CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. ANTENNA DIAGRAMS
3. ANTENNA DETAILS
4. MATLAB CODE
5. MATLAB OUTPUT
6. SIMULATION
7. RESULT
INTRODUCTION:

Horn antenna is the most widely used microwave antenna. It is one of the simplest
antennaexisting till date. The Horn Antenna, at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Holmdel,
New Jersey, is listed as a National Historic Landmark because of its association with the
research work of two radio astronomers, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson. In 1965 while
using the Horn Antenna, Penzias and Wilson stumbled on the microwave background
radiation that permeates the universe. Cosmologists quickly realized that Penzias and
Wilson had made the most important discovery in modern astronomy since Edwin
Hubble demonstrated in the 1920s that the universe was expanding.
The horn antenna is used in the transmission and reception of RF microwave signals and
theantenna is normally used in conjunction with waveguide feeds. The horn is widely
used as a feed element for large radio astronomy, satellite tracking and communication
dishes. In addition to its utility as a feed for reflector and lenses, it is a common element
of phased arrays also. It serves as a universal standard for calibration and gain
measurements of other high power antennas. Its widespread applicability stems from its
simplicity in construction, ease of excitation, versatility, large gain and preferred all over
performance. Horns can be excited in any polarization or combination of polarizations.
The horn antenna gains its name from its appearance. Horn is nothing more than a
hollow pipe of different cross sections which has been tapered to a larger opening.
Type, direction and amount of taper can have a profound effect on the overall
performance of the element as a radiator. The waveguide can be considered to open
out or to be flared, launching the signal towards the receiving antenna. Flare
waveguides produce a nearly uniform phase front larger than the waveguide itself.
The E-plane sectoral horn is the one whose opening is flared in the direction of E field. A
detailed geometry is as shown in the figure. The H-plane sectoral horn is the one whose
opening is flared in the direction of H field. A detailed geometry is as shown in the
figure. The Pyramidal horn is the one whose opening is flared in the direction of H field
and E field both. A detailed geometry is as shown in the figure. Its radiation
characteristics are a combination of the E and H plane sectoral horns. While the
pyramidal, E and H plane sectoral horns are usually fed by a rectangular waveguide, the
conical horn is fed by a circular waveguide. Rest of the behavior is same.
ANTENNA DIAGRAMS:

E Sectoral Horn H Sectoral Horn

Conical horn Pyramidal Horn

ANTENNA DETAILS:
E Plane Sectoral horn:
Aperture Fields :
Horn being an aperture antenna, it is necessary that the tangential electric and magnetic
field components over a closed surface are known, to develop an exact equivalent of it.
An infinite plane coinciding with the aperture of the horn is usually selected as a closed
surface. If the horn is not mounted on an infinite grounded plane, the fields outside the
aperture cannot be calculated and an exact equivalent cannot be formed. However as a
usual approximation we assume the fields outside the aperture to be zero.The fields
within the horn can be expressed in terms of cylindrical transverse electric and
transverse magnetic i.e. TE and TM wave functions which make use of Hankel functions.
This method finds the fields not only at the aperture but also within the horn.
The lowest order mode fields at the aperture of the horn can be found very easily taking
into consideration the two assumptions that,
1) Fields of the feed waveguide are those of its dominant TE 10 mode.

2) Horn length is large compared to the aperture dimensions .

H Plane Sectoral Horn:

H Plane view
Pyramidal Horn:
The most widely used horn is the one which is flared in both the directions. Its radiation
characteristics are essentially a combination of the E- and H- plane sectoral horns.

