Philippine J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 2008.

34(1): 11-22

GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS FED A QUALITY

PROTEIN MAIZE (QPM)-BASED DIET

Milca O. Amonelo and Domingo B. Roxas1

ABSTRACT

A 42-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of using

Quality Protein Maize (QPM)-based diet on the performance of broilers. A total
of 270 eight days old straight-run broiler chicks (Ross strain) were randomly
distributed to 27 cages with 10 chicks each. The treatments were assigned to
caged chicks following a completely randomized design. The treatments were: 1
- normal corn diet, 2 - normal corn supplemented with synthetic lysine, 3 - QPM
-based diet. The chicks were fed with their respective starter diets from 8-28
days of age and finisher diet from 29-42 days of age. Broilers fed with either
normal corn or QPM-based diet had higher (P<0.05) live weight gain compared
to those fed diets supplemented with synthetic lysine. Broilers fed either the
QPM-based diet or those supplemented with synthetic lysine had lower (P<0.05)
feed consumption compared to broilers fed with normal corn diet. Broilers fed
with QPM-based diet had the best performance (P<0.05) in terms of feed effi-
ciency. Livability and dressing percentage of broilers did not differ among the
treatments. The income over feed and chick costs (IOFCC) tended to increase in
broilers fed with QPM-based diet, mainly due to improved feed conversion effi-
ciency and partly due to the reduction in the use of expensive protein sources
such as soybean meal, fish meal and synthetic lysine additives.

Key words: broiler chicks, high lysine corn, quality protein maize, synthetic lysine

INTRODUCTION

The animal industry is known for producing high value protein such as meat
and milk from protein sources which are less expensive, like vegetable proteins such
as soybean meal. It is essential to improve the efficiency of conversion of proteins
from feed to meat. Protein requirement is one of the most studied aspects in animal
nutrition. The amino acid determines the quality of dietary protein and thus plays
important roles in feed formulation and in subsequently improving protein effi-
ciency.

1
Former undergraduate student, and professor, Animal and Dairy Sciences Cluster (ADSC),
College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031.
E-mail: passi@laguna.net.
12 Amonelo and Roxas

Soybean meal and fish meal are examples of feed ingredients having high
protein but relatively low levels of sulfur-containing amino acids while cereal grains
are generally deficient in lysine. Normal maize supplies up to a third or more of the
crude protein content of chicken diets. Maize is low in protein in addition to its gen-
eral deficiency in essential amino acids, particularly lysine and tryptophan (Osei et
al., 1999).
Advances in plant biotechnology have generated a grain containing increased
level of two amino acids, lysine and tryptophan which are essential in the diets of
nonruminants but are nutritionally limiting in normal corn. “Quality Protein
Maize” (QPM) is the term used to designate the newer, high-lysine corn that has im-
proved kernel characteristics and yield. Quality protein maize, a derivative of opaque
-2 maize, was originally developed at the International Maize and Wheat Improve-
ment Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico. With the application of genetic engineering, the
balance of amino acid in corn protein is improved by altering the proportions of the
different proteins in the kernel. The lysine content of protein in QPM is increased by
46% as compared with the protein of normal maize. QPM is superior to normal
maize in terms of its amino acid balance and nutrient composition, and could im-
prove the performance of various animals. Thus, it is a suitable replacement for con-
ventional corn (DeCamp et al., 1998). Nutritional evaluation of QPM in various loca-
tions has proved its superiority over normal maize in the feeding of pigs (Knabe et
al., 1992; Okai et al., 1994), broiler and layer chickens (Liu et al., 1993). It is more
economical to use diets containing QPM due largely to the reductions in the use of
fish meal, soybean meal and synthetic lysine additives which are normally priced
higher than other ingredients (Bai, 2002).
This study was conducted to determine the effect of using “Quality Protein
Maize” on the performance of broiler chickens based on live weight gain, feed in-
take, feed efficiency, livability and dressing percentage.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was conducted from February to March 2007 at the University
Animal Farm, Animal and Dairy Sciences Cluster, University of the Philippines Los
Baños, College, Laguna.

Test materials
The feed ingredients in the study were purchased from the University Animal
Farm Feed Mill (UAFF) except for QPM which was obtained from the Institute of
Plant Breeding (IPB). Analyses of amino acid lysine and tryptophan contents of
QPM were previously conducted by the IPB laboratory. It was found out that the ly-
sine and tryptophan contents were 1.80% and 0.06%, respectively.
The broiler starter and finisher diets given to the birds were formulated to
contain 23% and 21% crude protein, respectively. Both diets contained 2900 kcal
 Performance of Broilers fed a Quality Protein Maize (QPM)-based Diet 13

ME/kg feed, supplemented with the required vitamins, minerals and amino acids.
The ingredient composition and calculated nutrient contents of broiler diets are pre-
sented in tables 1 and 2.

