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Laboratory: Technological University of The Philippines
Laboratory: Technological University of The Philippines
Laboratory: Technological University of The Philippines
LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Introduction to Electrical Measurements & Resistor Color Coding
BSME 2F
Grade:
Remarks:
1
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
ACME1L
LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT ONE
Introduction to Electrical Measurements & Resistor Color Coding
2. Green-Red-Gold-Silver 3. White-Violet-Black
1. Yellow-Violet-Orange-Gold
2
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
ACME1L
LABORATORY
EXPERIMENT ONE
Introduction to Electrical Measurements & Resistor Color Coding
I. OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the value of resistors from their color code and compare them to ohmmeter
reading.
2. To measure the resistance across each combination of two of the three terminals of a
potentiometer and observe the range of resistance change as the shaft is varied throughout its
entire range.
3. To be familiar with the connection, use and operation of the DC voltmeter and ammeter.
II. THEORY
Resistance is the measure of the opposition to the flow of charge through a material. The unit of
resistance is OHM, given by the symbol, the Greek letter omega. For carbon resistors, the resistance
values are indicated by a standard color code adopted by manufacturers. This code involves the use of color
bands on the body of the resistor. This is used for 1/4, 1/2, 1-, 2-, and 3-watts resistors. A carbon resistor is
shown in Fig.1.1. Note the color bands. The first band tells the first significant figure. The second tells the
second significant figure. The third band is the multiplier, and the fourth band is the tolerance. The
absence of a fourth band in carbon resistor means a ±20% tolerance. In the case of resistor whose value is
less than one ohm, the multiplier is silver (band or dot), while for resistor whose value is greater than one
but less than ten ohms, the multiplier is gold. Refer to Table 1.1.
Wire wound, high wattage resistor is usually not color coded but has its value and wattage rating
printed on its body. Wire wound resistors with brown color are insulated while those with black body color
are not insulated. In writing the values of resistors, the following designations are employed: K is a multiplier
which stands for 1,000 and M stands for 1,000,000.
In addition to fixed-value resistors, variable resistors are used extensively in electronics. There are
two types of variable resistors, the rheostat and the potentiometer. Volume controls used in radio and the
contrast and brightness controls of television receivers are typical examples of potentiometers.
3
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
ACME1L
LABORATORY
A rheostat is essentially a two-terminal device whose schematic symbol is shown in Figure 1.2. It has
a maximum value of resistance specified by the manufacturer and its minimum value is usually equal to zero.
The arrowhead in Figure 1.2 indicates a mechanical means of adjusting the rheostat so that the resistance,
measured between points A and B can be set to any intermediate value within the range of variation.
The schematic symbol for a potentiometer is shown in Figure 1.3. This is essentially a three-terminal
device. The resistance between points A & B is fixed and point C is the variable arm of the potentiometer.
The arm is a metal contactor which moves along the uninsulated surface of the resistance element, selecting
different lengths of resistive surface. Thus, the longer is the surface of the resistance between points A and
C, the greater is its resistance between points. Similarly, the resistance between points A and C varies as the
length of the element included between points A and C.
A potentiometer maybe used as a rheostat if the center arms and one of the end terminals are
connected into the circuit, and the other end terminal is left disconnected. Another method of converting a
potentiometer into a rheostat is to connect a piece of hook wire between the arm and one of the end
terminals, for example C connected to A. The points B and C now serve as the terminals of a rheostat.
MEASURING RESISTANCE
One of the functions of a VOM (Volt-ohmmeter-milliammeter) is to measure resistance. Each
manufacturer provides operating instructions for the use of this instrument. Hence, it will be necessary to
refer to the instruction manual before using any VOM. A student should be thoroughly familiar with the
operation of the ohmmeter function before he attempts to use it in this experiment.
To measure resistance, the function switch should be set to ohms. Next, the student should adjust to
their settings the ohm zero controls of the meter. He is now ready to measure resistance. If the meter
reading is zero, the points are said to be “short-circuited” while if the meter pointer does not move, the
points are said to be “open-circuited.”
Usually the ohm-scale is non-linear, that is, the arc distance between consecutive graduations is not
equal. Thus, the arc distance between 0 and 1 is much greater than the distance between 9 and 10, through
each arc represents in this case a change of 1 ohm. Note that the ohms scale becomes fairly crowded to the
right of the 100 ohms division. If a resistance greater than 100 ohms is to be measured with some degree of
accuracy, the meter range should be switched to x10, x100, x1K, or x10K depending on the actual resistance
to be measured. In the x10 range, any reading made on the basic scale must be multiplied by 10. In the x100
range, the reading must be multiplied by 100, and so on for the rest of the ranges.
4
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
ACME1L
LABORATORY
5
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
ACME1L
LABORATORY
As a rule, a voltmeter must be connected across the lines or devices, while an ammeter must be
connected in series with the load. The polarity of the meters must be considered when taking DC
measurements. A wrong polarity will move the pointer backward and may cause the pointer to be bent. The
instruments must be handled with care since these are delicate. Rough handling may affect the accuracy of
the meter. If the quantities to be measured are not yet approximated, the meter must be set at its highest
range. The range of a voltmeter maybe extended by connecting an additional resistor in series with the
instrument. In the case of an ammeter, the range is extended by connecting resistors across the instruments.