H Plane view

E Plane view
MATLAB CODE:
function \[]=horn;

disp('E-Plane and H-Plane Horn Specifications');

R1=\[]; R2=\[];

R1 = input('rho1(in wavelengths) = ');

R2 = input('rho2(in wavelengths) = ');

a=\[]; b=\[];

a = input('a(in wavelengths) = ');

b = input('b(in wavelengths) = ');

a1=\[]; b1=\[];

a1 = input('a1(in wavelengths) = ');

b1 = input('b1(in wavelengths) = ');

u = (1/sqrt(2))*((sqrt(R2)/a1)+(a1/sqrt(R2)));

v = (1/sqrt(2))*((sqrt(R2)/a1)-(a1/sqrt(R2)));

v = Fresnel(v);

w = Fresnel(b1/sqrt(2*R1));

DH = 4*pi*b*R2/a1*((real(u)-real(v))^2 + (imag(u)-imag(v))^2);

DE = 64*a*R1/(pi*b1)*((real(w))^2 + (imag(w))^2);

DP = pi/(32*a*b)*DE*DH;
k = 2*pi;

Emax = 0;

Hmax = 0;

% E and H plane Outputs

% E-Plane Amplitude

for(theta = 0:0.5:360);

I = theta*2 + 1;

theta = theta*pi/180;

phi = pi/2;

ky = k*sin(theta);

kxp = pi/a1;

kxdp = -pi/a1;

t1 = sqrt(1/(pi*k*R1))*(-k*b1/2-ky*R1);

t2 = sqrt(1/(pi*k*R1))*(k*b1/2-ky*R1);

t1p = sqrt(1/(pi*k*R2))*(-k*a1/2-pi/a1*R2);

t2p = sqrt(1/(pi*k*R2))*(k*a1/2-pi/a1*R2);

t1dp = -t2p;

t2dp = -t1p;

exp(j*R2/(2*k)*kxdp^2)*(Fresnel(t2dp) - Fresnel(t1dp)));

I2 = sqrt(pi*R1/k) * exp(j*R1/(2*k)*ky^2) * (Fresnel(t2) - Fresnel(t1));

 y(I) = (1 + cos(theta))*I1*I2;

y(I) = abs(y(I));

end

for(I = 1:721)

if(y(I) > Emax)

Emax = y(I);

end

end

for(I = 1:721)

if(y(I) \<= 0)

Edb = -100;

else

Edb = 20*log10(abs(y(I))/Emax);

end

theta = (I-1)/2;

x(I)=theta;

q1(I)=Edb;

end

% H-Plane Amplitude
for(theta = 0:0.5:360);

I = theta*2 + 1;

theta = theta*pi/180;

phi = 0;

kxp = k*sin(theta) + pi/a1;

kxdp = k*sin(theta) - pi/a1;

t1 = sqrt(1/(pi*k*R1))*(-k*b1/2);

t2 = sqrt(1/(pi*k*R1))*(k*b1/2);

t1p = sqrt(1/(pi*k*R2))*(-k*a1/2-kxp*R2);

t2p = sqrt(1/(pi*k*R2))*(k*a1/2-kxp*R2);

t1dp = sqrt(1/(pi*k*R2))*(-k*a1/2-kxdp*R2);

t2dp = sqrt(1/(pi*k*R2))*(k*a1/2-kxdp*R2);

exp(j*R2/(2*k)*kxdp^2)*(Fresnel(t2dp) - Fresnel(t1dp)));

I2 = sqrt(pi*R1/k) * exp(j*R1/(2*k)*ky^2) * (Fresnel(t2) - Fresnel(t1));

y(I) = (1 + cos(theta))*I1*I2;

y(I) = abs(y(I));

end

for(I = 1:721)

if(y(I) > Hmax)

Hmax = y(I);
 end

end

for(I = 1:721)

if(y(I) \<= 0)

Hdb = -100;

else

Hdb = 20*log10(abs(y(I))/Hmax);

end

theta = (I-1)/2;

x(I)=theta;

q2(I)=Hdb;

end

figure(2);

ht1=elevation(x*pi/180,q1,-60,0,4,'b-');

hold on;

ht2=elevation(x*pi/180,q2,-60,0,4,'r--');

set(\[ht1 ht2],'linewidth',2);

legend(\[ht1 ht2],{'E-plane','H-plane'});

title('Field patterns');
% Directivity Output

directivity = 10*log10(DP)

% Fresnel Subfunction;

function\[y] = Fresnel(x);

A(1) = 1.595769140;

A(2) = -0.000001702;

A(3) = -6.808508854;

A(4) = -0.000576361;

A(5) = 6.920691902;

A(6) = -0.016898657;

A(7) = -3.050485660;

A(8) = -0.075752419;

A(9) = 0.850663781;