Design of experiment
A total of 270 straight-run day-old broiler chicks (Ross strain) were pur-
chased, group-brooded and fed chick booster diet for seven days. Thereafter, chicks
were randomly distributed to 27 cages with ten chicks each. Three treatments were
assigned to the 27 cages following a completely randomized design. Each treatment
was replicated nine times with ten chicks per replicate. The dietary treatments were
as follows:

Treatment Description
1 Normal corn diet (Control)
2 Normal corn + L-lysine diet
3 QPM corn diet

Care and management of broilers

Birds were brooded for seven days. The chicks were then fed with their re-
spective starter diets from 8 to 28 days of age and finisher diets from 29 to 42 days
of age. Feed and water were made available to the birds at all times. Standard vacci-
nation program against Newcastle disease was administered at day 7 (B1B1 strain)
and day 21 (La Sota strain).

Data gathered
The data gathered included initial live weight and live weight gain with the
birds being weighed per replicate at day 8, day 28 and day 42, feed intake, and liv-
ability. At 42 days of age, one male bird from each replicate was randomly selected
and dressed to determine the dressing percentage (w/ giblets).

Chemical analyses
Proximate, calcium and phosphorus analysis of corn samples (normal corn
and QPM) as well as the compounded rations (starter and finisher) were determined
following AOAC procedures (AOAC, 1995).

Economic analysis
Based on the returns from the sales of broilers, cost of chicks and feed con-
sumed, income over feed and chick costs (IOFCC) was computed to evaluate the
economics of using QPM in feeds for broilers. This was obtained using the formula:

IOFCC = [average live weight x % livability x PhP/kg] – [(feed consumed x

cost of feeds) + cost of chick]
14 Amonelo and Roxas

Table 1. Ingredient composition (%) and calculated nutrient analysis of the starter
diet (as fed)
Treatment
Normal corn diet NC+L-Lysine QPM diet
Ingredient
Yellow corn 52.93 56.33 0.00
Quality Protein Maize 0.00 0.00 57.00
Soya meal,hi-pro 33.78 30.70 30.50
Copra meal 5.00 3.00 5.15
Wheat pollard 0.00 2.00 0.00
Fish meal, 60% CP 4.00 4.00 4.00
Salt 0.20 0.20 0.20
Limestone, fine 1.50 1.50 1.50
Monodicalcium phosphate 1.30 1.30 1.10
Poultry vitamin premixa 0.10 0.10 0.10
Poultry mineral premixb 0.10 0.10 0.10
DL-methionine 0.09 0.10 0.10
L-lysine 0.00 0.17 0.00
Coconut oil 1.00 0.50 0.25

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00

Calculated analysis
Crude protein, % 24.09 23.01 23.02
Crude fiber, % 3.24 3.21 3.26
Crude fat, % 4.90 5.00 5.00
Calcium, % 1.08 1.07 1.08
Total phosphorus, % 0.75 0.75 0.73
Available phosphorus, % 0.47 0.48 0.46
Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg 2907 2900 2906
Lysine, % 1.37 1.41 1.38
Methionine, % 0.46 0.44 0.45
Methionine+cystine, % 0.80 0.80 0.80
a
Vitamin premix contains vitamin A (10,333,385.000 IU), vitamin D3 (4,000,020.000 IU),
vitamin E (100,000.500 IU) vitamin K (3.333 g), vitamin B1(4.667 g), vitamin B2 (6.333
g), vitamin B6 (3.333 g), vitamin B12 (0.016 g), calpan (17.333 g), vitamin C (66.667 g),
niacin (68.000 g), folic acid (1.667 g), biotin (0.103 g), antioxidant (added g), carrier
(strictly rice hull carrier).
b
Mineral premix contains iron (100.000 g), manganese (144.000 g), iodine (1.200 g), sele-
nium (0.360 g), zinc (120.000 g), copper (24.000g), carrier (limestone).
 Performance of Broilers fed a Quality Protein Maize (QPM)-based Diet 15

