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GE 2 :READING IN PHILIPPINE It means that unless a written document can

prove a certain historical event, then it cannot be
HISTORY considered as a historical fact.

Aim:Equip students with critical thinking, Father of the history: Herodotus

readingskills by applying historical methodologies First book: Histories
in the study of Philippine history.
Father of new Philippine Historiography (writing
of history) : Zeus Atayza Salazar

Historical source:
pahalagahan ang nakaraan Written:
Those who cannot remember
the past are condemned to repeat it. Narrative/Literary Chronicles presented in
History-George
is the Santayana
study of thepast - specially the narrative form, written to impart message whose
people, events, and problems of the past - as well motives for their composition vary widely
as our attempts to understand them. Newspaper Article - written to shape other
- a chronological record of significant events pede's opinion
-from the Greek word “historia” which mean Personal Narrative (Diary.Memoir) persuade
“knowledge acquired through inquiry of readers of the justice of the author's action.
investigation” Novel/Film - to deliver moral teaching or to
entertain
Diplomatic -Professional historians once treat
these sources as the "purest", and the "best"
source -These are the legal documents that are
sealed or authenticated to provide evidence that
Historians nung unang panahon: illustrados at legal transactions have been completed.
scholars,
History mananakop
is written by the victors Social Documents They are the records kept by
Unang-Winston
manunulat: western people/ kastila
Churchill
the bureaucracies (government documents)
Importance of history: Government reports
To criticize and understand yung mga Research findings
nababasa.
Civil registry records
History helps us develop a better understanding
Property registers
of the world.
Records of census
History helps us understand ourselves
history helps us to understand other people. Non-written:
History teaches a workingunderstanding of
material evidence Also known as the
change. History gives us the tools we need to archeological evidence
be decent citizens.
Pottery
History makes us better decision makers.
Jewelry
History helps us develop a new level of
Dwellings (homes, apartments)
appreciation for just about everything.
Craves
NO DOCUMENT, NO HISTORY!! Churches (San Agustin Church - Manila,
Traditional Historians lived with the mantra of “NO natapos nong 1607, old church)
DOCUMENT, NO HISTORY” Drawings
Paintings
Oral evidence
Tales
Sagas (mahabang novel)
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Folk Songs(awiting bayan)
Interviews (Present-day)
Historical Data
Collected data of the past events
Historical Source
historical material
Examples of Historical source:
documents
Artifacts
archaeological sites
Oral transmissions
Images (photographs examples:
Spoliarium, ifugao wooden box,
Information na nakuha sa historial sources ay
historical data Historial works:
Primary and secondary sources
Examples: books, journals, article
Kinds of Historical sources
 PRIMARY SOURCES – Are original, first-
hand account.
- Are usually written or made
during or close to the event or
period.
- These are original and factual.
- Key function is to provide facts.
- Diaries, original documents,
autobiographies, interviews,
recorded speeches, paintings,
etc.
 SECONDARY SOURCES – Made by
people long after the events being
described had taken place to provide
valuable interpretations of historical events.
- Analyzes and interprets primary
sources.
- Magazines, books written by a
third party about a historical
event, encyclopedias, art, and
theater reviews, etc.
Kinds of Historical criticisms
- Accuracy of the data
- Examination of the truthfulness
and factuality of the evidence. It
looks at the content of the source
and examines the circumstance
of its production.
2. External Criticism (Lower Criticism) – A
process by which historians determine
whether a source is authentic by checking
the validity of the source.
- Tool used by historians and
exegetes to determine the
validity of a document,
particularly a document with
some sort of historical
significance.
- Originality of data
- Verifying the authenticity of
evidence by examining its
physical characteristics.
IMPORTANCE
 Use of unverified, falsified, and untruthful
historical sources can lead to equally false
conclusions.
 Without thorough criticism of historical
evidences, historical deception and lies will
be highly probable (possible).
EXAMPLES:
Internal criticism
- Japanese reports and
declarations should not be taken
as a historical fact hastily
because such reports can be
manipulated to be used as war
propaganda.
External criticism
- About half of all paintings in the
world are believed to be fake,
and in the Philippines, the
number could be higher. (ex.
Fake paintings)