A(10) = -0.025639041;

A(11) = -0.150230960;

A(12) = 0.034404779;

B(1) = -0.000000033;

B(2) = 4.255387524;

B(3) = -0.000092810;

B(4) = -7.780020400;
B(5) = -0.009520895;

B(6) = 5.075161298;

B(7) = -0.138341947;

B(8) = -1.363729124;

B(9) = -0.403349276;

B(10) = 0.702222016;

B(11) = -0.216195929;

B(12) = 0.019547031;

CC(1) = 0;

CC(2) = -0.024933975;

CC(3) = 0.000003936;

CC(4) = 0.005770956;

CC(5) = 0.000689892;

CC(6) = -0.009497136;

CC(7) = 0.011948809;

CC(8) = -0.006748873;

CC(9) = 0.000246420;

CC(10) = 0.002102967;

CC(11) = -0.001217930;

CC(12) = 0.000233939;
D(1) = 0.199471140;

D(2) = 0.000000023;

D(3) = -0.009351341;

D(4) = 0.000023006;

D(5) = 0.004851466;

D(6) = 0.001903218;

D(7) = -0.017122914;

D(8) = 0.029064067;

D(9) = -0.027928955;

D(10) = 0.016497308;

D(11) = -0.005598515;

D(12) = 0.000838386;

if(x==0)

y=0;

return

elseif(x\<0)

x=abs(x);

x=(pi/2)*x^2;

F=0;

if(x\<4)
 for(k=1:12)

F=F+(A(k)+j*B(k))*(x/4)^(k-1);

end

y = F*sqrt(x/4)*exp(-j*x);

y = -y;

return

else

for(k=1:12)

F=F+(CC(k)+j*D(k))*(4/x)^(k-1);

end

y = F*sqrt(4/x)*exp(-j*x)+(1-j)/2;

y =-y;

return

end

else

x=(pi/2)*x^2;

F=0;

if(x\<4)

for(k=1:12)

F=F+(A(k)+j*B(k))*(x/4)^(k-1);
 end

y = F*sqrt(x/4)*exp(-j*x);

return

else

for(k=1:12)

F=F+(CC(k)+j*D(k))*(4/x)^(k-1);

end

y = F*sqrt(4/x)*exp(-j*x)+(1-j)/2;

return

end

end
MATLAB OUTPUT:
It is very clear from the above outputs that the final radiation possesses minimum
radiation intensity in the back lobe (at angle of 180 degrees) and a maximum of lobe
power is concentrated in the main lobe along the axis of the horn antenna. It is a highly
directive antenna with the directivity value resulting out to be :
For the input parameters:
RHO1 = 6 a1 = 5.5 a = 0.5 =>all readings in term of lambda.
RHO2 = 6 b1 = 2.75 b = 0.25

The value of directivity given by Matlab is Dp = 76.34 but the theoretically calculated
value comes out to be Dp’ = 75.54.
Therefore, error in calculation of the directivity by the Matlab program is within ± 1%.
SIMULATION:
ANTENNA DESIGN:
With the following Horn Antenna dimensions a solid horn was obtained:

Lower cuboid dimensions 12.96 X 6.48 X 30.2.cube. cm

a=12.96 cm,b=6.48 cm, p1= p2=46 cm ,a1=55 cm, b1=42.8 cm

After obtaining the solid horn, our requirement is to have a hollow conductor in place of
solid one with the top and intersection faces removed. Afterwards, a wire is placed as a
feed element and an excitation voltage source with an amplitude of 1 volt and operating
frequency of 1.645 GHz is placed in the wire port.
The net resultant design appears to be as follows :

The 3D far field pattern can be shown as:

Simulation result of Electric Far Field in Cartesian coordinates:

Simulation result of Electric Far Field in polar coordinates:

Results:

It was thus found out that the results of Matlab implementation and theoretically
calculated results are within the required error limits of ±1%. It was found that the
final radiation possesses minimum radiation intensity in the back lobe (at angle of 180
degrees) and a maximum of lobe power is concentrated in the main lobe along the
axis of the horn antenna.Both the simulations, that of Matlab , provide us with a
verification of above mentioned result.