Table 2. Ingredient composition (%) and calculated nutrient analysis of the finisher
diet (as fed)
Treatment
Normal corn diet NC+L-Lysine QPM diet
Ingredient
Yellow corn 57.50 57.00 0.00
Quality Protein Maize 0.00 0.00 56.23
Soya meal,hi-pro 27.00 26.20 25.50
Copra meal 2.00 4.00 7.30
Wheat pollard 2.00 4.00 4.00
Molasses 4.10 1.94 0.00
Fish meal, 60% CP 4.55 3.00 3.20
Salt 0.20 0.20 0.20
Limestone, fine 1.15 1.25 1.30
Monodicalcium phosphate 1.00 1.00 0.95
Poultry vitamin premixa 0.10 0.10 0.10
Poultry mineral premixb 0.10 0.10 0.10
DL-methionine 0.10 0.13 0.12
L-lysine 0.00 0.08 0.00
Coconut oil 0.20 0.70 1.00
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00

Calculated analysis
Crude protein, % 21.47 21.00 21.00
Crude fiber, % 3.02 3.41 3.76
Crude fat, % 4.73 4.89 4.83
Calcium, % 0.93 0.90 0.90
Total phosphorus, % 0.70 0.70 0.70
Available phosphorus, % 0.43 0.40 0.40
Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg 2901 2900 2901
Lysine, % 1.18 1.18 1.21
Methionine, % 0.45 0.44 0.43
Methionine+cystine, % 0.70 0.70 0.70
a
Vitamin premix contains vitamin A (10,333,385.000 IU), vitamin D3 (4,000,020.000 IU),
vitamin E (100,000.500 IU) vitamin K (3.333 g), vitamin B1(4.667 g), vitamin B2 (6.333
g), vitamin B6 (3.333 g), vitamin B12 (0.016 g), calpan (17.333 g), vitamin C (66.667 g),
niacin (68.000 g), folic acid (1.667 g), biotin (0.103 g), antioxidant (added g), carrier
(strictly rice hull carrier).
b
Mineral premix contains iron (100.000 g), manganese (144.000 g), iodine (1.200 g), sele-
nium (0.360 g), zinc (120.000 g), copper (24.000g), carrier (limestone).
16 Amonelo and Roxas

Statistical analysis
All data gathered were subjected to statistical analysis following the analysis
of variance (ANOVA) in a completely randomized design (CRD). Treatment means
were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Chemical composition of normal corn and QPM

The proximate, calcium and phosphorus analyses of normal corn and quality
protein maize are presented in table 3.
Results showed that the nutritional composition of QPM was similar to that
of normal corn, although QPM tended to have higher levels of crude protein, crude
fat, and crude fiber. Similar observations had been made by Ahenkora et al. (1994)
and Martinez et al. (1996). Lysine in QPM was about 0.33% to 0.54% with an aver-
age of 0.38% while NC averaged 0.18%. The lysine content of QPM and NC
(expressed as percentage of the dietary protein) was 3.98% and 2.12%, respectively
based from their analyzed crude protein contents.

Performance of broilers
The summary performance of broilers fed a quality protein maize based diet
is presented in table 4.

Table 3. Proximate, calcium and phosphorus analyses of normal corn and quality
protein maize (QPM)
Nutrient Normal Corn QPM
Air dry Dry basis Air dry Dry basis
Proximate analysis
Dry matter, % 91.76 100.00 90.67 100.00
Crude protein, % 8.50 9.26 9.55 10.53
Crude fat, % 3.50 3.81 3.80 4.19
Crude fiber, % 3.05 3.32 3.10 3.42
Ash, % 1.50 1.63 1.30 1.43
NFE, % 75.21 81.96 72.92 80.42
Mineral analysis
Total phosphorus, % 0.31 0.34 0.32 0.35
Calcium, % 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04
 Performance of Broilers fed a Quality Protein Maize (QPM)-based Diet 17

Table 4. The effect of using quality protein maize (QPM)-based diet on growth per-
formance of broilers
Treatment
Parameter 1 2 3 CV,%
Normal corn diet NC+ l-lysine diet QPM diet
Initial live weightns
(8 days), g 100 96 102 9.78
Live weight gain, g
8 to 28 days 700a 643b 714a 8.12
8 to 42 days 172a 1538b 1739a 4.92
Feed intake, g
8 to 28 days 1569a 1515ab 1483b 4.03
8 to 42 days 3590a 3410b 3369b 3.94
Feed efficiency
8 to 28 days 2.25ab 2.36a 2.09b 9.00
8 to 42 days 2.08b 2.22a 1.94c 6.06
Livabilityns, % 97 94 94 7.57
ns
Dressing percentage
(w/giblets) 71 70 68 4.20
a, b, c
Column means with different superscripts differ significantly (P<0.05)
ns
No significant differences among treatments (P>0.05)