1. Internal Criticism (Higher Criticism) – Looks

at the reliability of an authenticated source
after it has been subjected to external
criticism.
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GE2: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
OCTOBER 13, 2021
CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS
BY: FRAY JUAN DE PLASENCIA
BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR
 Fray Juan de Plasencia, also known by his real name, Juan
de Portocarrero, was one of the seven children of Pedro
Portocarrero.
 He was born and raised
in Extremadura, Spain in
the 16th century during
the country's Golden Age
(Siglo de Oro)
 As a friar of the
Franciscan order, de
Plasencia performed
missionary and
sacerdotal duties in
numerous towns in
Luzon.
 He was also credited
with foundation of many
towns in Quezon,
Laguna, Rizal, and
Bulacan.
 His interaction with Tagalog converts to Christianity
influenced him in writing the book Relacion de Las
Costumbres de Los Tagalos (Customs of the Tagalogs, 1589)
 The book identifies the political, social, economic, and
cultural systems that were already in place among Filipino
communities prior to the arrival of the Spaniards.
 He wanted people to easily understand the Catholic Church
for them to willingly accept the Catholic faith.
 As such, he was honored by the Franciscan Order with the
title "Venerable".
 He died in Liliw, Laguna in 1950.
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DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA
 (Christian Doctrine)
was an early book on
the Catholic
Catechism, written in
1593 By Fray Juan De
Plasencia, And is you
speak to me and
believed to be one of
the earliest printed
books in the
Philippines.
 He derived its name from the Latin term Doctrina Christiana
meaning “the teachings of the church” it was printed in
gothic letters and Tagalog characters on a rice paper.
 the only known extent (surviving) copy in The World Can Be
Found In The Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection In The Rare
Book & Special Collections Division Of The Library Of
Congress.
OTHER FRIARS AND COLONIAL OFFICIALS WHO
WROTE ABOUT THE PHILIPPINES DURING THE EARLY
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
MIGUEL DE LOARCA
arrived in the Philippines
in 1576 and became
encomendero of Panay.
 he wrote Relacion De Las
Islas Filipinas in 1582 that
describes the way of life
of Filipinos living in
western Visayas.
ANTONIO DE MORGA
 who came to the
Philippines in 1595 as
assessor and Teniente
general
 wrote Sucesos De Las
Islas Filipinas which
provides valuable
information about the
Philippines at the latter
part of 16th century.
PRE-COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
 Barangay- tribal gathering ( 300- 100 houses)
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 Head of baranggay – datu
 a barangay is the smallest political unit in the country
 barangay type of early Filipinos settlement; the word is
derived from balangay; the name for the name for the
sail boats that originally brought settlers of Malay stock
to the Philippines from Borneo.
THREE CLASSES OF TAGALOGS
1. Datos/ datu- the chief or chieftain who governed the people
and were captains in their wars whom they obey and reverence
 wore putong or headdress (signify number of people
killed)
 kanggan (jacket)
 bahag (lower clothing)
 -executive, legislative, judicial power
2. Maharlica- novels free born; doesn't pay taxes.
3. Slaves
 Aliping namamahay- commoner slaves living and their
own houses free to own properties and gold
 Aliping saguiguilid- slaves property of their master can
be sold and cultivate soil and land MALE
NOTE:  Headgear is called Putong (symbolizes the number of
 mother slave/ Maharlica father persons the wearer had killed)
 odd number of children goes to father  (Upper) a jacket with short sleeves called kanggan.
 even number of goes to mother) (Lower) bahag
( reverse if maharlica mother / slave father) FEMALE
 (Upp
er)
Baro
or

