1

At
inde
rPa
nda
y,

Ph.
DRe
sea
rchSc
hol
ar

Punj
abiUni
ver
sit
y,Pa
ti
al
a,

Punj
ab,I
ndi
a.

a
ti
nde
rpa
nda
y186@gma
il
.c
om

De
cons
truc
tingCul
tur
e:APos
tmode
rnSt
udyofHa
roonKha
li sI
d’ nSe
arc
hofShi
va

Abs
tra
ct

Cul
tur
alpe
rspe
cti
ve,undoubt
edl
yand i
ndi
sput
abl
y,ha
s be
come ve
ry domi
nanti
n

i
nte
rpr
eti
nga
nyoft
hewor
kofa
rt.I
tisas
tudyt
hate
ncompa
sse
sma
nydi
sci
pli
nesr
athe
rtha
n

adi
sci
pli
nei
nit
sel
f.Thevi
si
onoft
hiss
tudyi
snotl
imi
te
dtopowe
randr
uli
ngc
ult
ure
,buti
t

r
ais
esavoi
cef
orma
rgi
nsa
ndmi
nor
it
ie
s.Ha
roonKha
li
disanot
abl
ePa
kis
tania
uthor
,

j
our
nal
is
tandha
sspe
nthi
sgr
eatt
imei
ntr
ave
ll
inga
ndunde
rst
andi
ngc
ult
urei
nit
sac
tua
li
ty

i
nPa
kis
ta kI
n.Thewor nSe
arc
hofShi
vae
xpl
ore
scul
tur
einat
winwa
y:i
tist
hes
isa
nda
n

a
nti
the
sisi
nit
sel
f,how Cul
tur
eisa
nadul
te
rat
edc
onc
ept
.Kha
li
dempl
oysa
nthr
opol
ogi
cal

a
ndge
nea
logi
cals
tudyofc
ult
urea
nde
mpha
sis
est
hatc
ult
urei
sac
onc
eptofdi
ff
ere
nce
,

he
ter
oge
nei
tya
nda
sse
rtst
hati
tde
vel
opsa
ndt
rans
for
msgr
adua
ll
ywi
tht
hepa
ssa
geoft
ime
.

Ke
ywor
ds:Cul
tur
e,Mul
ti
cul
tur
ali
sm,Pos
tmode
rni
sm,I
dent
it
y,Pa
kis
tan.

Cul
tur
alpe
rspe
cti
ve,undoubt
edl
yandi
ndi
sput
abl
y,ha
sbe
comeve
rydomi
nanti
n

i
nte
rpr
eti
nga
nyoft
hewor
kofa
rt.I
tha
sinc
lude
dma
nys
tra
it
sors
phe
resofl
if
e.I
tac
qui
res
 2

i
tsma
ter
ialf
rome
conomi
cs,pol
it
ic
s,me
dia
,li
te
rat
urea
ndt
echnol
ogy.Ma
nyoft
heWe
ste
rn

a
nde
ven,Ea
ste
rns
chol
arsha
vebe
enf
ocus
ingonc
ult
urea
ndi
tsr
ela
ti
vef
ormsi
nor
dert
o

unde
rst
andt
hehi
st
oryofc
ult
urea
ndi
tsc
onc
ept
.Be
for
emovi
ngf
urt
her
,iti
simpe
rat
ivet
o

unde
rst
andc
ult
ure
,it
sme
ani
nga
ndi
tsf
orma
ti
on.Ha
roonKha
li
d’s2015publ
is
he kI
dwor n

Se
arc
hofShi
va i
ssi
gni
fi
cant
lyr
ichi
nunde
rst
andi
ngt
hec
onc
eptofc
ult
urea
ndi
ts

a
nthr
opol
ogi
cals
tudya
swe
lla
sit
spa
radoxi
calna
tur
ewhi
chc
anbeunde
rst
oodbe
tt
eri
nthe

l
ightofpos
tmode
rni
sm.

