promotes
physiological and psychological disturbances that
may affect immune system biomarkers (Moreira
et al., 2012). After the BJJ interval training session,
we observed a significant increase in SAA
activity, IgA secretion rate and concentration.
Salivary IgA is responsible for inhibiting bacterial
attachment and causing bacterial aggregation,
initiating phagocytosis protecting the oral mucosa
against viral and bacterial infections (Mackinnon
et al., 1993). Our results indicate that salivary IgA
and SAA may enhance the immune mucosal
protection, since the increase of antibodies and
SAA in the oral mucosal is important in bacterial
and viral infection prevention, mainly in URTI
(Gleeson, 2007; Laing et al., 2005). Salivary glands
are innervated by both parasympathetic and
sympathetic nerves. The sympathetic nervous
system increases progressively activity with the
intensity of exercise and is primarily responsible
for the increase in SAA after training (de Oliveira
et al., 2010). SAA has been successfully correlated
with blood lactate during exercise (Bocanegra et
al., 2012), intensity of training and load (Diaz et
al., 2013). As such SAA could be an effective
noninvasive biomarker to monitor BJJ athletes
during training. The frequency, intensity and
duration of exercise as well as the Pre exercise
fitness level are all important determinants of the
response to exercise (Nieman, 1997). Among well
trained and elite athletes, high-intensity training
periods and strenuous physical exercise are
associated with increased susceptibility to URTIs
(Ortega, 2003a; Tidball, 2005). Neutrophils and
lymphocytes increase in the bloodstream after an
acute exercise bout (Kakanis et al., 2010).
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank all the Brazilian Jiu-jitsu athletes for the engagement in the research and the
Alliance Campinas for providing the dojo for data collection.
Journal of Human Kinetics - volume 70/2019
Neutrophils play a fundamental role in the
adaptive inflammatory response to training
(Tidball, 2005). Neutrophils can directly damage
the muscle through reactive oxygen species
production. Our results showed elevated numbers
of blood neutrophils immediately after the BJJ
HIIT session (Figure 2). Catecholamines, cortisol,
and growth hormone are mainly responsible for
increasing the neutrophil number and activity in
the bloodstream (Ortega, 2003b). Neutrophilia
depends on the duration and intensity of exercise,
and it decreases progressively returning to
baseline levels 24 hours after exercise (Kakanis et
al., 2010).
Conclusions
In conclusion, the BJJ HIIT session elicited
increases in the blood cells responsible for
antibody production and muscle damage
adaptation after exercise. In conjunction with
salivary immunological variables after exercise,
our findings suggest that this kind of effort may
modify the mucosal immunity, increasing the
immune protection against viral and bacterial
infections. On the other hand, neuromuscular
performance did not present any significant
changes Post-training, suggesting that
immunological and performance responses are
not necessarily associated. To the best of our
knowledge, this is the first study to monitor an
acute session of BJJ high-intensity interval
training and the concurrent changes in
neuromuscular, blood, and salivary
immunological responses. The present findings
may help athletes and coaches in programing
HIIT sessions for BJJ. Since neuromuscular
performance was unaffected Post-training, we can
speculate that rest intervals between the present
HIIT sessions proposed could be shorter. After the
BJJ high-intensity interval training session, the
main changes were observed in the SAA activity.
In conjunction with salivary IgA, acute training
effects can temporarily increase the mucosal
immune protection preventing URTI. Saliva alpha
amylase, IgA and urea assessments are less
invasive methods to monitor athlete's immune
function during training and competition.
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by Bernardo N. Ide et al. 123

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Corresponding author:

Bernardo Neme Ide, PhD

Faculty of Physical Education, UniMetrocamp College, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
Dr Sales de Oliveira, 1661, Vila Industrial. Campinas, SP, Brazil. 13035-270
Phone: +55 19 45012649
E-mail: bernardo_311@hotmail.com

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