KARAKOA

Camisa (Lower) Saya

 where large outrigger wars ships from the Philippines. ORNAMENTS

they were used by native, notably the Kapampangan’s  A decorative object or detail that adds quality or distinction
and the Visayas during the seasonal sea raids. to a person, place, or thing
ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
 (social classes can define through riding the Karakoa)  The chieftain’s executive function includes implementing
 top deck (maharlica) laws, ensuring order, and giving protection to his subject.
 lower deck (datu)  Disputes between individuals were settled by a court made
 paddle (slaves) up of the chieftain and council of elders.
INHERITANCE
 The 1st son of the barangay chieftain inherits his father’s
position; if the 1st son dies, the 2nd son succeeds their
father; in the absence of male heirs, it is the eldest daughter
MODE OF DRESSING that becomes the chieftain
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MARRIAGE CUSTOMS  Believe in Aswang, Dwende, Kapre, Tikbalang,
 Men were in general, monogamous, while their wives are Patyanak/Tiyanak.
called Asawa.  They also believe in magical power of amulet and
 Courtship begins with Paninilbihan. charms such as anting-anting, kulam and gayuma or love
 Prior to marriage the man requires to give a dowry: potion.
(1) Bigay- kaya (a piece of land or gold). ECONOMIC LIFE
(2) Panghihimuyat (a gift for the bride’s parents) certain  Agriculture in the plane lands: planting of rice, corn,
amount of the money given to the bride’s parents as a banana, coconut, sugar canes and other kinds of
payment for the efforts in rearing the girl to the vegetable and fruits.
womanhood  Hunting in high lands.
(3) Bigay-suso (for bride’s wet nurse). bribe given to the  Fishing in river banks and sea.
wet nurse who said the bride during her infancy with  Shipbuilding, weaving, poultry, mining and lumbering.
milk from her own breast  Domestic trade of different barangays by boat.
(4) Himaraw- sum of money to be given to the bride’s  Foreign trade with countries like Borneo, China, Japan,
mother as a reimbursement for the amount spent in Cambodia, Java, and Thailand.
feeding the girl during her infancy. LANGUAGE AND SYSTEM OF WRITING
(5) Sambon-a dowry given to the girls relative  Major languages: Tagalog, Ilocano, Pangasinan,
 Marriage between couples belonging to defferent social Pangpangan, Sugbuhanon, Hiligaynon, Magindanaw and
classes were not common. Samarnon this languages is originated from the Malayo-
 Several grounds of divorce are: Polenisian language.
(1) Adultery,  System of writing: the alphabets consisted of 3 vowels
(2) Abandonment on the part of the husband, and 14 consonants called Baybayin.
(3) Cruelty, and  They used tap of tress as ink and pointed stick as pencil.
(4) Insanity  They wrote on large plant leaves, bark of a tree or
bamboo tubes.
CONCEPT OF DEATH AND BURIAL PRACTICES
babae: adultery early Filipinos took care of the dead
lalaki: concubinage LARAW- was a special morning rights for the datu were in;
1. people were not allowed to wear loud colored
SLAVES dresess
A PERSON BECOMES SLAVE BY: 2. they were not allowed to sing
(1) by captivity in war 3. spears were in upside down
(2) by reason of debt 4. all wars and quarrels were suspended
(3) by inheritance
(4) by purchase MAGLAHI- was the mourning for the dead man
(5) by committing a crime MAROTAL- was the mourning for a dead woman
EMANCIPATED THROUGH:
1) by forgiveness
(2) by paying debt
(3) by condonation
(4) by bravery (where a slave can possibly become a
Datu) or by marriage.
RELIGIOUS BELIEF
 They worship many gods and goddesses:
(1) bathala, supreme being;
(2) Idayanale, god of agriculture;
(3) Sidarapa, god of death;
(4) Agni, god of fire;
(5) Balangaw, god of rainbow;
(6) Mandarangan, god of war;
(7) Lalahon, god of harvest; and
(8) Siginarugan, god of hell.
 Also believe in sacred animals and tress.

SUPERSTITIOUS BELIEFS