Themos
timpor
tantque
sti
oni
stounde
rst
andwha
tcul
tur
eisa
ndhowi
tisf
orme
dand

how,i
tbe
come
sani
ndomi
ta
bles
pir
itoft
hel
if
e.Kha
li
disac
ele
bra
tedPa
kis
taninove
li
st
,

whoha
spe
nne
ddownma
gni
fi
centwor sAWhi
ksa teTr
ail( ,I
2013) nSe
arc
hofShi
va(
2015)

ndWa
a lki
ngwi
thNa
nak(
2016)
.Hi
swor
ksr
efl
ecthi
sint
ere
sti
nst
udyi
ngc
ult
uref
rom a

nove
landuni
quepe
rspe
cti
ve.Duet
ohi
sint
ere
sti
nWe
ste
rnl
it
era
ryt
heor
yandc
rit
ic
ism,hi
s

wor
ksc
arr
yant
hropol
ogi
cala
ndge
nea
logi
cali
nsi
ght
s.

Kha
li
d’sI
nSe
arc
hofShi
va(
2015)r
ais
esf
unda
ment
alque
sti
onont
hec
onc
eptof

c
ult
urepr
edo
mina
ntl
y,a
ndour
ste
nde
ncyt
ogr
aspi
tuna
dul
te
rat
eda
ndwhol
e soe
.Hi uvr
e

ponde
rsove
rcul
tur
e,t
hati
tisnotapr
oduc
twhi
chi
scons
ume
dbyt
hepe
opl
e;howe
veri
tis

pr
oduc
eda
nd ge
ner
ate
d by ma
ins
tre
am a
swe
llby t
he ma
rgi
nalc
las
s.I
tst
res
son

pos
tmo
der
nis
tfe
atur
esofwhi
chc
ult
urei
sbl
ende
dof
.

St
ephe
nGr
eenbl
at
t’
sinhi
sar
ti
cl
e,“
Cul
tur
e”e
xpl
ai
ns“
cul
tur
eisat
ermt
hati
s

r
epe
ate
dlyus
edwi
thoutme
ani
ngmuc
hofa
nyt
hinga
tal
l,ava
guege
stur
etowa
rdsadi
mly

pe
rce
ive
det
hos
”.Thi
sde
fini
ti
oni
ts
elfa
sksaque
sti
ona
nda
nswe
rsi
t.I
tinvi
te
saque
ryt
hat

wha
tist
hebe
nef
itofma
kingc
onc
epti
nabl
urr
edwa
y.Kha
li
dbe
ginshi
swor
kbys
howi
ng

I
sla
micPur
it
ani
sma
nde
xtr
emi
sm.Buthes
it
uat
es‘
Shi
va’t
hec
ent
reoft
hes
tor
yinor
dert
o

e
xami
net
hef
ounda
ti
ona
ndt
heor
eti
calc
onc
ept
ionofc
ult
ure
.Iti
sre
fer
redi
nsubt
it
lea
s“A
 3

St
udyofFol
kRe
li
giouspr
act
ic
esi
nPa
kis
tan”t
hats
igni
fi
est
heva
riouss
ubc
ult
ure
sabs

r
it
ual
sar
eama
lga
mat
edi
nthec
rea
ti
onofPa
kis
tanic
ult
ure
.Ast
hepr
ese
ntPa
kis
tani
str
ying

t
oma
kei
tapur
eIs
lami
ccul
tur
edc
ount
ryi
sathi
ke.