IV. PROCEDURES
6
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
ACME1L
LABORATORY
1. Connect the circuit shown in Figure 1.4. Choose an appropriate value of resistor.
2. Adjust the DC supply voltage to 20V. Measure and record the value of voltage and current in
Table 1.4 as indicated by the voltmeter and the ammeter.
3. Repeat step 2 for the other four remaining resistors.
TABLE 1.2
RESISTOR
1 2 3 4 5 6
measured
values
7
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
ACME1L
LABORATORY
% Difference
TABLE 1.3
STEP POTENTIOMETER Rab Rbc Rca Rac + Rbc
SETTING Computed Value
1 vary over its range X X X
2 Completely CW X
3 CW to CCW X
4 ¼ CW X
5 ¾ CW X
TABLE 1.4
RESISTANCE 47kΩ 5.2Ω 97Ω 1.580 Ω 100 Ω 220kΩ
VOLTAGE 20V 20V 20V 20V 20V 20V
CURRENT 425.53µA 3.8463A 206.19mA 12.658A 200.0mA 90.909 µA
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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
ACME1L
LABORATORY
Figure 2.1 RESISTOR 1
LABORATORY
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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
ACME1L
LABORATORY
Sample Computations
V
Formula: I=
R
Given:
47KΩ - Resistance
20V – Voltage
Solution:
V 20V
I= = =0.000425531 A∨425.53 µA
R 47000Ω
11
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
ACME1L
LABORATORY
V 20 V
I= = =3.8463 A
R 5.2 Ω
V 20V
I= = =0.206185∨201.19 mA
R 97Ω
V 20 V
I= = =12.65 A
R 1.58 Ω
V 20 V
I= = =0.2 A
R 100 Ω
V 20 V
I= = =90.909 µA
R 220000 Ω
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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
ACME1L
LABORATORY
VII. CONCLUSION
One of the objectives of the experiment is to utilize the Ohmmeter to get the
value of a resistor and compare it to their color code, the gathering had the option to
decide the worth of resistors from their shading code and contrasted them with
ohmmeter reading. A simulation was done in multism but the data being shown is too
precise. In reality the Tolerance value would be of use to determine the resistor to
ohmmeter reading’s margin of error to decide whether the actual reading is acceptable.
Lastly, the gathering were acquainted with the association, use and activity of the DC
voltmeter and ammeter.
Furthermore, the gathering came up to the possibility that electric stream can't
be seen with the natural eye, consequently electronic estimating gear are utilized to
confirm the progression of power. These gadgets are fundamental for understanding the
sort and voltage of electric charges streaming in any electronic hardware We know that
Voltmeter measures Voltage across a circuit and Ammeter measures Current in a Circuit.
We can simply say that the two variables (Voltage and Current) and the Resistance are
interconnected with each other. With one Constant variable (Voltage) we can see that as
the Resistance in a circuit increases, the total Current flowing throughout the circuit
decreases. And so as the Resistance decreases, the total Current Increases.
Answer:
a) Black-Black-Black
b) Yellow-White-Brown
c) Black-Green-Black
13
Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
ACME1L
LABORATORY
d) Blue-Red-Orange
2. An ammeter and a voltmeter of suitable ranges are to be used to measure the current and voltage of
an electric lamp. If mistakes were made and meters interchanged, what will happen?
Answer:
An ammeter has low resistance while the voltmeter has high resistance. If the ammeter and
the voltmeter are interchanged, the voltmeter will not be able to read anything resulting into an
error or ‘0’ reading since it will block the current with its high resistance and the ammeter will make
a short circuit resulting into it burning out that will either damage the device or make it blow up. If
mistakes are made in the operation of these devices, the reading might be inaccurate or the devices
might get damaged.
3. An ammeter has a resistance of 0.0075 Ω reads up to 15 A. What resistance shunt is needed to make
a full-scale deflection of 150 A?
Answer:
Given: R1=0.0075 Ω I 1=15 A V 1=V 2
R2=? I 2=150 A
Formula:
I 1 R1
V = IR = V 1=I 1 R1 = I 1 R1=I 2 R 2 = R 2=
I2
V 2=I 2 R 2
Solution:
I 1 R1
R 2=
I2
(15 A )(0.0075 Ω)
¿
(150 A)
R2=7.5 ×10−4 Ω∨0.00075 Ω
4. A 50-mV meter has a resistance of 10 Ω. A multiplier has been inserted to produce a voltmeter of
range 5 V. How can the multiplier be modified so that the new meter will have a range of 15 V?
Answer:
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Republic of the Philippines
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala Blvd. cor. San Marcelino St. Ermita, Manila
ACME1L
LABORATORY
Orang-Black-Red = 3k Ω
Answer:
Potentiometer has 3 terminals: 1 input and 2 outputs. While the rheostat only has 2; 1 input
1 output. The potentiometer can be used as a rheostat, but the rheostats cannot act as a
potentiometer for it lacks an output terminal. The potentiometer is used in Parallel voltage sources
while the Rheostat is used for Series load setup. The voltage drop is controlled by the
potentiometer, while the power load is controlled by the Rheostat. In terms of moderating the
Voltage supply, the potentiometer is the right job for it, while the rheostat can handle current
modification in a component.
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