Initial live weight and live weight gain. The average initial live weight of the
chicks ranged from 96 to 102 grams at 8th day. Statistical analysis of the data showed
the uniformity of the birds at the start of the experiment.
Broilers fed with either the normal corn diet or QPM diet had higher (P<0.05)
live weight gain than those fed with diet supplemented with synthetic lysine. Supple-
mentation of synthetic lysine resulted to depressed growth rate of birds since the con-
tribution of synthetic lysine was mainly in terms of lysine alone as compared to the
two treatments wherein natural protein sources were used, which may have contrib-
uted amino acids other than lysine, making the diet more sufficient to meet the re-
quirements of the animal. This is in accord with the study conducted by Osei et al.
(1999), who reported that broilers receiving QPM-based diet grew faster and gained
weight more rapidly than all the others although the differences were not significant
when compared with normal corn.
18 Amonelo and Roxas

Liu et al. (1993) and Subsucan et al. (1990) both found no significant differ-
ences in growth rates of birds fed either QPM or normal corn provided that they had
comparable amino acid profiles. In contrast to that, Cromwell et al. (1967) claimed
that chicks fed normal corn gained slightly faster than chicks fed QPM.
Chi et al. (1973) stated that the addition of lysine to the diet gave no positive
response in weight gain of chicks. This study was different from the results of the
experiment done by Cromwell et al. (1967) that showed that the addition of lysine to
the normal corn diet resulted in significant improvements in growth rate (P<0.01).

Feed consumption. Significant dietary treatment effects were observed in

terms of average feed intake (P<0.05) of the birds. Birds on normal corn diet tended
to consume more feed compared to the birds receiving either QPM-based diet or con-
trol+L-lysine diet.
The differences in feed intake could not be attributed to energy because the
diets are formulated to have the same ME. It could not also be attributed to the
slightly higher CP content of the normal corn diet. Boorman (1979) stated that
growth can be very sensitive to daily amino acid intake and changes in feed intake
may reflect only changes in production response rather than being a primary re-
sponse to protein. Despite the lower feed intake of broilers in the QPM-based diet,
the response on live weight gain was better, which would show that it was not a pal-
atability factor but rather because of possibly higher intake of essential amino acids
other than lysine.

Feed efficiency. Statistical analysis showed highly significant (P<0.05) differ-

ences among treatments. The significant effect of QPM-based diet on feed efficiency
can be attributed to the significant differences in live weight gain and feed consump-
tion of broilers. Improved efficiency of feed utilization of broilers in the QPM-based
diet was the result of significantly higher gain in weight coupled with lower feed in-
take as compared to the two treatments. This follows the study of Bai (2002) which
stated that feed efficiency of broilers receiving QPM was greatly improved (P<0.01).
Osei et al. (1999), Cromwell et al. (1967) and Chi and Speers (1973) similarly re-
ported significantly lower feed conversion efficiencies for chickens fed on normal
corn diet compared with birds receiving QPM-based diet. However, the high feed
intake of broilers in the normal corn diet did not affect the corresponding feed effi-
ciency due to the high gain in weight of the birds. Those fed with control+L-lysine
had the poorest feed conversion efficiency. This only indicates that supplementation
of lysine is not sufficient to meet the requirements of the birds. On the other hand,
Cromwell et al. (1966) stated that the addition of lysine to the normal corn diet re-
sulted in significant improvements in feed efficiency of broilers (P<0.01).

Livability. Statistical analysis of the data revealed no significant differences

in livability of broilers among treatments. The very high cv indicated that mortality
 Performance of Broilers fed a Quality Protein Maize (QPM)-based Diet 19

values were independent of the treatment effects. The study of Osei et al. (1999) con-
formed to the results of this study.

Dressing percentage. The average dressing percentage of broilers ranged

from 68.3 to 71.1 %. The statistical analysis of the data showed no significant differ-
ences on the dressing percentage of broilers among treatments. This was also ob-
served in the study conducted by Osei et al. (1999). However, this was in contrast
with the study of Bai (2002) who reported no significant differences in dressing per-
centage of broilers between T1(normal corn diet) and T3 (QPM diet) only. He fur-
ther claimed that the dressing percentage of the broilers improved when synthetic
lysine was supplemented to the normal corn diet.