Thi
swor
kde
pic
tsat
ruepi
ct
ureoff
olkpr
act
ic
est
hata
res
ti
lli
npr
ogr
essa
nd

r
est
ri
ct
iont
ogr
eate
xte
nti
nPa
kis
tana
sfe
rti
li
tyc
ult
s,a
nimi
st
icc
ult
sandl
ovepr
act
ic
es.He

pr
ese
ntsShi
vanota
sat
ypi
calHi
ndugodr
athe
rhes
howst
heuni
ver
sal
it
yofShi
vai
nal
lfol
k

pr
act
ic
es.I
tiss
hownt
hate
ver
yonewa
swor
shi
ppi
ngShi
vadi
rec
tl
yori
ndi
rec
tl
y.Asapha
ll
ic

s
hape
dma
ter
ial
,iti
sof
fer
edt
ogodf
orwa
nti
ngaboyc
hil
d.Thus
,thi
scul
tisa
ssoc
iat
edwi
th

Hi
ndugodShi
vawhoi
ssh
owna
sal
inga
mwhi
chi
sapha
ll
us.I
nthehei
sre
fer
reda
sBa
ba

Aba
nSha
hwhi
chme
ansf
athe
r.Eve
ryoneus
edt
owor
shi
phi
m.Butt
hes
epr
act
ic
esa
nd

s
hri
nesa
rebe
ingr
emove
dfr
omPa
kis
tani
nthena
meofma
kingapur
eIs
lami
ccul
tur
e.The
se

t
radi
ti
onsa
ref
aci
ngc
rit
ic
ismf
romt
hepur
it
ani
calve
rsi
onofPa
kis
tan.Kha
li
dst
at
es,“
Jus
tas

pa
rti
ti
ononc
eal
te
redt
hewa
yther
eli
giouspr
act
ic
eswe
repe
rce
ive
d,ar
isei
n‘pur
e’I
sla
m

woul
dal
soha
vet
obea
ccommoda
teda
ccor
dingl
y”(
38)
.

I
tse
emst
hata
fte
rthepa
rti
ti
ont
hec
ount
ryha
sal
soc
onve
rte
danda
lt
erna
teda
spe
r

t
her
equi
reme
ntsofMus
li
mcount
ry.Thea
ll
usi
oni
sgi
venoft
heTa
ble
eghiJ
amma
tand

De
oba
ndiSc
hooloft
houghtt
oshowt
hepr
omot
ionofI
sla
m byva
riousi
nst
it
uti
ons
.The
se

we
rea
swe
lli
nspi
redbyAr
yaSa
maj
,aHi
nduf
ounda
ti
on.Eve
ntheqwa
li
esa
ndt
he

c
ele
bra
ti
onofMus
li
mfe
sti
val
swe
rea
lsoha
sbe
ena
lsoi
nfl
uenc
edbyt
heHi
ndue
vent
s.

Theme
nti
oni
ngt
oEunuc
hsi
sve
rye
xce
pti
ona
l,be
caus
eitc
o-r
ela
test
hef
orm of

Ar
dha
nar
isva
raofShi
vat
hati
sha
lfma
lea
ndha
lff
ema
le.Thus
,ea
rli
ert
hee
unuc
hswe
re

c
ons
ide
redmor
ene
ara
ndde
art
oGod.The
rewa
snone
edofs
epa
rat
eide
nti
tybe
caus
ethe
y

we
regi
venpr
ivi
le
gea
ndl
eadi
ngone
sina
lle
vent
s.The
ywe
ret
rea
tedwi
thhonoura
tshr
ine
s

be
caus
ethe
ywe
rebe
li
eve
dtor
efl
ectt
hedua
li
tyofc
rea
tora
ndde
str
oye
r.Butnow,i
n
 4

c
ont
empor
aryPa
kis
tant
heya
ref
aci
ngma
rgi
nal
iz
ati
ona
nda
renota
ll
owe
dtoc
omea
tshr
ine
s.

