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Rectangular Section in Bending at Ultimate Limit State (C E N 3 2 4)
Rectangular Section in Bending at Ultimate Limit State (C E N 3 2 4)
B E N D I N G AT U LT I M AT E L I M I T
S T AT E
(CEN 324)
P R E PA R E D B Y : TA R T E E L A W A D H A J A L I
Bending and the equivalent rectangular stress block:
Where:
z ≡ the lever arm between the resultant forces Fcc and Fst.
𝑀
𝑘 = 2 𝑓𝑐𝑢 → 16
𝑏𝑑
𝑥 𝑥
K= (0.405 ) * (1-0.45 )
𝑑 𝑑
𝑑 −𝑧
z = d-0.45 x ⇒ 𝑥=
0.45
𝑑−𝑧 𝑑 −𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 2
𝑘 = (0.405 ∗ )* 1 − 0.45 ∗ = 0.9 − 0.9
0.45∗𝑑 0.45∗𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝑧 2 𝑧
0.9 − 0.9 +𝑘 =0
𝑑 𝑑
𝑧 2 𝑧 𝑘
− + =0
𝑑 𝑑 0.9
𝑧 𝑘
= 0.5 + 0.25 − → 17
𝑑 0.9
𝑘
𝑧 = 𝑑 ∗ (0.5 + 0.25 − )
0.9
The previous equation was mentioned in BS8110 to calculate the lever arm.
𝑓𝑦
𝐹𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠
𝛾𝑚
At 𝛾𝑚 = 1.05
𝑓𝑦
𝐹𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝑠 = 0.95𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝐴𝑠
1.05
𝑀
∴ 𝐴𝑠 = → (18)
0.95 𝑓𝑦 ∗ 𝑧
The previous equations (17) & (18) can be used to design area of tension reinforcement
in concrete section to resist an ultimate moment M.
Equation (17) for the lever arm z can be used to set up a table and draw a
lever-arm curve as shown in figure 4.5 in Mosley (page 59).
The lower limit of z = 0.775d is when the depth of neutral axis x = d/2, which is
the maximum value allowed by the code for a singly reinforced section in order
to provide a ductile section which will have a gradual tension type failure as
already described.
For equilibrium of the compressive force in the concrete and the tensile force
in the steel in figure 6.
Fcc = Fst
or
And
x = s/0.9
Multiplying both sides of equation (1) by: z= 0.775d and rearranging gives
0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 𝑑 2
𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴′𝑠 (4)
0.95𝑓𝑦 ×𝑧
With z = 0.775d.
Hence the areas of compression steel 𝐴′𝑠 , and tension steel 𝐴𝑠 , can be calculated
from equations (3) and (4).
Substituting k' = 0.156 and k=M/bd2fcu into these equations would convert them into
the same forms as in the code of practice, BS 8110, which are
(𝑘−𝑘 ′ )𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2
𝐴′𝑠 = (5)
0.95𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −𝑑 ′
𝑘 ′ 𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏 𝑑 2
𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴′𝑠 (6)
0.95𝑓𝑦 ×𝑧
In this analysis it has been assumed that the compression steel has yielded so that
the steel fsc= 0.95fy. From the proportions of the strain distribution diagram:
𝜀 𝑠𝑐 0.0035
= (7)
𝑥−𝑑 \ 𝑥
So that
𝑥 − 𝑑\ 𝜀𝑠𝑐
=
𝑥 0.0035
Or
𝑑\ 𝜀𝑠𝑐
=1−
𝑥 0.0035
At yield with fy= 460 N/mm2, the steel strain 𝜀𝑠𝑐 = 𝜀𝑦 = 0.00219. Therefore, for
yielding of the compression steel
𝑑\ 0.00219
≯1− ≯ 0.37 (8)
𝑥 0.0035
Or
𝑑\ 𝑑
≯ 0.185 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑥= (9)
𝑑 2
𝑑\
The ratio of for the yielding of other grades of steel can be determined by using
𝑑
their yield stain in equation (7), but for values of fy less than 460 N/mrn2. the
application of equation (9) will provide an adequate safe check.
If d'/d > 0.185, then it is necessary to calculate the strain 𝜀𝑠𝑐 from equation (7) and
then determine fsc from
fsc= Es * 𝜀𝑠𝑐 =200 000𝜀𝑠𝑐
This value of stress for the compressive steel must then be used in the denominator
of equation (3) in place of 0.95 fy in order to calculate the area 𝐴′𝑠 of compression
steel. The area of tension steel is calculated from a modified equation (4) such that
0.156𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑏𝑑 2 ′ 𝑓𝑠𝑐
𝐴𝑠 = + 𝐴𝑠 ×
0.95𝑓𝑦 × 𝑧 0.95𝑓𝑦
(b) Design charts:
The equations for the design charts are obtained by taking moments about the
neutral axis. Thus
0.9𝑥
𝑀 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑢 0.9𝑥 𝑥 − + 𝑓𝑠𝑐 𝐴′𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑑′ + 𝑓𝑠𝑐 𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑥)
2
This equation and (1) may be written in the form
𝐴𝑆 𝑥 𝐴′𝑠
𝑓𝑠𝑡 = 0.405 𝑓𝑐𝑢 + 𝑓𝑠𝑡
𝑏𝑑 𝑑 𝑏𝑑
𝑀 𝑥2 𝐴′𝑠 𝑥 𝑑′ 𝐴𝑆 𝑥
2
= 0.405𝑓𝑐𝑢 2 1 − 0.45 + 𝑓𝑠𝑐 − + 𝑓𝑠𝑐 1−
𝑏𝑑 𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑏𝑑 𝑑
𝐴′𝑠 𝑥 𝑑′
For specified ratio , and , the two non-dimensional equations can be solved to
𝑏𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝐴𝑆 𝑀
give values for and so that set of design charts such as the one shown in figure
𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2