Income over feed and chick costs (IOFCC)

Table 5 presents the income over feed and chick costs of broilers fed a QPM
based diet from 8-42 days of age.
Broilers receiving the QPM based diet had the highest IOFCC compared to
those receiving either the normal corn diet or the one supplemented with L-lysine,
assuming that the price of QPM was similar to that of normal corn. Since both nor-
mal corn and QPM-based diets had almost similar IOFCC values, the price of QPM

Table 5. Average income over feed and chick cost of broilers fed a quality protein
maize (QPM)-based diet
Treatment
1 2 3
Normal corn (NC) diet NC+L-lysine diet QPM diet
Average live weight,g 1829 1634 1841
Percent livability 97 94 94
Feed cost, PhP 53.83 50.61 49.58
Chick cost, PhP 17.00 17.00 17.00
Total cost, PhP 70.83 67.61 66.58
Total sales, PhP 111.39 97.22 109.53
IOFCC 40.56 29.61 42.95

Prevailing prices of feed ingredients during the conduct of the experiment (PhP/kg) as of
December 2006: yellow corn,11, soybean meal,17, wheat pollard, 8, copra meal, 6, mo-
lasses, 6.5, fishmeal (60%), 45, salt, 5.5, limestone, 1.5, MDCP, 25, L-lysine, 110, DL-
methionine, 230, poultry vitamin premix, 165, poultry mineral premix, 55, coco oil, 37.
Feed cost: chick booster: PhP15.69/kg; broiler starter: T1= PhP14.82/kg; T2= PhP14.74/kg;
T3= PhP14.70/kg; broiler finisher: T1= PhP14.31/kg; T2= PhP14.04/kg; T3= PhP13.85/
kg; cost of finished broiler (live): PhP63.00/kg
20 Amonelo and Roxas

was determined using the IOFCC value for normal corn diet which was PhP 40.56. It
was found out that for the same performance level, QPM should be priced at
PhP12.50/kg. At the time of the study, QPM can be used if the price is PhP12.50/kg
or less against that of normal corn which was priced at PhP11.00/kg, and still get the
same performance of the animal in terms of IOFCC.
Higher IOFCC may be attributed to the increased performance of broilers
especially in terms of feed efficiency. Osei et al. (1999) revealed similar results. He
indicated that it is more economical to use diets incorporating QPM due largely to
the progressive reductions in the use of fish meal, which cost four times as much as
maize per kilogram. This was also observed by Bai (2002) who reported that QPM
was more economical due largely to the reductions in the use of fish meal and syn-
thetic lysine.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

A 42-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of using quality
protein maize (QPM)-based diet on the performance of broilers. A total of 270 eight
days old straight-run commercial Ross chicks were randomly distributed to 27 cages
with 10 chicks each. The treatments were randomly distributed to caged chicks fol-
lowing a completely randomized design (CRD). Chicks in treatment 1 were fed with
normal corn diet, chicks in treatment 2 were fed with normal corn supplemented with
synthetic lysine, and chicks in treatment 3 were given a QPM-based diet. The results
were as follows: (1) Broilers fed with either normal corn or QPM-based diet had sig-
nificantly higher live weight gain compared to those fed diets supplemented with
synthetic lysine. (2) Broilers fed either the QPM-based diet or those supplemented
with synthetic lysine had significantly lower feed consumption compared to broilers
fed with normal corn diet. (3) Broilers fed with QPM-based diet had the best per-
formance in terms of feed efficiency. (4) Livability and dressing percentage of broil-
ers did not differ among the treatments. (5) Income over feed and chick costs
(IOFCC) tended to increase in broilers fed with QPM-based diet, mainly due to im-
proved feed conversion efficiency and partly due to the reduction in the use of ex-
pensive protein sources such as soybean meal, fish meal and synthetic lysine addi-
tives.
Under the conditions within which the study was conducted, it could be con-
cluded that the incorporation of QPM in the diets of broilers significantly increased
the performance of broilers over that of normal corn or the diets having synthetic ly-
sine.
Based from the results obtained, it is therefore recommended to use QPM in
the diets of broilers. It is also recommended to use QPM at price level not exceeding
PhP12.50/kg; otherwise, normal corn should be used instead of QPM. Future studies
involving other monogastric species must also be conducted to confirm the result of
this study.
 Performance of Broilers fed a Quality Protein Maize (QPM)-based Diet 21

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23 Performance of Broilers fed a Quality Protein (QPM)-based Diet