Ther
iseofpur
it
ani
cals
chooloft
houghtha
sal
sol
edt
othee
mer
genc
eofdi
vis
ioni
n

t
heSoc
ialf
abr
icofPa
kis
tant
hati
nti
mida
test
oma
int
ai
nba
lanc
e.Thewor
ktr
iest
oexpl
ore
,

notc
ult
urei
nagove
rni
ngs
ens nt
eori ot
al
it
y,r
athe
rits
tre
sst
oexa
minec
ult
urei
nispa
rtst
o

whi
chwec
anc
alli
namul
ti
cul
tur
als
ens
e.Cul
tur
eal
waysc
ome
sandde
vel
opsf
rom s
ub

c
ult
ure
stha
tre
side
sandhi
desi
nthes
kinofc
ult
ure
.Somul
ti
cul
tur
ali
smbe
come
sve
ryvi
ta
l

t
ounde
rst
andc
ult
urei
nat
rues
ens
e.Mul
ti
cul
tur
ali
smr
ecor
dst
hee
xis
tenc
eofma
nyc
ult
ure
s

a
nda
lsoc
ele
bra
tesa
ndi
mpr
ove
sthe
m.Count
ri
esl
ikeI
ndi
aandPa
kis
tan,a
reofva
rious

s
ubc
ult
ure
sande
thni
ci
ti
es,t
her
ebymul
ti
cul
tur
ali
sm he
lpst
ore
spe
cta
nddi
scove
rthe

s
pec
ial
it
ie
soft
hem.
Ite
ffe
cti
vel
yfo
cus
esonmi
nor
it
ygr
oupsa
ndc
ult
ure
s.Bhi
khuPa
rekh

s
crut
ini
zes
:

Mul
ti
cul
tur
ali
smi
s,i
nfa
ct,nota
boutmi
nor
it
ie
sbuti
saboutt
hepr
ope
rte
rms

ofr
ela
ti
ons
hipbe
twe
endi
ff
ere
ntc
ult
ura
lcommuni
ti
es,whi
chme
anst
hatt
he

s
tanda
rdbywhi
cht
hec
ommuni
ti
esr
esol
vet
hei
rdi
ff
ere
nce
s.(
2000:
13)

Ani
nte
rdi
sci
pli
nar
yme
thodi
sal
soe
mpl
oye
dinor
dert
oconne
ctwi
tht
her
oot
s.Kha
li
d’s

a
nthr
opol
ogi
cala
ndge
nea
logi
cals
tudi
espr
ovet
hatc
ult
urei
snotat
hes
isi
nit
sel
fra
the
rthe

c
onc
eptofc
ult
urec
ele
bra
test
henot
ionsofdi
ver
sit
y,mul
ti
pli
ci
tya
nddi
ff
ere
nce
.Itne
ver

r
ema
inst
hes
ame
,butc
hange
swi
tht
hepa
ssa
geoft
ime
.Thet
exta
lsot
ouc
hespos
tmode
rni
st

f
eat
ure
stha
thowi
tisf
orme
dwi
tht
hepa
rti
ci
pat
ionofs
ubc
ult
ure
sorbymi
nor
it
ie
s.

Kha
li
d,i sAWhi
nhi teTr
ailr
efe
rst
ose
ver
almi
nor
it
ie
sasBa
hai
,Hi
ndu,Si
kh,Chr
ist
ia
nand

Pa
rsit
oshowPa
kis
tanic
ult
ura
lroot
sfr
om va
riouse
thni
ci
ti
es.Hepr
ese
ntst
hemut
uall
ove

a
nda
ffe
cti
ona
mongt
hes
epe
opl
eins
pit
eofdi
ver
sit
y.The
irr
espe
ctf
ort
hei
rcommuni
tya
nd

c
ount
rywe
renotdi
ff
ere
ntt
heme
s.Butnowwef
indt
hef
eel
ingofna
ti
ona
li
sma
ndna
ti
ona
l

s
tat
eisf
orc
edupont
hem.ANa
ti
oni
nthena
meofi
tse
nti
ty,c
rus
hingt
heva
sthe
rit
agea
nd
 5

di
ver
sit
yofmi
nor
it
ycul
tur
esa
ndr
ule
sthe
mint
hei
rsubmi
ssi
ont
ona
ti
ona
lcul
tur
eand

s
yst
em.An
der
sonBe
nedi
cti sI
nhi ma
gine
dCommuni
ti
ess
tat
est
hatna
ti
ona
li
sma
ndna
ti
ona
l

s
tat
esa
remod
ernt
ermswhi
cha
rec
onf
ini
ngt
hei
dent
it
yofpe
opl
e.Hea
sse
rts
:

I
tha
dbe
enpa
rtofmyor
igi
nalpl
ant
ost
res
stheNe
w Wor
ldor
igi
nof

na
ti
ona
li
sm.Myf
eel
ingha
dbe
ent
hata
nuns
elf
cons
ciouspr
ovi
nci
al
is
m ha
d

be
ens
kewe
danddi
st
ort
edt
heor
izi
ngont
hes
ubj
ect
.(xi
ii
)

I
nst
udyi
ngc
ult
ure
,thewor
ktoode
lve
supont
hei
dea
sofi
ndi
vidua
li
tya
ndi
dent
it
yofa

s
ubj
ect
.Thet
extc
arr
iesp
hil
osophi
cali
mpl
ic
ati
onofknowi
ngone
’spl
acei
nthes
oci
et
y.

He
re,t
hei
ndi
vidua
li
tyi
sats
takei
nthena
meoff
oll
owi
nga
nda
dmi
tt
ingt
hepol
it
ic
ala
nd

i
deol
ogi
calSt
at
e.Thef
olkt
radi
ti
onsa
ndpr
act
ic
eso
fPa
kis
tana
redyi
ngbuts
howas
trong

s
ens
eofr
oot
edne
ss,whi
chc
hal
le
nge
sthenot
ionofna
ti
ona
li
st
icr
eli
gion.The‘
I-
nes
s’i
s

be
ingl
imi
te
dandr
est
ri
ct
ed,s
otopr
omot
e‘we
-ne
ss’
.Pa
kis
tani
sal
sogoi
ngt
hrought
hes
ame

pa
thi
nadva
nci
ngi
tse
xtr
emi
stI
sla
m.Kha
li
dco-
rel
at
esc
omme
rci
al
iz
ati
onofr
eli
gionwi
th

c
omme
rci
al
iz
ati
onofna
ti
ona
li
sm.

Thus
,thewor
kque
sti
onsa
ndt
ri
est
ounde
rst
andt
heve
ryf
unda
ment
alc
onc
ept
sand

i
ssue
stha
tar
epa
rtofourda
ytoda
yli
fe.I
thi
ghl
ight
stha
tide
nti
tya
ndc
ult
urea
renot

s
ome
thi
ngi
nit
sel
f,c
omp
let
eandwhol
e,buta
sDe
rri
das
ayswec
anunde
rst
andt
hes
e

c
onc
ept
sinde
cons
truc
ti
nga
nddi
sma
ntl
ingt
heve
ryi
ssue
s.Tot
al
it
yandde
str
uct
inga
ssi
stt
o

unde
rsc
oret
hatPa
kis
tani
snota
nIs
lami
cands
ingl
ecul
tur
alc
ount
ry,butha
sit
sroot
sin

r
eli
csofI
ndusVa
ll
eyCi
vil
iz
ati
ona
ndi
smul
ti
cul
tur
al.
 6

Wor
kCi
te
d

Be
nedi
ct
,Ande
rson.I
magi
nedCommuni
ti
es.Ve
rso,1
983.

Gr
eenb
lat
,St
ephe
n.“
Cul
tur
e.”Cr
it
ic
alTe
rmsf
orLi
te
rat
ureSt
udy.Edi
te
dbyFr
ank

Le
ntr
icc
hia.Uni
ver
sit
yofChi
cago,1995.P.
225-
32.

Kha
li
d,Ha
roon.I
nSe
arc
hofShi
va.RupaPubl
ic
ati
ons
,2015.

Pa
rekh,Bh
ikhu.Re
thi
nki
ngMul
ti
cul
tur
ali
sm:Cul
tur
alDi
ver
sit
yandPol
it
ic
alThe
ory.

Ha
var
dUni
ver
sit
y,Pr
ess
,2000.